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2016 | Buch

Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

The WTO and Food Security

Implications for Developing Countries

verfasst von: Sachin Kumar Sharma

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book examines the public stockholding policies of selected developing countries from the perspective of WTO rules and assesses whether the provisions of the Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) could hamper these countries’ efforts to address the challenges of food security. Further, it highlights the need to amend the provisions of the AoA to make WTO rules just and fair for the millions of people suffering from hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. This book highlights that 12 countries namely China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Morocco, Pakistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Zambia and Zimbabwe are facing or will face problems in implementing the food security policies due to the provisions under AoA. These provisions need to be amended for permitting developing countries to address hunger and undernourishment. Progress in WTO negotiations on public stockholding for food security purposes are also discussed and analysed. The findings of this study greatly benefit trade negotiators, policymakers, civil society, farmers groups, researchers, students and academics interested in issues related to the WTO, agriculture and food security.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter provides a snapshot of implications for the food security policies in developing countries under the WTO regime. It critically examines the various provisions of the AoA which are creating problems for developing countries in implementing the food security policy without breaching their commitments under the WTO. This chapter discusses various proposals and modalities on food security during the Doha Development Round. The introduction also highlights the price support and food security policies in selected developing countries.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 2. Domestic Support Under Agreement on Agriculture
Abstract
This chapter analyses the various provisions related to domestic support to agriculture sector under the WTO rules. It provides a snapshot of domestic support to agriculture sector in selected developing countries. This chapter also focuses on the relevant provisions of AoA which have implications for the policy space of selected countries in implementing price support and food security policies in developing countries.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 3. Food Security and Agriculture Sector
Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of food security situation in selected developing countries. Various indicators of food insecurity in developing countries are discussed and analysed. It highlights the importance of agriculture sector and need for government intervention in the form of price support and public distribution policies to fight against hunger, undernourishment, food insecurity and poverty.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 4. China: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
This chapter focuses on various food security indicators and domestic support to agriculture sector in China. In this chapter, product specific support to wheat in China is calculated under different scenarios. China is providing price support to wheat by implementing minimum procurement price policy. The maximum applicable permissible limit to provide product specific support is 8.5 % of the value of production of a specific crop in a relevant year. It is found that China does not much flexibility under WTO rules to implement price support policy for wheat as product specific support have already crossed the de minimis limit under different scenarios.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 5. Egypt: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
In this chapter, product specific support to wheat in Egypt is calculated for the period 1995–96 to 2013–14. It also highlights the role of General Agency for the Supply of Commodities (GASC) in ensuring food security as well as achieving high agricultural growth. The results show that Egypt has crossed the maximum permissible limit under the WTO rules to provide product specific support to wheat and therefore, Egypt has no policy space under WTO regime to implement food security policy based on procurement of wheat at administered price.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 6. India: Product Specific Support to Wheat and Rice Under WTO Regime
Abstract
The Food Corporation of India (FCI) plays an important role in food security of millions of people through procurement of foodgrains at minimum support price (MSP) and distributing it through public distribution system. Given the sensitivity of food security issue at the WTO and in India, this chapter seeks to provide an analysis of product specific support to wheat and rice based on domestic support notifications submitted by India to WTO. Product specific support to wheat and rice was below the de minimis limit during 1995–96 to 2010–11. However, product specific support to rice producers was around 7.21 % during 2010–2011 and it is likely that product specific support to rice would cross the de minimis limit in near future. It shows the erosion of policy space for India to procure rice at the administered price for food security purpose.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 7. Indonesia: Product Specific Support to Rice Under WTO
Abstract
Food security policy in Indonesia is designed to fulfil basic human necessities which provide fair, equal and sustainable benefits based on the concepts of food resilience, self-sufficiency and food security. BULOG procures rice for the implementation of the RASKIN programme, a social safety net programme for poor and vulnerable sections of the society. In this chapter, product specific support to rice is calculated for the period 2010–2014. It shows that Indonesia is at the risk of breaching the de minimis limit in near future. This could have serious adverse implications for the operation of BULOG for the implementation of the RASKIN programme.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 8. Jordan: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
The government of Jordan has been subsidising the foodgrains to ensure food security for the poor people on the one hand and giving price support to protect farmers from price risk on the other hand. The main objective of this chapter is to do an analysis of product specific support to wheat in Jordan under Agreement on Agriculture (AoA). Domestic support notifications submitted by Jordan to WTO clearly shows that Jordan has no policy space to implement food security programme based on procurement of wheat at the administered price as current AMS is higher than bound AMS during 2009–2010.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 9. Kenya: Product Specific Support to Maize Under WTO Regime
Abstract
This chapter seeks to estimate product specific support to maize in Kenya for the period 1995–2008. It also critically examines the domestic support notifications submitted by Kenya to WTO. The National Cereals and Produce Board (NCPB) ensure food security in Kenya by providing maize to consumers at affordable prices. Results show that product specific support to maize was higher than the permissible limit for Kenya during 2000, 2004 and 2006. Therefore, NCBP may face difficulties in implementing the food security policy through price support based procurement.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 10. Morocco: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
This chapter discusses and seeks to estimate product specific support to wheat in Morocco under WTO regime. ONCIL is a major player in the grain market and plays an important role in providing food security to millions of people in Morocco. In this chapter, product specific support to soft wheat is calculated by assuming eligible production as 100, 50 and 25 % of total grain marketed through ONCIL. Results show that product specific support to soft wheat exceeded the final bound AMS limit under different scenarios. It indicates the policy space erosion for implementing food security policies due to existing provisions of AoA.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 11. Pakistan: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
Food security policies in Pakistan aim at balancing the interest of producers by supporting farm income and ensuring price stability along with affordable prices of foodgrain to safeguard the interest of consumers. Provincial governments (Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan) and Pakistan Agricultural Storage and Services Corporation Ltd (PASSCO) provide price support to wheat through procurement at the administered price for food security purposes. In this context this chapter deals with estimating and analysing product specific support to wheat during 1995–96 to 2011–12. Result shows that product specific support to wheat in US$ has crossed the maximum permissible product specific support limit for Pakistan during 2008–2009, 2009–2010 and 2011–2012. In Pakistani Rupees, product specific support was above the de minimis limit from 1997–1998 onwards. It clearly shows that Pakistan is facing severe constraints to implement the policy of price support based procurement of wheat for food security purpose under WTO regime.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 12. Tunisia: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to critically examine the domestic support to agriculture sector in Tunisia. It also seeks to calculate product specific support to wheat during 1995–2009. The Cereals Office (Office Des Cereales) plays important role in providing food security to poor people in Tunisia by ensuring fair prices for both consumers and producers. Farmers in Tunisia received price support for many agricultural products like wheat, barley, milk, olive oil, sugar beet, etc. Besides wheat, this chapter also calculated product specific support to barley and milk by using unadjusted External Reference Price (ERP) for the period 1995–2009. It is found that the current total AMS has been above the Bound AMS during 1995–2009 if unadjusted ERP is used to calculate product specific support to agriculture in Tunisia. Therefore, it would be difficult for Tunisia to provide price support to agricultural products without exceeding the permissible AMS limit and it will undermine Tunisia efforts to provide food security to poor people and low income or resource poor farmers.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 13. Turkey: Product Specific Support to Wheat Under WTO Regime
Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of product specific support to wheat in Turkey during 1995–2003. Like many other developing countries, Turkey also provides price support to producers of agricultural commodities. The Turkish Grain Board (TMO) TMO is protecting the interest of farmers by procuring grains at administered prices from producers who are not able to obtain higher prices in the commercial market. In this chapter, it is found that Turkey has exceeded the de minimis limit in some years and is facing challenges to implement food security policy under the existing provisions of AoA.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 14. Zambia: Product Specific Support to Maize Under WTO Regime
Abstract
This chapter seeks to provide an overview of product specific support to maize in Zambia during 2003–2004 to 2012–2013. On behalf of Government of Zambia, Food Reserve Agency (FRA) administers the strategic food reserves and buys maize from the local market at administered price to protect the interests of producers. After critical examination of relevant data, it is found that product specific support to maize has exceeded the maximum permissible limit applicable to Zambia during 2003–2004 to 2012–2013. Under the existing provisions of AoA, it would be difficult for Zambia to implement price support backed food security policy without breaching its commitments under the WTO.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 15. Zimbabwe: Product Specific Support to Maize Under WTO Regime
Abstract
The chapter examines food security policy and product specific support to maize in Zimbabwe for the periods 2008–2009 to 2014–2015. The Grain Marketing Board (GMB) ensures national food security through production, procurement and management of Strategic Grain Reserve (SGR). Analysis this chapter shows that there is little or no policy space for Zimbabwe to implement its food security policy through procurement of maize at administered price. This erosion of policy space for Zimbabwe will hamper the interest of millions of people who are suffering from worst form of hunger, undernourishment, poverty and is likely to worsen the situation.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Chapter 16. Conclusion and Way Forward
Abstract
This chapter summarises the main findings of this book and discusses the way forward to solve the problems faced by the developing countries on account of rules of the WTO. China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Morocco, Pakistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Zambia and Zimbabwe already face constraints in implementing food security policies due to the existing rules of AoA. There is a need to find a permanent solution to the problems faced by developing countries in implementing food security policy under the outdated provisions of AoA. This chapter discusses the various options to find a permanent solution to the issue of public stockholding for food security purposes and points out that common negotiating position of developing countries at the multilateral forum of the WTO will be useful to achieve a permanent solution to the issue of food security.
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Metadaten
Titel
The WTO and Food Security
verfasst von
Sachin Kumar Sharma
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-10-2179-4
Print ISBN
978-981-10-2178-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2179-4

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