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Erschienen in:
Introduction: The Bricolage of Documentary and Disability Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

16. To Document is to Preserve: Moving Pictures and Sign Language

verfasst von : Magdalena Zdrodowska

Erschienen in: Documentary and Disability

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

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Abstract

After a nationwide fundraising campaign in 1909, the American National Association of the Deaf (NAD) established the Motion Picture Fund. Its aim was to make use of the moving pictures – the first medium able to capture sign language. The main aim of NAD films was to document and preserve sign language. Films were descriptive, as real people and their performances were filmed, but also normative, because films were to be distributed among the deaf communities to unify sign language as well as promote it. This chapter analyses these films and reconstructs their contexts from both official and private documents gathered in the archives of Gallaudet University (Washington DC, USA).

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Vorheriges Kapitel Singing Altogether Now: Unsettling Images of Disability and Experimental Filmic Practices
Nächstes Kapitel Documenting Neuropolitics: Cochlear Implant Activation Videos
Fußnoten
1
libguides.gallaudet.edu/content.php?pid=120564&sid=1083626 (accessed 30 March 2017).
 
2
The NAD was not the first entity to use film for capturing sign language. As early as 1904, the Edison Company produced the film Deaf-Mute Girl Reciting the Star-Spangled Banner (Cartwright 1995, p. 70). In the Gallaudet University online video library, a film under the same title can be found (videocatalog.gallaudet.edu/?video=17493) dated 1902 and its production credited to American Mutoscope & Biograph Co.
 
3
One of few exceptions is The Treasure: Poems by Ella Mea Lentz, the VHS edition of poems by the deaf poet and performer Ella Mea Lentz, who collaborated with director Clayton Valli. For more on this, see Bauman et al. 2006.
 
4
The last prominent film realised by the NAD captured W.E. Marshall signing Yankee Doodle in costume preceded by images of soldiers marching towards the camera. There are close-ups and quite extensive (in comparison to other NAD films) use of montage. The film was planned as early as 1914, but was made in 1921 with a clear aim to entertain. It was intended to make viewers come to the screening and pay for it. Additionally, it was supposed to also attract hearing audiences, which is why a universal American theme was selected.
 
5
I have not came across films that documented everyday life – they are not part of the Gallaudet University Veditz Film Collection. From the written sources, it is known that there were at least two: Gallaudet College Exercises in 1911 and a film documenting the NAD Convention in Atlanta in 1923.
 
6
See Padden 2004.
C. Hamilton (2014) The Noblest Gift: The National Association of the Deaf Motion Picture Committee Films in ‘Voces Novae: Chapman University Historical Review’, Vol 6, No 1.
C.A. Padden and T.L. Humphries (2005) Silenced Bodies in Inside Deaf Culture (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
S. Burch (2002) ‘Capturing Movement: Films and Sign Language Preservation’ in Signs of Resistance: American Deaf Cultural History, 1900 to World War II (New York: New York University Press), pp. 56–61.
 
Literatur
Bauman, H-D., J.L. Nelson and H.M. Rose (eds) (2006). Signing the Body Poetic: Essays on American Sign Language Literature. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cartwright, L. (1995). Screening the Body: Tracing Medicine’s Visual Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Draper, B.G. (1925). Letter to Roy Stewart, 16 March (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS81, box 4, folder 14).
Eastman Kodak Company (1915). Letter to Roy Stewart, 13 April (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 11).
Henson, O. (1912). Letter to Oscar Regensburg, 1 November (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 2, folder 1).
Norden, M.F. (1994). The Cinema of Isolation: A History of Physical Disability in the Movies. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Official Note to All Members of Motion Picture Committee. (1923) 22 July (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 17).
Pach, A. (1923). Letter to Roy Stewart, 24 August (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 17).
Padden, C. (2004). ‘Translating Veditz’, Sign Language Studies, 4(3), 244–260.
Stewart, Roy. (1911). Letter to Oscar Regensburg, 6 August (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 7).
Stewart, Roy. (1914a). Letter to Motion Picture Committee, 23 April (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 10).
Stewart, Roy. (1914b). Letter to Oscar Regensburg, 2 August (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 10).
Stewart, Roy. (1915). Letter to Howard, 15 July (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 11).
Stewart, Roy. (1938). Help Preserve the Sign Language, Official Brochure (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS176, folder 10).
Stewart, Roy. (1960). Letter to Byron Burnes, 29 January (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS176, folder 10).
Supalla, Sam (1994). Charles Krauel: A Profile of a Deaf Filmmaker (VHS). Dawn Pictures, San Diego.
Veditz, G.W. (1910). ‘The Moving Pictures Fund – An Explanation’, Deaf Mute Journal, XXXIX(9).
Veditz, G.W. (1915). Letter to Roy Stewart, 29 March (Gallaudet University Archives, collection MSS123, box 1, folder 11).
Winzer, M.A. (1993). The History of Special Education: From Isolation to Integration. Washington DC: Gallaudet University Press.
Metadaten
Titel
To Document is to Preserve: Moving Pictures and Sign Language
verfasst von
Magdalena Zdrodowska
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
Documentary and Disability

Print ISBN: 978-1-137-59893-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-137-59894-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59894-3_16