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2019 | Buch

Africa and the Land Reform Question Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Trajectory of Land Reform in Post-Colonial African States

The Quest for Sustainable Development and Utilization

herausgegeben von: Adeoye O. Akinola, Henry Wissink

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Buchreihe : Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book is an examination of post-colonial land reforms across various African states. One of the decisive contradictions of colonialism in Africa was the distortion of use, access to and ownership of land. Land related issues and the need for land reform have consistently occupied a unique position in public discourse in Africa. The post-colonial African states have had to embark on concerted efforts at redressing historical grounded land policies and addressing the growing needs of land by the poor. However, agitations for land continue, while evidence of policy gaps abound. In many cases, policy change in terms of land use, distribution and ownership has reinforced inequalities and affected power and social relations in respective post-colonial African countries. Land has assumed major causes of structural violence and impediments to human and rural development in Africa; hence the need for holistic assessment of land reforms in post-colonial African states. The central objective of the text is to identify post-independence and current trends in land reform and to address the grievances in relation to land use, ownership and distribution. The book suggests practicable policy options towards addressing the land hunger and conflict, which could derail the ‘moderate’ socio-economic achievements and political stability recorded by post-colonial African nation-states. The book draws its strength and uniqueness from its adoption of country-specific case studies, which places the book in context, and utilizes field studies methodology which generate new knowledge on the continental land question. Taking a holistic approach to understanding Africa’s land question, this book will be attractive to academicians and students interested in policy and development, African politics, post-colonial development and policy, and conflict studies as well as policy-makers working in relevant areas.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Africa and the Land Reform Question
Abstract
In Africa, colonialism led to the distortion of land arrangements, which defines the land-related conflict experienced by post-colonial African states. The modern states that emerged from the 'debris' of foreign domination in Africa soon realized the urgency to initiate land reforms and effect changes in the inherited land tenure system. Land reforms, as implemented by many African states, thus became the instruments to redress the skewed land patterns and effect socio-economic transformation on the continent. Through a focus group study, the chapter draws on historical experiences as well as contemporary realities and explores how state policies on land reform affect African states, economy and society. It found that despite the implementation of land reform programmes in post-colonial Africa and the liberalization of land resource, the contradictions inherent in the prevalent land arrangement led to the resurgence of land hunger and conflict in Africa.
Adeoye O. Akinola
Chapter 2. Land Reform and the Calculus for Power in Zimbabwe’s Democratic Transition
Abstract
At the centre of the intrastate democratization conflict in Zimbabwe was the historical land question which the state sought to resolve during the course and context of unprecedented political contestation over democratization. The Fast Track Land Reform (FTLR), a wave of land invasions which began soon after the defeat of the government sponsored constitutional referendum in 2000 lasted more than a decade. Based on literature review and unstructured interviews, this paper examines the nexus between land reform and democratic transition. We interrogate why the resolution of such a long outstanding issue took place at this historical juncture, in spite of the conceivable national consequences. We posit that the survival of electoral hegemonic authoritarian regimes rests on a strategic manipulation of available political resources and hegemonic coercion to attain political goals. Thus the FTLR provided critical political resources at a time when ZANU PF faced a crisis of domestic and international legitimacy, as well as genuine threat to its hold on power.
Chitanga Gideon
Chapter 3. Food and National Security in Nigeria: A Study of the Interconnections
Abstract
There are obvious interconnections between land and food production. Land as a possession and its usage for many purposes are quite important in human existence, but this importance becomes more profound because land is the primary source of food and food is a basic necessity for the continuation of not only human existence but the peace and security of the whole world. In view of the focus of this book on the centrality of land, this chapter attempts a study of the interconnections between land, land use, food production and national security. The country of study is Nigeria. The study is relevant particularly in the light of the long standing focus on the military and “hard” dimensions of security in the country and the insufficient considerations for the “soft” and non-military dimensions of security, such as food and “stomach” security among others. The chapter essentially adopts a literature-based research methodology. Thus, it is largely descriptive but also analytical. Its framework of analysis is eclectic, in view of its preference for the deployment of a reasoned approach that draws from among several leading explanations on security and insecurity, and the available courses of treatment.
Dhikru A. Yagboyaju
Chapter 4. Transforming the Bodi from Pastoralists to Outgrowers: Land and State Capitalism in South Omo, Southwest Ethiopia
Abstract
Under the broad land question in Ethiopia, this chapter argues that sugar industrialization is accelerating the pace at which villagized Bodi households are integrated into a monetized, capitalist system by making them out-growers and by advancing a more exclusive land tenure system. The chapter has four parts. The first introduces Salamago Woreda, its people, and state projects there (sugar industrialization and villagization). The second part focuses on the changes these state projects are introducing to the agro-pastoral conceptions and understandings of land and land governance and economic life. The third part dwells on the implications of these changes on land tenure, property rights arrangements and production relations. The last part concludes the chapter.
Fana Gebresenbet
Chapter 5. The Struggle for Land Restitution and Reform in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Abstract
The chapter employs a historical and analytical approach to presenting the process through which the colonial powers and subsequent governments maintained dominance of land ownership in South Africa in the 19th and 20th centuries, and describes the progress towards land restitution and reform in post-apartheid South Africa. The necessity to redistribute land in post-colonial Africa within the context of this book, provides the backdrop to the need for land restitution and reform. This chapter also provides an overview of the existing policy framework that proposes to deal with the vexing problem facing South Africa, and explains that land reform has become complex and difficult in the continent and particularly in South Africa. The complexity does not only have to accommodate the land hunger problem, and agitation for land ownership, but the drafting and implementation of land tenure, restitution and redistribution policies to address the diverse challenges of confronting land reform in South Africa. Furthermore, it is required in the context of a democratic constitution that was crafted to transition peacefully into a democratic state or much desired “rainbow nation”, to prevent post-apartheid conflict and in particular “land-grabbing” actions that would have the potential not only to destabilise the state, but also that of the very buoyant agricultural economy.
Henry Wissink
Chapter 6. Land Policies in Africa: A Case Study of Nigeria and Zambia
Abstract
Like other countries in Africa, Nigeria and Zambia realized the necessity to engage on the reform of the land resources. During the pre-colonial epoch, land in the traditional rural areas of Nigeria and Zambia were seen and regarded as common properties. However, land resource has become socio-political and economic issues in Post-colonial Africa, especially in Nigeria and Zambia. The quest for the expansion of the prevalent land markets and the pressures of modernization in these countries explained the conversion of customary lands into leasehold lands. The chapter takes holistic evaluation of the land tenure system in Nigeria and Zambia and canvass for the implementation of effective land reform programmes contingent upon a full grasp of the prevailing land arrangement by policy makes.
Merioboroghene Mowoe
Chapter 7. Land Governance in the Context of Legal Pluralism: Cases of Ghana and Kenya
Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is three-fold. First, African indigenous modes of land governance are considered in selected pre-colonial polities across eastern, western and southern regions. Opposing scholarly arguments are examined in terms of ontological and epistemological standpoints that turn on distinct historicized worldviews toward land governance and ownership. Second, in light of the above, comparative contemporary land governance in environments of post-colonial legal pluralism are explored in Kenya, Ghana and South Africa. In these democratized nation-states, not unlike others on the continent, architecture of traditional leadership and indigenous law were retained along with informal dispute resolution mechanisms. The chapter highlights how such legal pluralism relates to power and social relations pertinent to land access. Third, in both African indigenous knowledge systems (AIKS) and present day epistemological approaches to land governance, implications for gender are highlighted. Gender in AIKS is distinguished from gender in the westernized rule of law orthodoxy that governs land reform and restitution with an aim toward drawing lessons from AIKS for incorporation in contemporary land governance. Evidence from which arguments arise and conclusions made in this chapter is induced from previous case studies and archival records. Seemingly irreconcilable differences that appear to impede land governance given concurrent legal systems are identified and explained. The chapter concludes with recommendations as to how such legal tensions influencing land governance could be approached to benefit all, irrespective of gender, in the subject nation-states and others similarly situated.
Fayth Ruffin
Chapter 8. Cultural Practices and Women’s Land Rights in Africa: South Africa and Nigeria in Comparison
Abstract
Over the years, Africa has been characterised by poverty, gender inequalities and socio-economic underdevelopment. It was soon discovered that cultural and traditional belief system constitutes one of the drivers of gender inequality, which is reflected in the skewed land arrangement in the continent. This chapter examines women’s land rights (access and control) in Africa, focusing on the Nigeria and South Africa’s experience. It assesses African traditional practices and norms that limit women’s property rights and explores how gender inequalities in terms of land ownership and rights have jeopardized attempts at sustainable development in Africa. It notes that the continental challenges of land utility, food security and enduring development have a direct correlation with the denial of women’s right to land ownership and use. The chapter concludes by reiterating the urgent need to promote gender equality in the resource sector, this is an essential corollary for African survival and sustainable development.
Bolanle Eniola, Adeoye O. Akinola
Chapter 9. The Chasm Between Sexes in Accessing Land and Its Produce: The Case of Rural Women in Zimbabwe
Abstract
In Zimbabwe, much of the focus by the state was on the equitable land redistribution to redress racially-based inequality and historical injustice, leading to the jettisoning of ‘who actually gets the land’. This automatically subjects societal resources under the dictate of patriarchy leading to the discrimination against women in respect of land ownership and use. The social and economic contribution of women has been hugely overlooked by international and local leaders. Women do not have much decision making power and lacks property rights over the produce of their own toil. This is more prevalent among the illiterate principally because of the issue of ‘lobola’ (bride-price), which further reinforces gender inequality in accessing land. The hostility between men and women is not based on the scarcity of land, but on the equitable distribution of land between men and women. Therefore, the chapter illuminates the long-lasting imbalances that exist in the land reform programme and the produce of the land thereof. The chapter utilized exploratory and descriptive approach and adopted the feminist viewpoint to reveal how women are marginalized in relation to their property rights (Government of Zimbabwe 2002, Lipton 2002).
Listen Yingi
Chapter 10. Land Conflicts in Southern Ghana: A Reflection of Multiple Ownerships of Land and Usufruct Rights to Land Use
Abstract
Literature is exhaustive on the importance of land as vital ‘commodity’ and resource, however there is dearth of studies on the challenges of multiple ownerships of land and the usufruct rights to land use in Ghana. This chapter reveals the disconnection between pervasive commodification, monetization and commercialization of land and their implications for multiple ownerships of land and the usufruct rights to land use in Ghana. The chapter relies on field study, involving interactions with policy-makers, traditional authorities and stakeholders involved with land administration to establish a linkage between commodification, monetization, commercialization and multiple ownerships of land. It critically analyses the associated protracted land disputes that have bedevilled southern Ghana. This chapter reveals that commodification, monetization and commercialization of land, though far from exclusion, engenders land conflicts in Southern Ghana. Among others, the chapter recommends the establishment of ‘Land Bank’ and ‘Land Banking’ as policy option to deregulate land sector as parts of the measures to curtail land conflicts in Southern Ghana.
Collins Adu-Bempah Brobbey
Chapter 11. Land Tenure and Family Conflict in Rwanda: Case of Musanze District
Abstract
Colonialism in much of Africa shaped the way in which indigenous communities acquired and utilized land. It impacted negatively on traditional structures that sustained land ownership and its use. At the end of colonialism, new contestations arose to meet the needs of land users and claimants. Central to this is the return to customary prescriptions for achieving land security against rising levels of scarcity prompted by urbanization and commercial agriculture. Many regions in Africa, like Rwanda, have experienced growing conflicts with respect to land access. In 1994, Rwanda, being besieged by the most horrific genocide in the history of humankind, has not been spared of land-related violence, especially from those that have experienced land displacement. As part of its reconstruction, land tenure in Rwanda is now perceived to be a gateway towards peace building and social stability. The chapter draws from qualitative data arising from focus group studies with twenty males and females and in-depth interviews with community leaders and local government officials on the nature and extent of family disputes over land. It is in this context that this chapter explores the extent of family conflict over land ownership, the causes of family conflicts over land tenure and the nature of community and government mechanisms for settling family disputes over land in Musanze District. Considering that half of all disputes are over land, particularly over inheritance, involving families in the rural areas, land relations threaten social cohesion and lasting peace in Rwanda.
Joseph R. Rukema, Sultan Khan
Chapter 12. Land Reform in Africa: Towards Resource Utilization and Sustainability
Abstract
The chapter captures the policy implications of land reform in Africa. It is pertinent to engage in conventional scholarship on the motivations and trajectories of land policies in the immediate post-colonial Africa. Some of the discourses have failed to capture the developmental realities of the modern socio-political and economic order. Many of the hitherto agrarian economies, like that of South Africa, that rely on land as the most important factor of production has become industrial; hence, diversification of African economies, in a way, and particularly, the rural-urban surge has diminished the importance of land to human survival. Many of the states concentrated on nationalization of land, land restitution and redistribution of land to correct the racially-skewed land arrangements, thereby jettisoning gender parity in respect of upholding women land rights. Although, the chapter recognizes the threat that unresolved land tenure system portrays; the need remains to devise an equitable land arrangement that promotes gender equality, land productivity, food security and both human and national sustainable development.
Adeoye O. Akinola, Henry Wissink
Metadaten
Titel
Trajectory of Land Reform in Post-Colonial African States
herausgegeben von
Adeoye O. Akinola
Henry Wissink
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Electronic ISBN
978-3-319-78701-5
Print ISBN
978-3-319-78700-8
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78701-5

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