Introduction
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China’s nanotechnology R&D investment is estimated to be about 250 million US dollars in 2008. This is reflected in an increased number of nanotechnology papers, although the paper research impact is still lower than the leading countries (Guan and Ma 2007). Shapira and Wang (2008) reported in China’s relatively high nanotechnology research output with weaknesses in commercialization and international patenting of the research. Bibliometric analysis of Chinese scientific literature was discussed by Zhou and Leydesdorff (2006) and Liu and Zhang (2007).
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In Russia, it has been reported that approximately 20–25 million US dollars in funding have been invested on nanotechnology research annually since 2002 (Tretyakov 2007). Borisova et al. (2007) surveyed Russian SCI publication growth and identified the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) as the leader among Russian institutions.
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In India, the government planned to spend 23 million US dollars on nanotechnology between 2004 and 2009 (Hassan 2005), and the investments on new research programs and centers have increased significantly after 2007. Patent analysis studies have been conducted on the publications of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in India (Rajeswari 1996; Sangeetha et al. 1999).
Methodology
Type of analysis | SCI papers | USPTO patents |
---|---|---|
Bibliographic analysis | ||
Basic analysis | Top 10 institutions | Top 10 assignees |
Top 10 journals | ||
Publication trends | Each country’s paper publication trend | Each country’s patent publication trend |
Top 10 institutions’ paper publication trend | ||
Impact analysis | Each country’s average number of citations | Each country’s average number of citations |
High impact institutions | ||
Topic coverage | Content map analysis | |
Knowledge diffusion | Institution citation network analysis |
Data description
SCI papers
Country | Year | Papers | Institutions | Authors |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | 1984–2007 | 49,193 | 2,990 | 29,381 |
Russia | 1976–2007 | 12,307 | 1,593 | 22,758 |
India | 1980–2007 | 9,126 | 1,116 | 11,092 |
Country | Papers in 2000 | Papers in 2007 | Paper increase (%) | Authors in 2000 | Authors in 2007 | Author increase (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 1,670 | 11,313 | 577 | 3,473 | 15,417 | 344 |
Russia | 816 | 1,790 | 119 | 2,544 | 6,177 | 143 |
India | 303 | 2,291 | 656 | 755 | 4,547 | 502 |
USPTO patents
Country | Year | Patents | Assignees | Inventors |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | 1989–2007 | 162 | 104 | 364 |
Russia | 1980–2007 | 30 | 32 | 147 |
India | 1983–2007 | 115 | 41 | 386 |
Country | Patents in 2000 | Patents in 2007 | Patent increase (%) | Inventors in 2000 | Inventors in 2007 | Inventor increase (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 3 | 20 | 567 | 5 | 51 | 920 |
Russia | 1 | 2 | 100 | 5 | 11 | 120 |
India | 4 | 6 | 50 | 15 | 28 | 87 |
Bibliographic analysis
Basic analysis: top institutions/assignees
Rank | Institutions in China | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | 552 | 2,310 | 12,334 |
2 | Tsinghua University | 123 | 540 | 2,995 |
3 | Univ Sci & Technol China | 142 | 458 | 2,687 |
4 | Nanjing University | 102 | 386 | 2,360 |
5 | Peking University | 167 | 329 | 2,284 |
6 | Jilin University | 59 | 320 | 1,748 |
7 | Zhejiang University | 24 | 443 | 1,720 |
8 | Fudan University | 51 | 340 | 1,465 |
9 | Shanghai Jiao Tong University | 19 | 336 | 1,351 |
10 | Shandong University | 21 | 237 | 1,184 |
Rank | Institutions in Russia | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Russian Academy of Sciences | 443 | 989 | 6,773 |
2 | Moscow Mv Lomonosov State Univ | 78 | 225 | 1,421 |
3 | AF Ioffe Phys Tech Institute | 67 | 53 | 649 |
4 | St Petersburg State University | 23 | 73 | 397 |
5 | Ufa State Aviat Tech University | 10 | 18 | 194 |
6 | Joint Institute of Nuclear Research | 5 | 30 | 140 |
7 | Boreskov Inst Catalysis | 10 | 19 | 137 |
8 | Si Vavilov State Opt Inst | 6 | 11 | 135 |
9 | Novosibirsk State University | 9 | 0 | 110 |
10 | Technical University | 5 | 27 | 106 |
Rank | Institutions in India | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Indian Institute of Technology | 62 | 464 | 1,845 |
2 | Indian Institute of Science | 29 | 169 | 828 |
3 | Natl Chem Laboratory | 26 | 79 | 603 |
4 | Indian Assoc Cultivat Sci | 17 | 149 | 529 |
5 | Bhabha Atom Research Center | 11 | 81 | 409 |
6 | Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res | 20 | 65 | 303 |
7 | University Delhi | 5 | 70 | 229 |
8 | National Physics Laboratory | 6 | 65 | 222 |
9 | Tata Inst Fundamental Res | 6 | 25 | 189 |
10 | Indian Inst Chem Technol | 5 | 64 | 184 |
Rank | Assignees in China | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | SAE Magnetics (H.K.) Ltd. | 0 | 2 | 30 |
2 | Tsinghua University | 0 | 1 | 16 |
3 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | 1 | 0 | 12 |
4 | China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation | 0 | 0 | 7 |
5 | The Hong Kong Polytechnic University | 0 | 1 | 7 |
6 | Hong Kong Univ Science and Technolology | 1 | 0 | 7 |
7 | City University Hong Kong | 0 | 0 | 6 |
8 | Narhex Limited | 1 | 0 | 5 |
9 | Chinese Univ Hong Kong | 1 | 1 | 5 |
10 | Astec International Limited | 1 | 0 | 4 |
Rank | Assignees in Russia | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Crystals and Technologies, Ltd. | 0 | 0 | 2 |
2 | Obschestvo s ogranichennoy otvetstvennostyu Vysokie Tekhnologii | 0 | 0 | 2 |
3 | Babizhayev; Marc | 0 | 0 | 1 |
4 | Gandelman; LeonidYakovlevich | 0 | 0 | 1 |
5 | Gosudarstvenny. Nauchno-Issledovatelsky Institut Genetiki I Selektsii | 0 | 0 | 1 |
6 | Institut Neftekhimicheskogo Sinteza Imeni A.V.Topchieva Rossiiskoi | 0 | 0 | 1 |
7 | Institut Organicheskoy Khimii Akademii Nauk Kirgizskoi | 0 | 0 | 1 |
8 | Institute for Protein Research | 0 | 0 | 1 |
9 | Institute for Roentgen Optics | 0 | 0 | 1 |
10 | Stepanovich; Kodratenko Vladimir | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Rank | Assignees in India | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | CSIR | 1 | 1 | 64 |
2 | Dabur Research Foundation | 0 | 1 | 10 |
3 | Dr. Reddy’s Research Foundation | 2 | 0 | 9 |
4 | Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Ltd. | 0 | 1 | 6 |
5 | Panacea Biotec Limited | 0 | 0 | 2 |
6 | Department of Biotechnology Department of the Government of India | 0 | 0 | 1 |
7 | Department of Science & Technology | 0 | 0 | 1 |
8 | Galaxy Surfactants Limited | 0 | 0 | 1 |
9 | Indian Explosives Limited | 0 | 0 | 1 |
10 | University of Delhi, Department of Chemistry | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Basic analysis: top journals
Rank | Journal | Journal country | Subject categories | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Applied Physics Letters | United States | Physics, Applied | 56 | 329 | 1,458 |
2 | Materials Letters | Netherlands | Materials Sciences, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied | 15 | 453 | 1,328 |
3 | Journal of Physical Chemistry B | United States | Chemistry, Physical | 15 | 81 | 969 |
4 | Physical Review B | United States | Physics, Condensed Matter | 45 | 152 | 909 |
5 | Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities-Chinese | China | Chemistry, Multidisciplinary | 50 | 111 | 898 |
6 | Nanotechnology | England | Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied | 1 | 303 | 876 |
7 | Journal of Crystal Growth | Netherlands | Crystallography | 48 | 112 | 835 |
8 | Rare Metal Materials and Engineering | China | Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering | 10 | 244 | 818 |
9 | Journal of Applied Physics | United States | Physics, Applied | 51 | 151 | 734 |
10 | Acta Physica Sinica | China | Physics, Multidisciplinary | 42 | 122 | 727 |
Rank | Journal | Journal country | Subject categories | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Physical Review B | United States | Physics, Condensed Matter | 22 | 83 | 560 |
2 | Physics of the Solid State | Russia | Physics, Condensed Matter | 29 | 63 | 523 |
3 | Semiconductors | Russia | Physics, Condensed Matter | 42 | 43 | 411 |
4 | Technical Physics Letters | Russia | Physics, Applied | 19 | 56 | 322 |
5 | JETP Letters | Russia | Physics, Multidisciplinary | 21 | 33 | 296 |
6 | Applied Physics Letters | United States | Physics, Applied | 14 | 28 | 223 |
7 | Physics of Metals and Metallography | Russia | Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering | 10 | 22 | 190 |
8 | Inorganic Materials | Russia | Materials Science, Multidisciplinary | 10 | 30 | 175 |
9 | Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics | Russia | Physics, Multidisciplinary | 11 | 32 | 167 |
10 | Physics of Low-dimensional Structures | United States | Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter | 7 | 0 | 158 |
Rank | Journal | Journal country | Subject categories | # in 2000 | # in 2007 | # in 1976–2007 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology | United States | Chemistry, Multidisciplinary | 0 | 134 | 254 |
2 | Journal of Applied Physics | United States | Physics, Applied | 17 | 75 | 249 |
3 | Physical Review B | United States | Physics, Condensed Matter | 14 | 35 | 227 |
4 | Materials Letters | Netherlands | Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied | 9 | 56 | 206 |
5 | Applied Physics Letters | United States | Physics, Applied | 9 | 48 | 194 |
6 | Langmuir | United States | Chemistry, Physical | 14 | 38 | 192 |
7 | Journal of Physical Chemistry B | United States | Chemistry, Physical | 4 | 26 | 183 |
8 | Applied Surface Science | Netherlands | Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Coatings and Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter | 2 | 31 | 139 |
9 | Journal of Applied Polymer Science | United States | Polymer Science | 4 | 45 | 132 |
10 | Nanotechnology | England | Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied | 1 | 51 | 132 |
Publication trends: country level
Publication trends: institution level
Impact analysis: country level
Country | # papers (1976–2007) | # citations in 2000 | # citations in 2007 | Average number of citations (1976–2007) |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | 49,193 | 3,503 | 44,734 | 3.28 |
Russia | 12,307 | 2,783 | 4,429 | 3.15 |
India | 9,126 | 869 | 6,947 | 3.17 |
Country | # patents (1976–2007) | # citations in 2000 | # citations in 2007 | Average number of citations (1976–2007) |
---|---|---|---|---|
China | 162 | 9 | 34 | 0.73 |
Russia | 30 | 0 | 6 | 0.70 |
India | 115 | 2 | 3 | 0.21 |
Impact analysis: institution level
Rank | Institution in China | # papers (1976–2007) | # citations in 2000 | # citations in 2007 | Average number of citations (1976–2007) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol | 928 | 201 | 1,306 | 6.90 |
2 | City Univ Hong Kong | 835 | 155 | 1,080 | 6.71 |
3 | Peking University | 2,284 | 514 | 3,145 | 6.25 |
4 | Univ Sci & Technol China | 2,687 | 324 | 3,693 | 5.50 |
5 | Zhongshan University | 648 | 55 | 854 | 4.95 |
6 | Chinese Univ Hong Kong | 581 | 86 | 718 | 4.68 |
7 | Tsinghua University | 2,995 | 208 | 3,767 | 4.62 |
8 | Univ Hong Kong | 634 | 49 | 630 | 4.41 |
9 | Nanjing University | 2,360 | 241 | 2,549 | 4.00 |
10 | Chinese Academy of Sciences | 12,334 | 1,034 | 13,195 | 3.90 |
Rank | Institution in Russia | # papers (1976–2007) | # citations in 2000 | # citations in 2007 | Average number of citations (1976–2007) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | AF Ioffe Phys Tech Institute | 649 | 721 | 308 | 10.53 |
2 | Ufa State Aviat Tech University | 194 | 52 | 176 | 6.99 |
3 | Boreskov Inst Catalysis | 137 | 33 | 112 | 4.74 |
4 | Si Vavilov State Opt Inst | 135 | 21 | 59 | 3.00 |
5 | Russian Academy of Sciences | 6,773 | 1,060 | 2, 337 | 2.57 |
6 | Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ | 1,421 | 186 | 508 | 2.49 |
7 | Novosibirsk State University | 110 | 5 | 40 | 2.11 |
8 | Technical University | 106 | 4 | 30 | 1.55 |
9 | St Petersburg State University | 397 | 35 | 101 | 1.45 |
10 | Joint Institute of Nuclear Research | 140 | 5 | 39 | 1.44 |
Rank | Institution in India | # papers (1976–2007) | # citations in 2000 | # citations in 2007 | Average number of citations (1976–2007) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res | 303 | 124 | 541 | 11.72 |
2 | Indian Institute of Science | 828 | 242 | 982 | 6.95 |
3 | Natl Chem Lab | 603 | 162 | 886 | 6.85 |
4 | CSIR | 151 | 28 | 208 | 5.73 |
5 | Tata Inst Fundamental Res | 189 | 13 | 173 | 4.52 |
6 | Univ Poona | 143 | 15 | 146 | 4.42 |
7 | Saha Inst Nucl Phys | 159 | 23 | 142 | 3.94 |
8 | Cent Electrochem Res Inst | 118 | 30 | 64 | 3.17 |
9 | University Madras | 111 | 5 | 75 | 2.90 |
10 | Indira Gandhi Ctr Atom Res | 182 | 15 | 121 | 2.76 |
Content map analysis
Chinese SCI papers (1976–2007)
Rank | Region label | # of papers in the region |
---|---|---|
1 | Transmission electron microscopy | 2,177 |
2 | Atomic force microscopy | 1,545 |
3 | Thin films | 1,372 |
4 | Carbon nanotubes | 1,187 |
5 | Scanning electron microscopy | 1,093 |
6 | Room temperatures | 1,031 |
7 | Aqueous solutions | 698 |
8 | X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy | 696 |
9 | Sol–gel method | 684 |
10 | Low temperatures | 653 |
11 | Particle sizes | 620 |
12 | Magnetic properties | 590 |
13 | Mechanical properties | 576 |
14 | Optical properties | 548 |
15 | Quantum dots | 508 |
16 | Chemical vapor deposition | 464 |
17 | Crystal structures | 449 |
18 | Single-walled carbon nanotubes | 429 |
19 | Self-assembled monolayers | 404 |
20 | Transmission electron microscope | 368 |
21 | Multi-walled carbon nanotubes | 359 |
22 | Mu M | 348 |
23 | Sol–gel process | 343 |
24 | Hydrothermal methods | 320 |
25 | Differential scanning calorimetry | 316 |
26 | Scanning tunneling microscopy | 314 |
27 | Magnetic fields/electric field | 269 |
28 | Center dot gold nanoparticles | 258 |
29 | Composite films potential applications | 258 |
Russian SCI papers (1976–2007)
Rank | Region Label | # of papers in the region |
---|---|---|
1 | Quantum dots | 397 |
2 | Atomic force microscopy | 361 |
3 | X-ray diffraction | 234 |
4 | Transmission electron microscopies | 229 |
5 | Room temperatures | 214 |
6 | Magnetic fields | 207 |
7 | Low temperatures | 179 |
8 | Temperature dependences | 177 |
9 | Scanning tunneling microscopy | 162 |
10 | Mu M | 162 |
11 | Optical properties | 157 |
12 | Severe plastic deformation | 151 |
13 | Magnetic properties | 144 |
14 | Temperature ranges | 142 |
15 | Thin films | 138 |
16 | Molecular beam epitaxy | 134 |
17 | Carbon nanotubes | 133 |
18 | Aqueous solutions | 115 |
19 | Electric fields | 95 |
20 | Phase compositions | 90 |
21 | Electron microscopies | 88 |
22 | Ground state | 84 |
23 | Single crystals | 78 |
24 | Electronic properties | 77 |
25 | Particle sizes | 76 |
26 | Size distributions | 62 |
27 | Small-angle X-ray | 60 |
28 | Porous silicon | 58 |
29 | Crystal structures | 58 |
30 | Scanning tunneling microscopes | 45 |
31 | Molecular modeling | 43 |
32 | Absorption spectra | 43 |
Indian SCI papers (1976–2007)
Rank | Region Label | # of papers in the region |
---|---|---|
1 | Atomic force microscopy | 301 |
2 | Transmission electron microscopy | 270 |
3 | Particle sizes | 227 |
4 | Room temperature | 223 |
5 | Scanning electron microscopy | 186 |
6 | Carbon nanotubes | 132 |
7 | Magnetic properties | 123 |
8 | Optical properties | 115 |
9 | Gold nanoparticles | 113 |
10 | Average particle sizes | 107 |
11 | Glass substrates | 97 |
12 | Temperature ranges | 94 |
13 | Grain sizes | 88 |
14 | Molecular modeling | 84 |
15 | Crystallite sizes | 83 |
16 | Aqueous solutions | 83 |
17 | Silver nanoparticles | 81 |
18 | Different temperatures | 79 |
19 | Quantum dots | 76 |
20 | Mechanical properties | 71 |
21 | Sol–Gel methods | 66 |
22 | Electron microscopy | 62 |
23 | Electrical properties | 60 |
24 | Mu M | 59 |
25 | Sol–gel techniques | 59 |
26 | Mechanical alloying | 53 |
27 | Experimental results | 49 |
28 | High temperatures | 47 |
29 | Aqueous medium | 44 |
30 | Quantum effects | 36 |
31 | Binding energies | 31 |
Citation network analysis
China institution citation network
Russia institution citation network
India institution citation network
Conclusions and future work
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The number of SCI papers published by China (49,193 in the interval 1984–2007) highly exceeded those published by Russia (12,307 in the interval 1976–2007), and India (9,126 in the interval 1980–2007). All three countries showed a rapid increase in paper publications. From 2000 to 2007, China demonstrated an average growth rate of 31.43%, while Russia’s was 11.88%, and India’s was 33.51%. The patent publications exhibited less consistent patterns. However, the three countries were still able to achieve average growth rates in the interval 2000–2007 of 31.13, 10.41, and 5.96%, respectively.
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In the three countries, most papers were published by universities and research institutions. In patent publications, private companies also played an important role.
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The top journals that published nanotechnology papers of the three countries included both domestic journals and journals in the US and Netherlands. Compared with China and India, domestic journals in Russia played a more important role in publishing Russian nanotechnology papers.
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In China and India, the paper publication rate of most of the top 10 productive institutes generally increased over time. However, in Russia most top institutions’ publication rates slowed down after 2000.
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According to the number of citations, Chinese SCI papers and patents have the highest average number of citations (3.28 citations per paper, 0.73 citations per patent) among the three. In all three countries, the institutions with the largest output also tend to have a relatively larger number of citations per paper than the average. In the three countries’ institution citation networks, CAS, RAS, and IIT, which are the most productive institutions in the three countries, were also the largest citation centers.
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Content map analysis shows that the three countries shared some common topics related to measurement, such as “Atomic force microscopy,” “Scanning electron microscopy” “Aqueous solutions,” as well as nanomaterials, such as “Quantum dots” and “Carbon nanotubes.” Compared with China, Russia, and India have conducted more research on nano-devices.