Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Land, Law and African Land Governance: Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Urban Governance Through Religious Authority in Touba, Senegal

verfasst von : Eric Ross, Cheikh Guèye

Erschienen in: Land Issues for Urban Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Based on the study of the holy city of Touba in Senegal, this chapter demonstrates how the autonomous management of urbanisation by a religious institution can produce a city which provides affordable housing and basic civic amenities to its residents. Touba is the spiritual capital of the Muridiyya Sufi order, which administers it largely independently of state agencies with a distinctly noncapitalist land management system. Rather than being based on private property, real estate markets, financial institutions and debt, which is the norm for city building today, this system is founded on traditional, precolonial legal practices and on Sufi socioreligious concepts. This Sufi system of land management was first developed for the purpose of agricultural homesteading in the 1880s and since the 1970s has facilitated mass urbanisation.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Financing African Cities: A Fiscal Lens on Urban Governance
Nächstes Kapitel The Right to the City and South African Jurisprudence
Fußnoten
1
A Sufi “order” (ṭarīqah in Arabic), also referred to as a “brotherhood” (confrérie in French), is a more or less hierarchic religious institution whose purpose is to bring believers closer to God through a variety of ritual practices. See Schimmel 1975.
 
2
Estimate based on satellite imagery, courtesy of Google Earth.
 
3
In Senegal, the term “capital” is used to designate cities that harbor the central administrative organs of major Sufi orders. In addition to Touba, Tivaouane, Kaolack, Médina Gounass, Tiénaba, Ndiassane and Yoff are also referred to as “capitals”. This popular designation for such cities is an indication of the important socioreligious functions of the orders within wider Senegalese society. See Mbacké 2005.
 
4
No official data on affiliation to Sufi orders is collected in Senegal. It is generally agreed that Murids account for about 30% of the population whereas affiliates to the various branches of the Tijaniyya account for about 50%. See Mbacké 2005: ix.
 
5
In a qaṣīda (ode) entitled Maṭlab al-Fawzain (In Pursuit of the Two Accomplishments), which serves as Touba’s founding charter, Ahmadu Bamba Mbacké uses these terms to describe the future city.
 
6
The colonial authorities arrested Sheikh Ahmadu Bamba Mbacké in 1895. He was tried and sentenced to exile, first to the colony of Gabon (1895–1903) and then to the colony of Mauritania (1904–1907). When he died in the Senegalese city of Diourbel in 1927, he was still living under house arrest.
 
7
While the vast majority of sheikhs are men, women can also be sheikhs and even lineage caliphs. (Lake 1997) In all cases, today, the position of sheikh is inherited.
 
8
Property deed #528, dated August 11, 1930, is registered with the Service des Domaines in Diourbel (Guèye 2000).
 
9
On June 26, 1975, Ministry of Finance fiat #06553 partially subdivided this property, recognising the individual lots to eight of Muhammadu Mustapha’s descendants residing in Darou Khoudoss (Guèye 2000).
 
10
The national atlas of Senegal published in 1980 shows 4-kilometer wide circle labeled “limit of special status zone” centered on the mosque (Pélissier 1980:45).
 
11
In 1978 a second autonomous rural community was created around the Tijani “capital” of Madina Gounass, in the Kolda region of upper Casamance (N’Gaïde 2002).
 
12
The rural community was named for Touba Mosquée, the only ward in Touba controlled directly by the caliph general.
 
13
Free distribution of water in Touba is based on a religious imperative. Water, essential to life, should not be monetarised/marketed.
 
14
Population figures for 1976, 1988, 2002 and 2013 are from the national census.
 
15
Abdoulaye Wade, president from 2000 until 2012, was an ardent Murid disciple.
 
16
It is Sheikh Ahmadu Bamba Mbacké who named the various khalwas and daaras he and his disciples established around Touba. Since his death it is the caliph general who names Touba’s new subdivisions. The names reference eschatological symbols or Quranic entities, and, like the toponym “Touba”, they contribute to the spiritual meaning of the holy city (Ross 2006:59).
 
17
In 2003, at the request of the caliph general, a land management GIS was created by a small team of Murid geographers and engineers (the team included co-author Cheikh Guèye). Its purpose was to track lot “ownership” in the city, lot subdivisions, taxation, etc. and to help monitor land speculation. The finished system was presented to the caliph general but was not implemented (Ross 2006:104).
 
18
“Prosperity” should be understood here in its first meaning of “success” or “accomplishment” in the hereafter (Arabic tawfīq, Wolof texe). It was an eschatological concept akin to “bliss” (ṭūbā in Arabic) before becoming a socio-economic one relating to worldly assets.
 
Literatur
Babou CA (2003) Educating the Murid: theory and practice of education in Amadou Bamba’s thought. J Relig Afr 33(3):310–327CrossRef
Babou CA (2005) Contesting space, shaping place: making room for the Muridiyya in colonial Senegal, 1912-194. J Afr History 46(3):405–426CrossRef
Babou CA (2007) Fighting the greater jihad: Amadu Bamba and the founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913. Ohio University Press, Athens, OHCrossRef
Bertrand M (1994) La question foncière dans les villes du Mali: marchés et patrimoines. Karthala/ORSTOM, Paris
Copans J (1988) Les marabouts de l’arachide. Le sycomore, Paris
Creevey L (1977) Muslim politics and development in Senegal. J Mod Afr Stud 15(2):261–277CrossRef
Cruise O’Brien DB (1971) The Mourides of Senegal: the political and economic organization of an Islamic brotherhood. Clarendon Press, Oxford
Diop A-B (1981) La société wolof: tradition et changement, les systèmes d’inégalité et de domination. Karthala, Paris
Guèye C (2002) Touba: la capital des mourides. ENDA/Karthala/IRD, Dakar/Paris
Harvey D (2008) The right to the city. New Left Rev 53:23–40
Lake R (1997) The making of a Mouride Mahdi: Serigne Abdoulaye Yakhine Diop of Thies. In: Westerlund D, Evers Rosander E (eds) African Islam and Islam in Africa: encounters between Sufis and Islamists. Hurst & Co, London, pp 216–253
Mbacké B (1995) Les bienfaits de l’Éternel ou la biographie de Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Mbacké. Mbacké K (trans), Edition de l’IFAN-UCAD, Dakar
Mbacké K (2005) Sufism and religious brotherhoods in Senegal. Ross E (trans) Hunwick J (ed) Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton
Myers G (2018) The Africa problem of global urban theory: re-conceptualising planetary urbanisation. Int Develop Policy 10:231–253
N’Gaïde A (2002) Les marabouts face à la ‘modernité’ : le dental de Madina Gounass à l’épreuve. In: Diop MC (ed) Le Sénégal contemporain. Karthala, Paris, pp 617–652
Pélissier P (ed) (1980) Atlas du Sénégal. Éditions Jeune Afrique, Paris
République du Sénégal, Ministère de l’économie, des finances et du plan, Direction des statistiques démographiques et sociales, Division du recensement et des statistiques démographiques (2015) Rapport Projection de la Population du Sénégal 2013–2063. Dakar
Robinson D (2000) Paths of accommodation: Muslim societies and French colonial authorities in Senegal and Mauritania, 1880–1920. Ohio University Press, Athens
Ross E (2005) From marabout republics to autonomous rural communities: autonomous Muslim towns in Senegal. In: Salm S, Falola T (eds) African urban spaces in historical perspective. University of Rochester Press, Rochester, pp 243–265
Ross E (2006) Sufi city: urban design and archetypes in Touba. University of Rochester Press, Rochester
Ross E (2011) Globalizing Touba: expatriate disciples in the world city network. Urban Stud 48(14):2929–2952CrossRef
Ross E (2012) Building community: configuring authority and identity on the public squares of contemporary Senegalese Sufi centers. In: Desplat P, Schultz D (eds) Prayer in the city: the making of Muslim sacred places and urban life. Transaction Publishers/Transcript Verlag, New Brunswick/Bielefeld, pp 205–237
Ross E (2015) The grid plan in the history of Senegalese urban design. In: Nunes Silva C (ed) Urban planning in sub-Saharan Africa: colonial and post-colonial planning cultures. Routledge, New York, pp 110–128
Schimmel A (1975) Mystical dimensions of Islam. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill
Searing J (2002) “God alone is king”: Islam and emancipation in Senegal, the Wolof kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859–1914. Heinemann/James Currey/David Philip Publishers, Portsmouth
Sy CT (1969) La confrérie sénégalaise des mourides: un essai sur l’islam au Sénégal. Présence africaine, Paris
Metadaten
Titel
Urban Governance Through Religious Authority in Touba, Senegal
verfasst von
Eric Ross
Cheikh Guèye
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Land Issues for Urban Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-52503-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-52504-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52504-0_4

Premium Partner

    Bildnachweise