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Erschienen in: Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung 2/2017

12.12.2016 | Survey Article

Variational Methods in Geometry

verfasst von: Michael Struwe

Erschienen in: Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung | Ausgabe 2/2017

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Abstract

Variational principles are ubiquitous in nature. Many geometric objects such as geodesics or minimal surfaces allow variational characterizations. We recall some basic ideas in the calculus of variations, also relevant for some of the most advanced research in the field today, and show how a subtle variation of standard methods can lead to surprising improvements, with numerous applications.

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Fußnoten
1
Here \(H^{1}([0,1];\mathbb{R}^{n})\) is the Sobolev spaces of curves \(\gamma \in L^{2}([0,1];\mathbb{R}^{n})\) with distributional derivative \(\dot{\gamma }\in L^{2}([0,1];\mathbb{R} ^{n})\).
 
2
Without reference to Riemann normal coordinates this may be seen as follows: Suppose for simplicity that \(S\subset \mathbb{R}^{n}\) is an oriented hypersurface with smooth unit normal vector field \(\nu \), and let \(\gamma_{0},\gamma_{1}\in H^{1}([0,1];\mathbb{R}^{n})\) be curves on \(S\) with endpoints \(\gamma_{0}(0)=\gamma_{1}(0)=p\), \(\gamma_{0}(1)=\gamma_{1}(1)=q\) having Euclidean distance \(|p-q|< \delta \), such that
$$ |\dot{\gamma }_{0}|^{2}\equiv E( \gamma_{0}) =E(\gamma_{1}) =\inf \bigl\{ E( \gamma );\ \gamma \in \varGamma_{p,q}\bigr\} < \delta^{2} $$
(7)
for some \(\delta >0\). Suppose that \(\gamma_{0}\neq \gamma_{1}\) and expand
$$ E(\gamma_{1})=E(\gamma_{0})+ 2 \int_{0}^{1}\dot{\gamma }_{0}\cdot ( \dot{ \gamma }_{1}-\dot{\gamma }_{0})\,dt + \int_{0}^{1}|\dot{\gamma } _{1}-\dot{\gamma }_{0}|^{2}\,dt. $$
(8)
Let \(\nu_{0}=\nu \circ \gamma_{0}\). Using (6) and observing that orthogonality \(\nu_{0}\perp T_{\gamma_{0}}S\) gives \(\dot{\gamma }_{0} \cdot \nu_{0}\equiv 0\) and also allows to bound \(|\nu_{0}\cdot (\gamma _{1}-\gamma_{0})|\le C|\gamma_{1}-\gamma_{0}|^{2}\), upon integrating by parts we find
$$ \begin{aligned} &- \int_{0}^{1}\dot{\gamma }_{0}\cdot (\dot{ \gamma }_{1}-\dot{\gamma } _{0})dt = \int_{0}^{1}\ddot{\gamma }_{0}\cdot ( \gamma_{1}-\gamma_{0})\,dt = \int_{0}^{1}\ddot{\gamma }_{0}\cdot \nu_{0}\ \nu_{0}\cdot (\gamma _{1}- \gamma_{0})\,dt \\ &\quad=- \int_{0}^{1}\bigl(\dot{\gamma }_{0}\cdot d \nu (\gamma_{0}) \dot{\gamma }_{0}\bigr) \nu_{0} \cdot (\gamma_{1}-\gamma_{0})\,dt \le C\sup_{t} \bigl(|\dot{\gamma }_{0}|^{2}|\gamma_{1}- \gamma_{0}|^{2}\bigr) \le C\delta ^{2} \int_{0}^{1}|\dot{\gamma }_{1}-\dot{\gamma }_{0}|^{2}\,dt, \end{aligned} $$
which in view of (8) contradicts (7) if \(\delta >0\) is sufficiently small. Note that \(\gamma_{1}-\gamma_{0}\in H_{0}^{1}([0,1]; \mathbb{R}^{n})\).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Variational Methods in Geometry
verfasst von
Michael Struwe
Publikationsdatum
12.12.2016
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung / Ausgabe 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0012-0456
Elektronische ISSN: 1869-7135
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1365/s13291-016-0155-0

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