Skip to main content

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries

verfasst von : Valerio Acocella

Erschienen in: Volcano-Tectonic Processes

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter focuses on divergent plate boundaries, that is where two lithospheric plates drift away from each other. Plate divergence may occur on continental, transitional and oceanic lithosphere, with spreading rates varying over nearly 2 orders of magnitude, from a few mm/year to ~15 cm/year. Except for the continental and oceanic boundaries characterized by the lowest bound of spreading rates, divergent plate boundaries are commonly associated with widespread magmatic activity.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Acocella V, Trippanera D (2016) How diking affects the tectono-magmatic evolution of slow spreading plate boundaries: overview and model. Geosphere 12:1–17 Acocella V, Trippanera D (2016) How diking affects the tectono-magmatic evolution of slow spreading plate boundaries: overview and model. Geosphere 12:1–17
Zurück zum Zitat Acocella V (2010) Coupling volcanism and tectonics along divergent boundaries: collapsed rifts from Central Afar, Ethiopia. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:1717–1728 Acocella V (2010) Coupling volcanism and tectonics along divergent boundaries: collapsed rifts from Central Afar, Ethiopia. Geol Soc Am Bull 122:1717–1728
Zurück zum Zitat Acocella V, Abebe B, Korme T (2011) Holocene opening directions along the axes of Red Sea (Afar) and Main Ethiopian rifts: an overview. In: Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Wilson M (eds) Volcanism and evolution of the African lithosphere. Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol 478, pp 25–35 Acocella V, Abebe B, Korme T (2011) Holocene opening directions along the axes of Red Sea (Afar) and Main Ethiopian rifts: an overview. In: Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Wilson M (eds) Volcanism and evolution of the African lithosphere. Geological Society of America Special Paper, vol 478, pp 25–35
Zurück zum Zitat Acocella V (2014) Structural control on magmatism along divergent and convergent plate boundaries: overview, model, problems. Earth-Sci Rev 136:226–288 Acocella V (2014) Structural control on magmatism along divergent and convergent plate boundaries: overview, model, problems. Earth-Sci Rev 136:226–288
Zurück zum Zitat Agostini A, Bonini M, Corti G, Sani F, Mazzarini F (2011) Fault architecture in the main Ethiopian Rift and comparison with experimental models: implications for rift evolution and Nubia-Somalia kinematics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 301:479–492 Agostini A, Bonini M, Corti G, Sani F, Mazzarini F (2011) Fault architecture in the main Ethiopian Rift and comparison with experimental models: implications for rift evolution and Nubia-Somalia kinematics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 301:479–492
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed A, Doubrè C, Leroy S, Kassim M, Keir D, Abayazid A et al (2016) Seafloor spreading event in western Gulf of Aden during the November 2010–March 2011 period captured by regional seismic networks: evidence for diking events and interactions with a nascent transform zone. Geophys J Int 205:1244–1266 Ahmed A, Doubrè C, Leroy S, Kassim M, Keir D, Abayazid A et al (2016) Seafloor spreading event in western Gulf of Aden during the November 2010–March 2011 period captured by regional seismic networks: evidence for diking events and interactions with a nascent transform zone. Geophys J Int 205:1244–1266
Zurück zum Zitat Almalki KA, Betts PG, Ailleres L (2015) The red sea—50 years of geological and geophysical research. Earth Sci Rev 147:109–140 Almalki KA, Betts PG, Ailleres L (2015) The red sea—50 years of geological and geophysical research. Earth Sci Rev 147:109–140
Zurück zum Zitat Amelung F, Jonsson S, Zebker H, Segall P (2000) Widespread uplift and ‘trapdoor’ faulting on Galapagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry. Nature 407:993–996 Amelung F, Jonsson S, Zebker H, Segall P (2000) Widespread uplift and ‘trapdoor’ faulting on Galapagos volcanoes observed with radar interferometry. Nature 407:993–996
Zurück zum Zitat Angelier J, Slunga R, Bergerat F, Stefansson R, Homberg C (2004) Perturbations of stress and oceanic rift extension across transform faults shown by earthquake focal mechanisms in Iceland. Earth Planet Sci Lett 219:271–284 Angelier J, Slunga R, Bergerat F, Stefansson R, Homberg C (2004) Perturbations of stress and oceanic rift extension across transform faults shown by earthquake focal mechanisms in Iceland. Earth Planet Sci Lett 219:271–284
Zurück zum Zitat Angelier J, Bergerat F, Stefansson R, Bellou M (2008) Seismotectonics of a newly formed transform zone near a hotspot: earthquake mechanisms and regional stress in the South Iceland Seismic Zone. Tectonophysics 447:95–116 Angelier J, Bergerat F, Stefansson R, Bellou M (2008) Seismotectonics of a newly formed transform zone near a hotspot: earthquake mechanisms and regional stress in the South Iceland Seismic Zone. Tectonophysics 447:95–116
Zurück zum Zitat Arnadottir T, Sigmundsson F, Delaney PT (1998) Sources of crustal deformation associated with the Krafla, Iceland, eruption of September 1984. Geophys Res Lett 25:1043–1046 Arnadottir T, Sigmundsson F, Delaney PT (1998) Sources of crustal deformation associated with the Krafla, Iceland, eruption of September 1984. Geophys Res Lett 25:1043–1046
Zurück zum Zitat Arnadottir T, Lund B, Jiang W, Geirsson H, Bjornsson H, Einarsson P et al (2009) Glacial rebound and plate spreading: results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland. Geophys J Int 177:691–716 Arnadottir T, Lund B, Jiang W, Geirsson H, Bjornsson H, Einarsson P et al (2009) Glacial rebound and plate spreading: results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland. Geophys J Int 177:691–716
Zurück zum Zitat Arnulf AF, Singh SC, Pye JW (2014) Seismic evidence of a complex multi-lens melt reservoir beneath the 9° N overlapping spreading center at the East Pacific Rise. Geophys Res Lett 41:6109–6115 Arnulf AF, Singh SC, Pye JW (2014) Seismic evidence of a complex multi-lens melt reservoir beneath the 9° N overlapping spreading center at the East Pacific Rise. Geophys Res Lett 41:6109–6115
Zurück zum Zitat Barberi F, Varet J (1970) The Erta Ale Volcanic Range (Danakil depression, northern Afar, Ethiopia). Bull Volcanologique 34:848–917 Barberi F, Varet J (1970) The Erta Ale Volcanic Range (Danakil depression, northern Afar, Ethiopia). Bull Volcanologique 34:848–917
Zurück zum Zitat Barberi F, Varet J (1977) Volcanism of Afar: small-scale plate tectonics implications. Geol Soc Am Bull 88:1251–1266 Barberi F, Varet J (1977) Volcanism of Afar: small-scale plate tectonics implications. Geol Soc Am Bull 88:1251–1266
Zurück zum Zitat Bastow ID, Keir D (2011) The protracted development of the continent–ocean transition in Afar. Nat Geosci 4:248–250 Bastow ID, Keir D (2011) The protracted development of the continent–ocean transition in Afar. Nat Geosci 4:248–250
Zurück zum Zitat Bastow ID, Booth AD, Corti G, Keir D, Magee C, Jackson CAL et al (2018) The development of late-stage continental breakup: seismic reflection and borehole evidence from the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia. Tectonics 37:2848–2862 Bastow ID, Booth AD, Corti G, Keir D, Magee C, Jackson CAL et al (2018) The development of late-stage continental breakup: seismic reflection and borehole evidence from the Danakil Depression, Ethiopia. Tectonics 37:2848–2862
Zurück zum Zitat Benoit MH, Nyblade AA, VanDecar JC (2006) Upper mantle P-wave speed variations beneath Ethiopia and the origin of the Afar hotspot. Geology 34:329–332 Benoit MH, Nyblade AA, VanDecar JC (2006) Upper mantle P-wave speed variations beneath Ethiopia and the origin of the Afar hotspot. Geology 34:329–332
Zurück zum Zitat Bilham R, Bendick R, Larson K, Mohr P, Braun J, Tesfaye S et al (1999) Secular and tidal strain across the main Ethiopian Rift. Geophys Res Lett 26:2789–2792 Bilham R, Bendick R, Larson K, Mohr P, Braun J, Tesfaye S et al (1999) Secular and tidal strain across the main Ethiopian Rift. Geophys Res Lett 26:2789–2792
Zurück zum Zitat Birhanu Y, Bendick R, Fisseha S, Lewi E, Floyd M, King R et al (2016) GPS constraints on broad scale extension in the Ethiopian Highlands and Main Ethiopian Rift. Geophys Res Lett 43:6844–6851 Birhanu Y, Bendick R, Fisseha S, Lewi E, Floyd M, King R et al (2016) GPS constraints on broad scale extension in the Ethiopian Highlands and Main Ethiopian Rift. Geophys Res Lett 43:6844–6851
Zurück zum Zitat Bjornsson A, Saemnundsson K, Einarsson P, Tryggvason E, Gronvald K (1977) Current rifting episode in North Iceland. Nature 266:318–323 Bjornsson A, Saemnundsson K, Einarsson P, Tryggvason E, Gronvald K (1977) Current rifting episode in North Iceland. Nature 266:318–323
Zurück zum Zitat Bonatti E (1985) Punctiform initiation of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea during transition from a continental to an oceanic rift. Nature 316:33–37 Bonatti E (1985) Punctiform initiation of seafloor spreading in the Red Sea during transition from a continental to an oceanic rift. Nature 316:33–37
Zurück zum Zitat Bosworth W, Huchon P, McClay K (2006) The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins. J Afr Earth Sc 43:334–378 Bosworth W, Huchon P, McClay K (2006) The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Basins. J Afr Earth Sc 43:334–378
Zurück zum Zitat Buck WR (2006) The role of magma in the development of the Afro-Arabian Rift System. In Yirgu G, Ebinger CJ, Maguire PKH eds The Afar Volcanic Province within the East African Rift System. Journ Geol Soc London Sp Pub 259:43–54 Buck WR (2006) The role of magma in the development of the Afro-Arabian Rift System. In Yirgu G, Ebinger CJ, Maguire PKH eds The Afar Volcanic Province within the East African Rift System. Journ Geol Soc London Sp Pub 259:43–54
Zurück zum Zitat Buck RW (2013) Magma for 50,000 years. Nat Geosci 6:811–812 Buck RW (2013) Magma for 50,000 years. Nat Geosci 6:811–812
Zurück zum Zitat Calais E, d’Oreye N, Albaric J, Deschamps A, Delvaux D, Deverchere J et al (2008) Strain accommodation by dyking in a youthful continental rift, East Africa. Nature 456:783–787 Calais E, d’Oreye N, Albaric J, Deschamps A, Delvaux D, Deverchere J et al (2008) Strain accommodation by dyking in a youthful continental rift, East Africa. Nature 456:783–787
Zurück zum Zitat Calvert AJ (1995) Seismic evidence for a magma chamber beneath the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic ridge. Nature 377:410–413 Calvert AJ (1995) Seismic evidence for a magma chamber beneath the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic ridge. Nature 377:410–413
Zurück zum Zitat Canales JP, Nedimovic MR, Kent GM, Carbotte SM, Detrick RS (2009) Seismic reflection images of a near-axis melt sill within the lower crust at the Juan de Fuca ridge. Nature 460:89–94 Canales JP, Nedimovic MR, Kent GM, Carbotte SM, Detrick RS (2009) Seismic reflection images of a near-axis melt sill within the lower crust at the Juan de Fuca ridge. Nature 460:89–94
Zurück zum Zitat Canales P, Carton H, Carbotte SM, Mutter JC, Nedomovic NR, Xu M et al (2012) Network of off-axis melt bodies at the East Pacific Rise. Nat Geosci 5:279–282 Canales P, Carton H, Carbotte SM, Mutter JC, Nedomovic NR, Xu M et al (2012) Network of off-axis melt bodies at the East Pacific Rise. Nat Geosci 5:279–282
Zurück zum Zitat Cann JR, Smith DK, Escartin J, Schouten H (2015) Tectonic evolution of 200 km of Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 10 million years: interplay of volcanism and faulting. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 16:2303–2321 Cann JR, Smith DK, Escartin J, Schouten H (2015) Tectonic evolution of 200 km of Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 10 million years: interplay of volcanism and faulting. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 16:2303–2321
Zurück zum Zitat Cannat M, Sauter D, Lavier L, Bickert M, Momoh E, Leroy S (2019) On spreading modes and magma supply at slow and ultraslow mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet Sci Lett 519:223–233 Cannat M, Sauter D, Lavier L, Bickert M, Momoh E, Leroy S (2019) On spreading modes and magma supply at slow and ultraslow mid-ocean ridges. Earth Planet Sci Lett 519:223–233
Zurück zum Zitat Carbotte SM, Marjanovic M, Carton H, Mutter JC, Canales JP, Nedimovic MR et al (2013) Fine-scale segmentation of the crustal magma reservoir beneath the East Pacific Rise. Nat Geosci 6:866–870 Carbotte SM, Marjanovic M, Carton H, Mutter JC, Canales JP, Nedimovic MR et al (2013) Fine-scale segmentation of the crustal magma reservoir beneath the East Pacific Rise. Nat Geosci 6:866–870
Zurück zum Zitat Chadwick WW, Embley RW (1998) Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge. J Geophys Res 103:9807–9825 Chadwick WW, Embley RW (1998) Graben formation associated with recent dike intrusions and volcanic eruptions on the mid-ocean ridge. J Geophys Res 103:9807–9825
Zurück zum Zitat Chambers EL, Harmon N, Keir D, Rychert CA (2019) Using ambient noise to image the northern East African Rift. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 20:2091–2109 Chambers EL, Harmon N, Keir D, Rychert CA (2019) Using ambient noise to image the northern East African Rift. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 20:2091–2109
Zurück zum Zitat Chang SJ, van der Lee S (2011) Mantle plumes and associated flow beneath Arabia and East Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 302:448–545 Chang SJ, van der Lee S (2011) Mantle plumes and associated flow beneath Arabia and East Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 302:448–545
Zurück zum Zitat Cochran JR (1983) Model for development of the Red Sea. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull 67:41–69 Cochran JR (1983) Model for development of the Red Sea. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull 67:41–69
Zurück zum Zitat Combier V, Seher T, Singh SC, Crawford WC, Cannat M, Escartín J et al (2015) Three-dimensional geometry of axial magma chamber roof and faults at Lucky Strike volcano on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. J Geophys Res 120:5379–5400 Combier V, Seher T, Singh SC, Crawford WC, Cannat M, Escartín J et al (2015) Three-dimensional geometry of axial magma chamber roof and faults at Lucky Strike volcano on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. J Geophys Res 120:5379–5400
Zurück zum Zitat Corti G (2009) Continental rift evolution: from rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa. Earth Sci Rev 96:1–53 Corti G (2009) Continental rift evolution: from rift initiation to incipient break-up in the Main Ethiopian Rift, East Africa. Earth Sci Rev 96:1–53
Zurück zum Zitat Corti G, Agostini A, Keir D, van Wijk V, Bastow ID, Ranalli G (2015) Magma-induced axial subsidence during final-stage rifting: implications for the development of seaward-dipping reflectors. Geosphere 11:563–571 Corti G, Agostini A, Keir D, van Wijk V, Bastow ID, Ranalli G (2015) Magma-induced axial subsidence during final-stage rifting: implications for the development of seaward-dipping reflectors. Geosphere 11:563–571
Zurück zum Zitat Craig T, Jackson J, Priestley K, McKenzie D (2011) Earthquake distribution patterns in Africa: their relationship to variations in lithospheric and geological structure, and their rheological implications. Geophys J Int 185:403–434 Craig T, Jackson J, Priestley K, McKenzie D (2011) Earthquake distribution patterns in Africa: their relationship to variations in lithospheric and geological structure, and their rheological implications. Geophys J Int 185:403–434
Zurück zum Zitat Crowder LK, Macdonald KC (2000) New constraints on the width of the zone of active faulting on the East Pacific Rise 8°30’N–10°00’N from Sea Beam Bathymetry and SeaMARC II Side-scan Sonar. Mar Geophys Res 21:513–527 Crowder LK, Macdonald KC (2000) New constraints on the width of the zone of active faulting on the East Pacific Rise 8°30’N–10°00’N from Sea Beam Bathymetry and SeaMARC II Side-scan Sonar. Mar Geophys Res 21:513–527
Zurück zum Zitat Desissa M, Johnson NE, Whaler KA, Hautot S, Fisseha S, Dawes GJK (2013) A mantle magma reservoir beneath an incipient mid-ocean ridge in Afar, Ethiopia. Nat Geosci 6:861–865 Desissa M, Johnson NE, Whaler KA, Hautot S, Fisseha S, Dawes GJK (2013) A mantle magma reservoir beneath an incipient mid-ocean ridge in Afar, Ethiopia. Nat Geosci 6:861–865
Zurück zum Zitat Deville E, Marsset T, Courgeon S, Jatiault R, Ponte J-P, Thereau E et al (2018) Active fault system across the oceanic lithosphere of the Mozambique Channel: implications for the Nubia-Somalia southern plate boundary. Earth Planet Sci Lett 502:210–220 Deville E, Marsset T, Courgeon S, Jatiault R, Ponte J-P, Thereau E et al (2018) Active fault system across the oceanic lithosphere of the Mozambique Channel: implications for the Nubia-Somalia southern plate boundary. Earth Planet Sci Lett 502:210–220
Zurück zum Zitat Dick HJB, Lin J, Schouten H (2003) An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge. Nature 426:405–412 Dick HJB, Lin J, Schouten H (2003) An ultraslow-spreading class of ocean ridge. Nature 426:405–412
Zurück zum Zitat Doubre C, Manighetti I, Dorbath L, Dorbath C, Bertil D, Delmond JC (2007) Crustal structure and magmato-tectonic processes in an active rift (Asal-Ghoubbet, Afar, East Africa): 2. Insights from the 23-year recording of seismicity since the last rifting event. J Geophys Res 112:B05406. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JB004333 Doubre C, Manighetti I, Dorbath L, Dorbath C, Bertil D, Delmond JC (2007) Crustal structure and magmato-tectonic processes in an active rift (Asal-Ghoubbet, Afar, East Africa): 2. Insights from the 23-year recording of seismicity since the last rifting event. J Geophys Res 112:B05406. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1029/​2006JB004333
Zurück zum Zitat Doubre C, Deprez A, Masson F, Socquet A, Lewi E, Grandin R (2017) Current deformation in Central Afar and triple junction kinematics deduced from GPS and InSAR measurements. Geophys J Int 208:936–953 Doubre C, Deprez A, Masson F, Socquet A, Lewi E, Grandin R (2017) Current deformation in Central Afar and triple junction kinematics deduced from GPS and InSAR measurements. Geophys J Int 208:936–953
Zurück zum Zitat Drouin V, Sigmundsson F, Ofeigsson BG, Hreinsdottir S, Sturkell E, Einarsson P (2017) Deformation in the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland 2008–2014: An interplay of tectonic, magmatic, and glacial isostatic deformation. J Geophys Res 122:3158–3178 Drouin V, Sigmundsson F, Ofeigsson BG, Hreinsdottir S, Sturkell E, Einarsson P (2017) Deformation in the Northern Volcanic Zone of Iceland 2008–2014: An interplay of tectonic, magmatic, and glacial isostatic deformation. J Geophys Res 122:3158–3178
Zurück zum Zitat Dziak RP, Bohnenstiehl DR, Matsumoto H, Fowler MJ, Haxel JH, Tolstoy M et al (2009) January 2006 seafloor spreading event at 9°50’N, East Pacific Rise: ridge dike intrusion and transform fault interactions from regional hydroacoustic data. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 10. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002388 Dziak RP, Bohnenstiehl DR, Matsumoto H, Fowler MJ, Haxel JH, Tolstoy M et al (2009) January 2006 seafloor spreading event at 9°50’N, East Pacific Rise: ridge dike intrusion and transform fault interactions from regional hydroacoustic data. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 10. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1029/​2009GC002388
Zurück zum Zitat Eagles G, Gloaguen R, Ebinger C (2002) Kinematics of the Danakil microplate. Earth Planet Sci Lett 203:607–620 Eagles G, Gloaguen R, Ebinger C (2002) Kinematics of the Danakil microplate. Earth Planet Sci Lett 203:607–620
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ, Crow MJ, Rosendahl BR, Livingstone DA, LeFournier J (1984) Structural evolution of Lake Malawi, Africa. Nature 308:627–629 Ebinger CJ, Crow MJ, Rosendahl BR, Livingstone DA, LeFournier J (1984) Structural evolution of Lake Malawi, Africa. Nature 308:627–629
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ (1989a) Tectonic development of the western branch of the East African Rift System. Geol Soc Am Bull 101:885–903 Ebinger CJ (1989a) Tectonic development of the western branch of the East African Rift System. Geol Soc Am Bull 101:885–903
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ (1989b) Geometric and kinematic development of border faults and accommodation zones, Kivu-Rusizi Rift, Africa. Tectonics 8:117–133 Ebinger CJ (1989b) Geometric and kinematic development of border faults and accommodation zones, Kivu-Rusizi Rift, Africa. Tectonics 8:117–133
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ, Deino AL, Drake RE, Tesha AL (1989) Chronology of volcanism and rift basin propagation: Rungwe Volcanic Province, East Africa. J Geophys Res 94:15785–15803 Ebinger CJ, Deino AL, Drake RE, Tesha AL (1989) Chronology of volcanism and rift basin propagation: Rungwe Volcanic Province, East Africa. J Geophys Res 94:15785–15803
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ, Hayward NJ (1996) Soft plates and hot spots: views from Afar. J Geophys Res 101:21859–21876 Ebinger CJ, Hayward NJ (1996) Soft plates and hot spots: views from Afar. J Geophys Res 101:21859–21876
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ, Sleep NH (1998) Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume. Nature 395:788–791 Ebinger CJ, Sleep NH (1998) Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume. Nature 395:788–791
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ, Casey M (2001) Continental breakup in magmatic provinces: an Ethiopian example. Geology 29:527–530 Ebinger CJ, Casey M (2001) Continental breakup in magmatic provinces: an Ethiopian example. Geology 29:527–530
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger C, Ayele A, Keir D, Rowland J, Yirgu G, Wright T et al (2010) Length and timescales of rift faulting and magma intrusion: the Afar rifting cycle from 2005 to present. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 38:439–466 Ebinger C, Ayele A, Keir D, Rowland J, Yirgu G, Wright T et al (2010) Length and timescales of rift faulting and magma intrusion: the Afar rifting cycle from 2005 to present. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 38:439–466
Zurück zum Zitat Ebinger CJ, Keir D, Bastow ID, Whaler K, Hammond JOS, Ayele A et al (2017) Crustal structure of active deformation zones in Africa: implications for global crustal processes. Tectonics 36:3298–3332 Ebinger CJ, Keir D, Bastow ID, Whaler K, Hammond JOS, Ayele A et al (2017) Crustal structure of active deformation zones in Africa: implications for global crustal processes. Tectonics 36:3298–3332
Zurück zum Zitat Fornari DJ, Haymon RM, Pefit MR, Gregg TKP, Edwards MH (1998) Axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise 9°–10°N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. J Geophys Res 103:9827–9855 Fornari DJ, Haymon RM, Pefit MR, Gregg TKP, Edwards MH (1998) Axial summit trough of the East Pacific Rise 9°–10°N: geological characteristics and evolution of the axial zone on fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. J Geophys Res 103:9827–9855
Zurück zum Zitat Forslund T, Gudmundsson A (1991) Crustal spreading due to dike and faults in southwest Iceland. J Struct Geol 13:443–457 Forslund T, Gudmundsson A (1991) Crustal spreading due to dike and faults in southwest Iceland. J Struct Geol 13:443–457
Zurück zum Zitat Forsyth DW, Webb SC, Dorman LM, Shen Y (1998) Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves on the MELT experiment on the East Pacific Rise. Science 280:1235–1238 Forsyth DW, Webb SC, Dorman LM, Shen Y (1998) Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves on the MELT experiment on the East Pacific Rise. Science 280:1235–1238
Zurück zum Zitat Franke D, Jokat W, Ladage S, Stollhofen H, Klimke J, Lutz R et al (2015) The offshore East African Rift System: structural framework at the toe of a juvenile rift. Tectonics 34:2086–2104 Franke D, Jokat W, Ladage S, Stollhofen H, Klimke J, Lutz R et al (2015) The offshore East African Rift System: structural framework at the toe of a juvenile rift. Tectonics 34:2086–2104
Zurück zum Zitat Fundis AT, Soule SA, Fornari DJ, Perfit MR (2010) Paving the seafloor: volcanic emplacement processes during the 2005-2006 eruptions at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 11:Q08024. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GC003058 Fundis AT, Soule SA, Fornari DJ, Perfit MR (2010) Paving the seafloor: volcanic emplacement processes during the 2005-2006 eruptions at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise, 9°50′N. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 11:Q08024. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1029/​2010GC003058
Zurück zum Zitat Furman T, Nelson WR, Elkins-Tanton LT (2016) Evolution of the East African rift: drip magmatism, lithospheric thinning and mafic volcanism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 185:418–434 Furman T, Nelson WR, Elkins-Tanton LT (2016) Evolution of the East African rift: drip magmatism, lithospheric thinning and mafic volcanism. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 185:418–434
Zurück zum Zitat Gaherty JB (2001) Seismic evidence for hotspot-induced buoyant flow beneath the Reykjanes Ridge. Science 293:1645–1647 Gaherty JB (2001) Seismic evidence for hotspot-induced buoyant flow beneath the Reykjanes Ridge. Science 293:1645–1647
Zurück zum Zitat Giusti M, Perrot J, Dziak RP, Sukhovic A, Maia M (2018) The August 2010 earthquake swarm at North FAMOUS–FAMOUS segments, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: geophysical evidence of dike intrusion. Geophys J Int 215:181–195 Giusti M, Perrot J, Dziak RP, Sukhovic A, Maia M (2018) The August 2010 earthquake swarm at North FAMOUS–FAMOUS segments, Mid-Atlantic Ridge: geophysical evidence of dike intrusion. Geophys J Int 215:181–195
Zurück zum Zitat Grandin R, Socquet A, Binet R, Klinger R, Jacques E, de Chabalier JB et al (2009) September 2005 Manda Hararo-Dabbahu rifting event, Afar (Ethiopia): Constraints provided by geodetic data. J Geophys Res 114:B08404, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB005843 Grandin R, Socquet A, Binet R, Klinger R, Jacques E, de Chabalier JB et al (2009) September 2005 Manda Hararo-Dabbahu rifting event, Afar (Ethiopia): Constraints provided by geodetic data. J Geophys Res 114:B08404, https://​doi.​org/​10.​1029/​2008JB005843
Zurück zum Zitat Grant JV, Kattenhorn SA (2004) Evolution of vertical faults at an extensional plate boundary, Southwest Iceland. J Struct Geol 26:537–557 Grant JV, Kattenhorn SA (2004) Evolution of vertical faults at an extensional plate boundary, Southwest Iceland. J Struct Geol 26:537–557
Zurück zum Zitat Greenfield T, Keir D, Kendall J-M, Ayele A (2019) Low-frequency earthquakes beneath Tullu Moye volcano, Ethiopia, reveal fluid pulses from shallow magma chamber. Earth Planet Sci Lett 526:115782 Greenfield T, Keir D, Kendall J-M, Ayele A (2019) Low-frequency earthquakes beneath Tullu Moye volcano, Ethiopia, reveal fluid pulses from shallow magma chamber. Earth Planet Sci Lett 526:115782
Zurück zum Zitat Grevemeyer I, Hayman NW, Peirce C, Schwardt M, Van Avendonk HJA, Dannowski A et al (2018) Episodic magmatism and serpentinized mantle exhumation at an ultraslow-spreading centre. Nat Geosci 11:444–448 Grevemeyer I, Hayman NW, Peirce C, Schwardt M, Van Avendonk HJA, Dannowski A et al (2018) Episodic magmatism and serpentinized mantle exhumation at an ultraslow-spreading centre. Nat Geosci 11:444–448
Zurück zum Zitat Gu YJ, Lerner-Lam AL, Dziewonski AM, Ekstrom G (2005) Deep structure and seismic anisotropy beneath the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett 232:259–272 Gu YJ, Lerner-Lam AL, Dziewonski AM, Ekstrom G (2005) Deep structure and seismic anisotropy beneath the East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett 232:259–272
Zurück zum Zitat Gudmundsson A (1986) Formation of crustal magma chambers in Iceland. Geology 14:164–166 Gudmundsson A (1986) Formation of crustal magma chambers in Iceland. Geology 14:164–166
Zurück zum Zitat Gudmundsson A, Backstrom K (1991) Structure and development of the Sveinagja Graben, northeast Iceland. Tectonophysics 200:111–125 Gudmundsson A, Backstrom K (1991) Structure and development of the Sveinagja Graben, northeast Iceland. Tectonophysics 200:111–125
Zurück zum Zitat Gudmundsson A (1992) Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland. Terra Nova 4:464–471 Gudmundsson A (1992) Formation and growth of normal faults at the divergent plate boundary in Iceland. Terra Nova 4:464–471
Zurück zum Zitat Gudmundsson A (1995) Infrastructure and mechanics of volcanic systems in Iceland. J Volcanol Geoth Res 64:1–22 Gudmundsson A (1995) Infrastructure and mechanics of volcanic systems in Iceland. J Volcanol Geoth Res 64:1–22
Zurück zum Zitat Hammond JOS, Kendall J-M, Stuart GW, Ebinger CJ, Bastow ID, Keir D et al (2013) Mantle upwelling and initiation of rift segmentation beneath the Afar Depression. Geology 41:635–638 Hammond JOS, Kendall J-M, Stuart GW, Ebinger CJ, Bastow ID, Keir D et al (2013) Mantle upwelling and initiation of rift segmentation beneath the Afar Depression. Geology 41:635–638
Zurück zum Zitat Hartley ME, Thordarson T (2012) Formation of Öskjuvatn caldera at Askja, North Iceland: mechanism of caldera collapse and implications for the lateral flow hypothesis. J Volcanol Geoth Res 227–228:85–101 Hartley ME, Thordarson T (2012) Formation of Öskjuvatn caldera at Askja, North Iceland: mechanism of caldera collapse and implications for the lateral flow hypothesis. J Volcanol Geoth Res 227–228:85–101
Zurück zum Zitat Hayward NJ, Ebinger CJ (1996) Variation in the along-axis segmentation of the Afar Rift system. Tectonics 15:244–257 Hayward NJ, Ebinger CJ (1996) Variation in the along-axis segmentation of the Afar Rift system. Tectonics 15:244–257
Zurück zum Zitat Helgason J, Zentilli M (1985) Field characteristics of laterally emplaced dikes: anatomy of an exhumed Miocene dike swarm in Reydarfjordur, Eastern Iceland. Tectonophysics 115:247–274 Helgason J, Zentilli M (1985) Field characteristics of laterally emplaced dikes: anatomy of an exhumed Miocene dike swarm in Reydarfjordur, Eastern Iceland. Tectonophysics 115:247–274
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmann C, Courtillot V, Feraud G, Rochette P, Yirgu G, Ketefo E et al (1997) Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implications for plume birth and global change. Nature 389:838–841 Hofmann C, Courtillot V, Feraud G, Rochette P, Yirgu G, Ketefo E et al (1997) Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implications for plume birth and global change. Nature 389:838–841
Zurück zum Zitat Hollingsworth J, Leprince S, Ayoub F, Avouac J-P (2013) New constraints on dike injection and fault slip during the 1975–1984 Krafla rift crisis, NE Iceland. J Geophys Res 118:3707–3727 Hollingsworth J, Leprince S, Ayoub F, Avouac J-P (2013) New constraints on dike injection and fault slip during the 1975–1984 Krafla rift crisis, NE Iceland. J Geophys Res 118:3707–3727
Zurück zum Zitat Horst AJ, Varga RJ, Gee JS, Karson JA (2014) Diverse magma flow directions during construction of sheeted dike complexes at fast-to superfast-spreading centers. Earth Planet Sci Lett 408:119–131 Horst AJ, Varga RJ, Gee JS, Karson JA (2014) Diverse magma flow directions during construction of sheeted dike complexes at fast-to superfast-spreading centers. Earth Planet Sci Lett 408:119–131
Zurück zum Zitat Hreinsdottir S, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F (2001) Crustal deformation at the oblique spreading Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland: GPS measurements from 1993 to 1998. J Geophys Res 106:13803–13816 Hreinsdottir S, Einarsson P, Sigmundsson F (2001) Crustal deformation at the oblique spreading Reykjanes Peninsula, SW Iceland: GPS measurements from 1993 to 1998. J Geophys Res 106:13803–13816
Zurück zum Zitat Husson L, Yamato P, Bezos A (2015) Ultraslow, slow, or fast spreading ridges: arm wrestling between mantle convection and far-field tectonics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 429:205–215 Husson L, Yamato P, Bezos A (2015) Ultraslow, slow, or fast spreading ridges: arm wrestling between mantle convection and far-field tectonics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 429:205–215
Zurück zum Zitat Hutchison W, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Boyce AJ, Gleeson MLM, Yirgu G et al (2018) The evolution of magma during continental rifting: New constraints from the isotopic and trace element signatures of silicic magmas from Ethiopian volcanoes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 489:203–218 Hutchison W, Mather TA, Pyle DM, Boyce AJ, Gleeson MLM, Yirgu G et al (2018) The evolution of magma during continental rifting: New constraints from the isotopic and trace element signatures of silicic magmas from Ethiopian volcanoes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 489:203–218
Zurück zum Zitat Jacques E, Ruegg JC, Lepine JC, Tapponnier P, King GCP, Omar A (1999) Relocation of M ≥ 2 events of the 1989 Dobi seismic sequence in Afar: evidence for earthquake migration. Geophys J Int 138:447–469 Jacques E, Ruegg JC, Lepine JC, Tapponnier P, King GCP, Omar A (1999) Relocation of M ≥ 2 events of the 1989 Dobi seismic sequence in Afar: evidence for earthquake migration. Geophys J Int 138:447–469
Zurück zum Zitat Jenkins J, Maclennan J, Green RG, Cottaar S, Deuss AF, White RS (2018) Crustal formation on a spreading ridge above a mantle plume: receiver function imaging of the Icelandic crust. J Geophys Res 123:5190–5208 Jenkins J, Maclennan J, Green RG, Cottaar S, Deuss AF, White RS (2018) Crustal formation on a spreading ridge above a mantle plume: receiver function imaging of the Icelandic crust. J Geophys Res 123:5190–5208
Zurück zum Zitat Jian H, Singh SC, Chen YJ, Li J (2017) Evidence of an axial magma chamber beneath the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology 45:143–146 Jian H, Singh SC, Chen YJ, Li J (2017) Evidence of an axial magma chamber beneath the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Geology 45:143–146
Zurück zum Zitat Jokat W, Ritzmann O, Schmidt-Aursch MC, Drachev S, Gauger S, Snow J (2003) Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge. Nature 423:962–965 Jokat W, Ritzmann O, Schmidt-Aursch MC, Drachev S, Gauger S, Snow J (2003) Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge. Nature 423:962–965
Zurück zum Zitat Jónsson S, Xu W (2015) Volcanic eruptions in the southern Red Sea during 2007–2013. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) The Red Sea: the formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin. Springer Earth System Sciences Heidelberg, pp 175–186 Jónsson S, Xu W (2015) Volcanic eruptions in the southern Red Sea during 2007–2013. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) The Red Sea: the formation, morphology, oceanography and environment of a young ocean basin. Springer Earth System Sciences Heidelberg, pp 175–186
Zurück zum Zitat Keir D, Belachew M, Ebinger CJ, Kendall JM, Hammond JOS, Stuart GW et al (2011) Mapping the evolving strain field during continental breakup from crustal anisotropy in the Afar depression. Nat Commun 2:1–7 Keir D, Belachew M, Ebinger CJ, Kendall JM, Hammond JOS, Stuart GW et al (2011) Mapping the evolving strain field during continental breakup from crustal anisotropy in the Afar depression. Nat Commun 2:1–7
Zurück zum Zitat Keir D, Bastow ID, Corti G, Mazzarini F, Rooney TO (2015) The origin of along-rift variations in faulting and magmatism in the Ethiopian Rift. Tectonics 34:464–477 Keir D, Bastow ID, Corti G, Mazzarini F, Rooney TO (2015) The origin of along-rift variations in faulting and magmatism in the Ethiopian Rift. Tectonics 34:464–477
Zurück zum Zitat Kendall JM, Stuart GW, Ebinger CJ, Bastow ID, Keir D (2005) Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia. Nature 433:146–214 Kendall JM, Stuart GW, Ebinger CJ, Bastow ID, Keir D (2005) Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia. Nature 433:146–214
Zurück zum Zitat Kent GM, Singh SC, Harding AJ, Sinha MC, Orcutt JA, Barton PJ et al (2000) Evidence from three-dimensional seismic reflectivity images for enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean ridge discontinuities. Nature 406:614–618 Kent GM, Singh SC, Harding AJ, Sinha MC, Orcutt JA, Barton PJ et al (2000) Evidence from three-dimensional seismic reflectivity images for enhanced melt supply beneath mid-ocean ridge discontinuities. Nature 406:614–618
Zurück zum Zitat Keranen K, Klemperer SL, Gloaguen R, Eagle Working Group (2004) Three-dimensional seismic imaging of a protoridge axis in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Geology 32:949–952 Keranen K, Klemperer SL, Gloaguen R, Eagle Working Group (2004) Three-dimensional seismic imaging of a protoridge axis in the Main Ethiopian Rift. Geology 32:949–952
Zurück zum Zitat Lagabrielle I, Cormier MH (1999) Formation of large summit troughs along the East Pacific Rise as collapse calderas: an evolutionary model. J Geophys Res 104:12971–12988 Lagabrielle I, Cormier MH (1999) Formation of large summit troughs along the East Pacific Rise as collapse calderas: an evolutionary model. J Geophys Res 104:12971–12988
Zurück zum Zitat Lahitte P, Gillot PY, Courtillot V (2003) Silicic central volcanoes as precursors to rift propagation: the Afar case. Earth Planet Sci Lett 207:103–116 Lahitte P, Gillot PY, Courtillot V (2003) Silicic central volcanoes as precursors to rift propagation: the Afar case. Earth Planet Sci Lett 207:103–116
Zurück zum Zitat Ligi M, Bonatti E, Caratori M, Tontini F, Cipriani A, Cocchi L et al (2011) Initial burst of oceanic crust accretion in the Red Sea due to edge-driven mantle convection. Geology 39:1019–1022 Ligi M, Bonatti E, Caratori M, Tontini F, Cipriani A, Cocchi L et al (2011) Initial burst of oceanic crust accretion in the Red Sea due to edge-driven mantle convection. Geology 39:1019–1022
Zurück zum Zitat Ligi M, Bonatti E, Bosworth W, Ronca S (2019) Oceanization starts at depth during continental rupturing in the Northern Red Sea. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) Geological setting, palaeoenvironment and archaeology of the Red Sea. Springer Nature, Switzerland, pp 131–157 Ligi M, Bonatti E, Bosworth W, Ronca S (2019) Oceanization starts at depth during continental rupturing in the Northern Red Sea. In: Rasul NMA, Stewart ICF (eds) Geological setting, palaeoenvironment and archaeology of the Red Sea. Springer Nature, Switzerland, pp 131–157
Zurück zum Zitat Maccaferri F, Rivalta E, Keir D, Acocella A (2014) Off-rift volcanism in rift zones determined by crustal unloading. Nat Geosci 7:297–300 Maccaferri F, Rivalta E, Keir D, Acocella A (2014) Off-rift volcanism in rift zones determined by crustal unloading. Nat Geosci 7:297–300
Zurück zum Zitat Macdonald KC, Fox PJ (1988) The axial summit graben and cross-sectional shape of the East Pacific Rise as indicators of axial magma chambers and recent volcanic eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 88:119–131 Macdonald KC, Fox PJ (1988) The axial summit graben and cross-sectional shape of the East Pacific Rise as indicators of axial magma chambers and recent volcanic eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 88:119–131
Zurück zum Zitat Macdonald K, Scheirer D, Carbotte S (1991) Mid-ocean ridges: discontinuities, segments and giant cracks. Science 253:986–994 Macdonald K, Scheirer D, Carbotte S (1991) Mid-ocean ridges: discontinuities, segments and giant cracks. Science 253:986–994
Zurück zum Zitat Macdonald K (1998) Linkages between faulting, volcanism, hydrothermal activity and segmentation on fast spreading centres. In: Buck WR, Delaney PT, Karson JA, Lagabrielle YU (eds) Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges. AGU Monograph Washington, pp 27–58 Macdonald K (1998) Linkages between faulting, volcanism, hydrothermal activity and segmentation on fast spreading centres. In: Buck WR, Delaney PT, Karson JA, Lagabrielle YU (eds) Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges. AGU Monograph Washington, pp 27–58
Zurück zum Zitat Mackenzie GD, Thybo H, Maguire PKH (2005) Crustal velocity structure across the Main Ethiopian Rift: results from two-dimensional wide-angle seismic modelling. Geophys J Int 162:994–1006 Mackenzie GD, Thybo H, Maguire PKH (2005) Crustal velocity structure across the Main Ethiopian Rift: results from two-dimensional wide-angle seismic modelling. Geophys J Int 162:994–1006
Zurück zum Zitat Manighetti I, Tapponnier P, Courtillot V, Gallet Y, Jacques E, Gillot PY (2001) Strain transfer between disconnected, propagating rifts in Afar. J Geophys Res 106:13613–13665 Manighetti I, Tapponnier P, Courtillot V, Gallet Y, Jacques E, Gillot PY (2001) Strain transfer between disconnected, propagating rifts in Afar. J Geophys Res 106:13613–13665
Zurück zum Zitat Marjanovic M, Carbotte SM, Carton H, Nedimovic NR, Mutter JC, Canales JP (2014) A multi-sill magma plumbing system beneath the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Nat Geosci 7:825–829 Marjanovic M, Carbotte SM, Carton H, Nedimovic NR, Mutter JC, Canales JP (2014) A multi-sill magma plumbing system beneath the axis of the East Pacific Rise. Nat Geosci 7:825–829
Zurück zum Zitat Marjanović M, Carbotte SM, Carton HD, Nedimović MR, Canales JP, Mutter JC (2018) Crustal magmatic system beneath the East Pacific Rise (8°20’ to 10°10’N): implications for tectonomagmatic segmentation and crustal melt transport at fast-spreading ridges. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 19:4584–4611 Marjanović M, Carbotte SM, Carton HD, Nedimović MR, Canales JP, Mutter JC (2018) Crustal magmatic system beneath the East Pacific Rise (8°20’ to 10°10’N): implications for tectonomagmatic segmentation and crustal melt transport at fast-spreading ridges. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 19:4584–4611
Zurück zum Zitat Mark HF, Behn MD, Olive JA, Liu Y (2018) Controls on mid-ocean ridge normal fault seismicity across spreading rates from rate-and-state friction models. J Geophys Res 123:6719–6733 Mark HF, Behn MD, Olive JA, Liu Y (2018) Controls on mid-ocean ridge normal fault seismicity across spreading rates from rate-and-state friction models. J Geophys Res 123:6719–6733
Zurück zum Zitat Medynski S, Pik R, Burnard P, Dumont S, Grandin R, Williams A et al (2016) Magmatic cycles pace tectonic and morphological expression of rifting (Afar depression, Ethiopia). Earth Planet Sci Lett 446:77–88 Medynski S, Pik R, Burnard P, Dumont S, Grandin R, Williams A et al (2016) Magmatic cycles pace tectonic and morphological expression of rifting (Afar depression, Ethiopia). Earth Planet Sci Lett 446:77–88
Zurück zum Zitat Michael PJ, Langmuir CH, Dick HJB, Snow JE, Goldstein SL, Graham DW et al (2003) Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature 425:956–961 Michael PJ, Langmuir CH, Dick HJB, Snow JE, Goldstein SL, Graham DW et al (2003) Magmatic and amagmatic seafloor generation at the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean. Nature 425:956–961
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell NC, Park Y (2014) Nature of crust in the central Red Sea. Tectonophysics 628:123–139 Mitchell NC, Park Y (2014) Nature of crust in the central Red Sea. Tectonophysics 628:123–139
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell NC, Stewart ICF (2018) The modest seismicity of the northern Red Sea rift. Geophys J Int 214:1507–1523 Mitchell NC, Stewart ICF (2018) The modest seismicity of the northern Red Sea rift. Geophys J Int 214:1507–1523
Zurück zum Zitat Mohr P (1967) Major volcano-tectonic lineament in the Ethiopian rift system. Nature 213:664–665 Mohr P (1967) Major volcano-tectonic lineament in the Ethiopian rift system. Nature 213:664–665
Zurück zum Zitat Mohr PA, Wood CA (1976) Volcano spacing and lithospheric attenuation in the Eastern Rift of Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 33:126–144 Mohr PA, Wood CA (1976) Volcano spacing and lithospheric attenuation in the Eastern Rift of Africa. Earth Planet Sci Lett 33:126–144
Zurück zum Zitat Mohr P (1983) Ethiopian flood basalt province. Nature 303:577–584 Mohr P (1983) Ethiopian flood basalt province. Nature 303:577–584
Zurück zum Zitat Mutch JF, Maclennan J, Shorttle O, Edmonds M, Rudge JF (2019) Rapid transcrustal magma movement under Iceland. Nat Geosci 12(569):573 Mutch JF, Maclennan J, Shorttle O, Edmonds M, Rudge JF (2019) Rapid transcrustal magma movement under Iceland. Nat Geosci 12(569):573
Zurück zum Zitat Mutter JC, Karson JA (1992) Structural processes at slow-spreading ridges. Science 257:627–634 Mutter JC, Karson JA (1992) Structural processes at slow-spreading ridges. Science 257:627–634
Zurück zum Zitat Njinju EA, Kolawole F, Atekwana EA, Stamps DS, Atekwana EA, Abdelsalam MG et al (2019) Terrestrial heat flow in the Malawi Rifted Zone, East Africa: implications for tectono-thermal inheritance in continental rift basins. J Volcanol Geoth Res 387:106656 Njinju EA, Kolawole F, Atekwana EA, Stamps DS, Atekwana EA, Abdelsalam MG et al (2019) Terrestrial heat flow in the Malawi Rifted Zone, East Africa: implications for tectono-thermal inheritance in continental rift basins. J Volcanol Geoth Res 387:106656
Zurück zum Zitat Niu Y, Hekinian R (1997) Spreading rate dependence of the extent of mantle melting beneath ocean ridges. Nature 385:326–329 Niu Y, Hekinian R (1997) Spreading rate dependence of the extent of mantle melting beneath ocean ridges. Nature 385:326–329
Zurück zum Zitat Nooner SL, Webb SC, Buck WR, Cormier M-H (2014) Post eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9°50’ N. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 15:2676–2688 Nooner SL, Webb SC, Buck WR, Cormier M-H (2014) Post eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9°50’ N. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 15:2676–2688
Zurück zum Zitat Omar GI, Steckler MS (1995) Fission track evidence on the initial rifting of the Red Sea: two pulses, no propagation. Science 270:1341–1344 Omar GI, Steckler MS (1995) Fission track evidence on the initial rifting of the Red Sea: two pulses, no propagation. Science 270:1341–1344
Zurück zum Zitat Pagli C, Wang H, Wright TJ, Calais E, Lewi E (2014) Current plate boundary deformation of the Afar rift from a 3-D velocity field inversion of InSAR and GPS. J Geophys Res 119:8562–8575 Pagli C, Wang H, Wright TJ, Calais E, Lewi E (2014) Current plate boundary deformation of the Afar rift from a 3-D velocity field inversion of InSAR and GPS. J Geophys Res 119:8562–8575
Zurück zum Zitat Pagli C, Yun S-H, Ebinger C, Keir D, Wang H (2019) Strike-slip tectonics during rift linkage. Geology 47:31–34 Pagli C, Yun S-H, Ebinger C, Keir D, Wang H (2019) Strike-slip tectonics during rift linkage. Geology 47:31–34
Zurück zum Zitat Pallister JS, McCausland WA, Jonsson S, Lu Z, Zahran HM, El Hadidy S et al (2010) Broad accommodation of rift-related extension recorder by dyke intrusion in Saudi Arabia. Nat Geosci 3:708–712 Pallister JS, McCausland WA, Jonsson S, Lu Z, Zahran HM, El Hadidy S et al (2010) Broad accommodation of rift-related extension recorder by dyke intrusion in Saudi Arabia. Nat Geosci 3:708–712
Zurück zum Zitat Parnell-Turner RE, Mittelstaedt E, Kurz MD, Jones MR, Soule SA, Klein F et al (2018) The final stages of slip and volcanism on an oceanic detachment fault at 13°48’N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 19:3115–3127 Parnell-Turner RE, Mittelstaedt E, Kurz MD, Jones MR, Soule SA, Klein F et al (2018) The final stages of slip and volcanism on an oceanic detachment fault at 13°48’N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 19:3115–3127
Zurück zum Zitat Peccerillo A, Donati C, Santo AP, Orlando A, Yirgu G, Ayalew D (2007) Petrogenesis of silicic peralkaline rocks in the Ethiopian rift: geochemical evidence and volcanological implications. J Afr Earth Sci 48:161–173 Peccerillo A, Donati C, Santo AP, Orlando A, Yirgu G, Ayalew D (2007) Petrogenesis of silicic peralkaline rocks in the Ethiopian rift: geochemical evidence and volcanological implications. J Afr Earth Sci 48:161–173
Zurück zum Zitat Peirce C, Sinha MC (2008) Life and death of axial volcanic ridges: segmentation and crustal accretion at the Reykjanes Ridge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 274:112–120 Peirce C, Sinha MC (2008) Life and death of axial volcanic ridges: segmentation and crustal accretion at the Reykjanes Ridge. Earth Planet Sci Lett 274:112–120
Zurück zum Zitat Perez-Gussinyé M, Metois M, Fernandez M, Verges J, Fullea J, Lowry A (2009) Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface tectonics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 287:152–167 Perez-Gussinyé M, Metois M, Fernandez M, Verges J, Fullea J, Lowry A (2009) Effective elastic thickness of Africa and its relationship to other proxies for lithospheric structure and surface tectonics. Earth Planet Sci Lett 287:152–167
Zurück zum Zitat Perfit MR, Chadwick WW (1998) Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations. In: Buck WR, Delaney PT, Karson JA, Lagabrielle Y (eds) Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series Washington, vol 106, pp 59–115 Perfit MR, Chadwick WW (1998) Magmatism at mid-ocean ridges: constraints from volcanological and geochemical investigations. In: Buck WR, Delaney PT, Karson JA, Lagabrielle Y (eds) Faulting and magmatism at mid-ocean ridges. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series Washington, vol 106, pp 59–115
Zurück zum Zitat Perlt J, Heinert M, Niemeier W (2008) The continental margin in Iceland—a snapshot derived from combined GPS networks. Tectonophysics 447:155–166 Perlt J, Heinert M, Niemeier W (2008) The continental margin in Iceland—a snapshot derived from combined GPS networks. Tectonophysics 447:155–166
Zurück zum Zitat Pinzuti P, Mignan A, King GCP (2010) Surface morphology of active normal faults in hard rock: implications for the mechanics of the Asal Rift, Djibouti. Earth Planet Sci Lett 299:169–179 Pinzuti P, Mignan A, King GCP (2010) Surface morphology of active normal faults in hard rock: implications for the mechanics of the Asal Rift, Djibouti. Earth Planet Sci Lett 299:169–179
Zurück zum Zitat Pollard DD, Aydin A (1984) Propagation and linkage of oceanic ridge segments. J Geophys Res 89:10017–10028 Pollard DD, Aydin A (1984) Propagation and linkage of oceanic ridge segments. J Geophys Res 89:10017–10028
Zurück zum Zitat Purdy GM, Kong LSL, Christenson GL, Solomon SC (1991) Relationship between spreading rate and the seismic structure of mid-ocean ridges. Nature 355:815–817 Purdy GM, Kong LSL, Christenson GL, Solomon SC (1991) Relationship between spreading rate and the seismic structure of mid-ocean ridges. Nature 355:815–817
Zurück zum Zitat Reston T (2018) Flipping detachments: the kinematics of ultraslow spreading ridges. Earth Planet Sci Lett 503:144–157 Reston T (2018) Flipping detachments: the kinematics of ultraslow spreading ridges. Earth Planet Sci Lett 503:144–157
Zurück zum Zitat Rooney TO (2020a) The Cenozoic magmatism of East-Africa: Part I—flood basalts and pulsed magmatism. Lithos 286–287:264–301 Rooney TO (2020a) The Cenozoic magmatism of East-Africa: Part I—flood basalts and pulsed magmatism. Lithos 286–287:264–301
Zurück zum Zitat Rooney TO (2020b) The cenozoic magmatism of East Africa: Part II—rifting of the mobile belt. Lithos 360–361:105291 Rooney TO (2020b) The cenozoic magmatism of East Africa: Part II—rifting of the mobile belt. Lithos 360–361:105291
Zurück zum Zitat Rowland JV, Baker E, Ebinger CJ, Keir D, Kidane T, Biggs J et al (2007) Fault growth at a nascent slow-spreading ridge: the 2005 Dabbahu rifting episode, Afar. Geophys J Int 171:1226–1246 Rowland JV, Baker E, Ebinger CJ, Keir D, Kidane T, Biggs J et al (2007) Fault growth at a nascent slow-spreading ridge: the 2005 Dabbahu rifting episode, Afar. Geophys J Int 171:1226–1246
Zurück zum Zitat Rowley DB, Forte AM, Rowan CJ, Glišović P, Moucha R, Grand SP (2016) Kinematics and dynamics of the East Pacific Rise linked to a stable, deep mantle upwelling. Sci Adv 2:e1601107 Rowley DB, Forte AM, Rowan CJ, Glišović P, Moucha R, Grand SP (2016) Kinematics and dynamics of the East Pacific Rise linked to a stable, deep mantle upwelling. Sci Adv 2:e1601107
Zurück zum Zitat Saemundsson K, Sigugeirsson MA, Fridleifsson GO (2020) Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland. J Volcanol Geoth Res 391:106501 Saemundsson K, Sigugeirsson MA, Fridleifsson GO (2020) Geology and structure of the Reykjanes volcanic system, Iceland. J Volcanol Geoth Res 391:106501
Zurück zum Zitat Schettino A, Macchiavelli C, Pierantoni PP, Zanoni D, Rasul N (2016) Recent kinematics of the tectonic plates surrounding the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Geophys J Int 207:457–480 Schettino A, Macchiavelli C, Pierantoni PP, Zanoni D, Rasul N (2016) Recent kinematics of the tectonic plates surrounding the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Geophys J Int 207:457–480
Zurück zum Zitat Schlindwein V, Schmid F (2016) Mid-ocean-ridge seismicity reveals extreme types of ocean lithosphere. Nature 535:276–279 Schlindwein V, Schmid F (2016) Mid-ocean-ridge seismicity reveals extreme types of ocean lithosphere. Nature 535:276–279
Zurück zum Zitat Searle RC, Keeton JA, Owens RB, White RS, Mecklenburgh R, Parsons B et al (1998) The Reykjanes ridge: structure and tectonics of a hot-spot influenced slow spreading ridge, from multibeam bathymetry, gravity and magnetic investigations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 160:463–478 Searle RC, Keeton JA, Owens RB, White RS, Mecklenburgh R, Parsons B et al (1998) The Reykjanes ridge: structure and tectonics of a hot-spot influenced slow spreading ridge, from multibeam bathymetry, gravity and magnetic investigations. Earth Planet Sci Lett 160:463–478
Zurück zum Zitat Searle RC, Murton BJ, Achenbach K, LeBas T, Tivey M, Yeo I et al (2010) Structure and development of an axial volcanic ridge: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45°N. Earth Planet Sci Lett 299:228–241 Searle RC, Murton BJ, Achenbach K, LeBas T, Tivey M, Yeo I et al (2010) Structure and development of an axial volcanic ridge: Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 45°N. Earth Planet Sci Lett 299:228–241
Zurück zum Zitat Shah AK, Buck WR (2003) Plate bending stresses at axial highs, and implications for faulting behaviour. Earth Planet Sci Lett 211:343–356 Shah AK, Buck WR (2003) Plate bending stresses at axial highs, and implications for faulting behaviour. Earth Planet Sci Lett 211:343–356
Zurück zum Zitat Sibrant ALR, Mittelstaedt E, Davaille A, Pauchard L, Aubertin A, Auffray L et al (2018) Accretion mode of oceanic ridges governed by axial mechanical strength. Nat Geosci 11:274–279 Sibrant ALR, Mittelstaedt E, Davaille A, Pauchard L, Aubertin A, Auffray L et al (2018) Accretion mode of oceanic ridges governed by axial mechanical strength. Nat Geosci 11:274–279
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsson F (1992) Tectonic implications of the 1989 Afar earthquake sequence. Geophys Res Lett 19:877–880 Sigmundsson F (1992) Tectonic implications of the 1989 Afar earthquake sequence. Geophys Res Lett 19:877–880
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsson F, Vadon H, Massonnet D (1997) Readjustment of the Krafla spreading segment to crustal rifting measured by satellite radar interferometry. Geophys Res Lett 24:1843–1846 Sigmundsson F, Vadon H, Massonnet D (1997) Readjustment of the Krafla spreading segment to crustal rifting measured by satellite radar interferometry. Geophys Res Lett 24:1843–1846
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsson F (2006a) Magma does the splits. Nature 442:251–252 Sigmundsson F (2006a) Magma does the splits. Nature 442:251–252
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsson F (2006b) Iceland geodynamics: crustal deformation and divergent plate tectonics. Springer, Berlin, 209 pp Sigmundsson F (2006b) Iceland geodynamics: crustal deformation and divergent plate tectonics. Springer, Berlin, 209 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsson F, Hooper A, Hreinsdottir S, Vogfjord KS, Ofeigsson DG, Heimisson et al (2015) Segmented lateral dyke growth in a rifting event at Barðarbunga volcanic system, Iceland. Nature 517:191–195 Sigmundsson F, Hooper A, Hreinsdottir S, Vogfjord KS, Ofeigsson DG, Heimisson et al (2015) Segmented lateral dyke growth in a rifting event at Barðarbunga volcanic system, Iceland. Nature 517:191–195
Zurück zum Zitat Sigmundsson F, Einarsson P, Hjartardottir AR, Drouin V, Jonsdottir K, Arnadottir T et al (2020) Geodynamics of Iceland and the signatures of plate spreading. J Volcanol Geoth Res 391:106436 Sigmundsson F, Einarsson P, Hjartardottir AR, Drouin V, Jonsdottir K, Arnadottir T et al (2020) Geodynamics of Iceland and the signatures of plate spreading. J Volcanol Geoth Res 391:106436
Zurück zum Zitat Sigurdsson O (1980) Surface deformation of the Krafla fissure swarm in two rifting events. J Geophys Res 47:154–159 Sigurdsson O (1980) Surface deformation of the Krafla fissure swarm in two rifting events. J Geophys Res 47:154–159
Zurück zum Zitat Singh SC, Crawford WC, Carton H, Seher T, Combier V, Cannat M (2006) Discovery of a magma chamber and faults beneath a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal field. Nature 442:1029–1032 Singh SC, Crawford WC, Carton H, Seher T, Combier V, Cannat M (2006) Discovery of a magma chamber and faults beneath a Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal field. Nature 442:1029–1032
Zurück zum Zitat Smittarello D, Grandin R, De Chabalier J-B, Doubre C, Deprez A, Masson F et al (2016) Transient deformation in the Asal-Ghoubbet Rift (Djibouti) since the 1978 diking event: is deformation controlled by magma supply rates? J Geophys Res 121:6030–6052 Smittarello D, Grandin R, De Chabalier J-B, Doubre C, Deprez A, Masson F et al (2016) Transient deformation in the Asal-Ghoubbet Rift (Djibouti) since the 1978 diking event: is deformation controlled by magma supply rates? J Geophys Res 121:6030–6052
Zurück zum Zitat Snow JE, Edmonds HN (2007) Ultraslow-spreading ridges rapid paradigm changes. Oceanography 20:90–101 Snow JE, Edmonds HN (2007) Ultraslow-spreading ridges rapid paradigm changes. Oceanography 20:90–101
Zurück zum Zitat Standish JJ, Sims KWW (2010) Young off-axis volcanism along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Nat Geosci 3:286–292 Standish JJ, Sims KWW (2010) Young off-axis volcanism along the ultraslow-spreading Southwest Indian Ridge. Nat Geosci 3:286–292
Zurück zum Zitat Sturkell E, Sigmundsson F (2000) Continuous deflation of the Askja caldera, Iceland, during the 1983–1998 noneruptive period. J Geophys Res 105:25671–25684 Sturkell E, Sigmundsson F (2000) Continuous deflation of the Askja caldera, Iceland, during the 1983–1998 noneruptive period. J Geophys Res 105:25671–25684
Zurück zum Zitat Takada A (1994) The influence of regional stress and magmatic input on styles of monogenetic and polygenetic volcanism. J Geophys Res 99:13563–13573 Takada A (1994) The influence of regional stress and magmatic input on styles of monogenetic and polygenetic volcanism. J Geophys Res 99:13563–13573
Zurück zum Zitat Tan YJ, Tolstoy M, Waldhauser F, Wilcox WSD (2016) Dynamics of a seafloor-spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise. Nature 540:261–265 Tan YJ, Tolstoy M, Waldhauser F, Wilcox WSD (2016) Dynamics of a seafloor-spreading episode at the East Pacific Rise. Nature 540:261–265
Zurück zum Zitat Tapponnier P, Armijo R, Manighetti I, Courtillot V (1990) Bookshelf faulting and horizontal block rotations between overlapping rifts in Southern Afar. Geophys Res Lett 17:1–4 Tapponnier P, Armijo R, Manighetti I, Courtillot V (1990) Bookshelf faulting and horizontal block rotations between overlapping rifts in Southern Afar. Geophys Res Lett 17:1–4
Zurück zum Zitat Tarantola A, Ruegg JC, Lepine JC (1979) Geodetic evidence for rifting in Afar. A brittle-elastic model of the behavior of the lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 45:435–444 Tarantola A, Ruegg JC, Lepine JC (1979) Geodetic evidence for rifting in Afar. A brittle-elastic model of the behavior of the lithosphere. Earth Planet Sci Lett 45:435–444
Zurück zum Zitat Thordarson T, Self S (1993) The Laki (Skaftar Fires) and Grimsvotn eruptions in 1783–1785. Bull Volcanol 55:233–263 Thordarson T, Self S (1993) The Laki (Skaftar Fires) and Grimsvotn eruptions in 1783–1785. Bull Volcanol 55:233–263
Zurück zum Zitat Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in historical time: volcano types, eruptions styles and eruptive history. J Geodyn 43:118–152 Thordarson T, Larsen G (2007) Volcanism in historical time: volcano types, eruptions styles and eruptive history. J Geodyn 43:118–152
Zurück zum Zitat Tolstoy M, Cowen JP, Baker ET, Fornari DJ, Rubin KH, Shank TM et al (2006) A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers. Science 314:1920–1922 Tolstoy M, Cowen JP, Baker ET, Fornari DJ, Rubin KH, Shank TM et al (2006) A sea-floor spreading event captured by seismometers. Science 314:1920–1922
Zurück zum Zitat Tolstoy M, Waldhauser F, Bohnenstiehl DR, Weekly RT, Kim WY (2008) Seismic identification of along-axis hydrothermal flow on the East Pacific Rise. Nature 451:181–195 Tolstoy M, Waldhauser F, Bohnenstiehl DR, Weekly RT, Kim WY (2008) Seismic identification of along-axis hydrothermal flow on the East Pacific Rise. Nature 451:181–195
Zurück zum Zitat Toomey DR, Hooft EEE (2008) Mantle upwelling, magmatic differentiation, and the meaning of axial depth at fast-spreading ridges. Geology 36:679–682 Toomey DR, Hooft EEE (2008) Mantle upwelling, magmatic differentiation, and the meaning of axial depth at fast-spreading ridges. Geology 36:679–682
Zurück zum Zitat Tryggvason E (1984) Widening of the Krafla fissure swarm during the 1975–1981 volcano-tectonic episode. Bull Volcanol 47:47–69 Tryggvason E (1984) Widening of the Krafla fissure swarm during the 1975–1981 volcano-tectonic episode. Bull Volcanol 47:47–69
Zurück zum Zitat Tucholke BE, Behn MD, Buck RW, Lin J (2008) Role of melt supply in oceanic detachment faulting and formation of megamullions. Geology 36:455–458 Tucholke BE, Behn MD, Buck RW, Lin J (2008) Role of melt supply in oceanic detachment faulting and formation of megamullions. Geology 36:455–458
Zurück zum Zitat Upcott NM, Mukasa RK, Ebinger CJ, Karner GD (1996) Along-axis segmentation and isostasy in the Western rift, East Africa. J Geophys Res 101:3247–3268 Upcott NM, Mukasa RK, Ebinger CJ, Karner GD (1996) Along-axis segmentation and isostasy in the Western rift, East Africa. J Geophys Res 101:3247–3268
Zurück zum Zitat Vanderbeek BP, Toomey DR, Hooft EEE, Wilcock WSD (2016) Segmentation of mid-ocean ridges attributed to oblique mantle divergence. Nat Geosci 9:636–642 Vanderbeek BP, Toomey DR, Hooft EEE, Wilcock WSD (2016) Segmentation of mid-ocean ridges attributed to oblique mantle divergence. Nat Geosci 9:636–642
Zurück zum Zitat Varet J (2018) Geology of Afar (East Africa). Springer International Publishing AG, 345 pp Varet J (2018) Geology of Afar (East Africa). Springer International Publishing AG, 345 pp
Zurück zum Zitat Waters CL, Sims KWW, Klein EM, White SM, Reagan MK, Girard G (2013) Sill to surface: linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9°03′N East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett 369–370:59–70 Waters CL, Sims KWW, Klein EM, White SM, Reagan MK, Girard G (2013) Sill to surface: linking young off-axis volcanism with subsurface melt at the overlapping spreading center at 9°03′N East Pacific Rise. Earth Planet Sci Lett 369–370:59–70
Zurück zum Zitat Wernicke B (1985) Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere. Can J Earth Sci 22:108–125 Wernicke B (1985) Uniform-sense normal simple shear of the continental lithosphere. Can J Earth Sci 22:108–125
Zurück zum Zitat White SM, Haymon RM, Fornari DJ, Perfit MR, MacDonald KC (2002) Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°N. J Geophys Res 107:2173. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000571CrossRef White SM, Haymon RM, Fornari DJ, Perfit MR, MacDonald KC (2002) Correlation between volcanic and tectonic segmentation of fast-spreading ridges: evidence from volcanic structures and lava flow morphology on the East Pacific Rise at 9°-10°N. J Geophys Res 107:2173. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1029/​2001JB000571CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Williams FM, Williams MAJ, Aumento F (2004) Tensional fissures and crustal extension rates in the northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift. J Afr Earth Sci 38:183–197 Williams FM, Williams MAJ, Aumento F (2004) Tensional fissures and crustal extension rates in the northern part of the Main Ethiopian Rift. J Afr Earth Sci 38:183–197
Zurück zum Zitat Wilson DJ, Robinson AH, Hobbs RW, Peirce C, Funnell MJ (2019) Does intermediate spreading-rate oceanic crust result from episodic transition between magmatic and magma-dominated, faulting-enhanced spreading? The Costa Rica Rift example. Geophys J Int 218:1617–1641 Wilson DJ, Robinson AH, Hobbs RW, Peirce C, Funnell MJ (2019) Does intermediate spreading-rate oceanic crust result from episodic transition between magmatic and magma-dominated, faulting-enhanced spreading? The Costa Rica Rift example. Geophys J Int 218:1617–1641
Zurück zum Zitat Wright TJ, Ebinger C, Biggs J, Ayele A, Yirgu G, Keir D et al (2006) Magma maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode. Nature 442:291–294 Wright TJ, Ebinger C, Biggs J, Ayele A, Yirgu G, Keir D et al (2006) Magma maintained rift segmentation at continental rupture in the 2005 Afar dyking episode. Nature 442:291–294
Zurück zum Zitat Wright TJ, Sigmundsson F, Pagli C, Belachew M, Hamling IJ, Brandsdottir B et al (2012) Geophysical constraints on the dynamics of spreading centres from rifting episodes on land. Nat Geosci 5:242–250 Wright TJ, Sigmundsson F, Pagli C, Belachew M, Hamling IJ, Brandsdottir B et al (2012) Geophysical constraints on the dynamics of spreading centres from rifting episodes on land. Nat Geosci 5:242–250
Zurück zum Zitat Xu M, Canales JP, Carbotte SM, Carton H, Nedimovic MR, Mutter JC (2014) Variations in axial magma lens properties along the East Pacific Rise (9°30′N–10°00′N) from swath 3-D seismic imaging and 1-D waveform inversion. J Geophys Res 119:2721–2744 Xu M, Canales JP, Carbotte SM, Carton H, Nedimovic MR, Mutter JC (2014) Variations in axial magma lens properties along the East Pacific Rise (9°30′N–10°00′N) from swath 3-D seismic imaging and 1-D waveform inversion. J Geophys Res 119:2721–2744
Zurück zum Zitat Xu W, Rivalta E, Li X (2017) Magmatic architecture within a rift segment: Articulate axial magma storage at Erta Ale volcano, Ethiopia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 476:79–86 Xu W, Rivalta E, Li X (2017) Magmatic architecture within a rift segment: Articulate axial magma storage at Erta Ale volcano, Ethiopia. Earth Planet Sci Lett 476:79–86
Metadaten
Titel
Volcanoes at Divergent Plate Boundaries
verfasst von
Valerio Acocella
Copyright-Jahr
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65968-4_11