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Erschienen in:
Introduction to Drinking Water Management Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Water Treatment Technologies and Their Costs

verfasst von : Mohammed H. Dore

Erschienen in: Global Drinking Water Management and Conservation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter is a review of drinking water treatment technologies and their unit costs as a function of scale. These are classified into six classes, based on contaminants removed. We find that a UV-based treatment plant is cost-effective.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Waterborne Disease Outbreaks and the Multi-barrier Approach to Protecting Drinking Water
Nächstes Kapitel Reverse Osmosis and Other Treatment Technologies
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Fußnoten
1
Ozone (O3) and its primary reactive products, the hydroxyl free radical (OH*), are strong oxidizing agents. However, ozonation can also lead to the formation of potentially harmful byproducts that include bromate ions (BrO3), aldehydes and peroxides. The use of O3 as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine will not produce chlorinated trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs) or other chlorinated byproducts; but it can react with natural organic matter (NOM) to produce a variety of oxidation byproducts that typically include aldehydes, aldo- and keto-acids, carboxylic acids and peroxides. However, there are technologies that can be used to minimize these byproducts. For more information on the chemistry of ozonation and how to minimize these byproducts, see: http://​www.​wwdmag.​com/​microfiltration/​strategies-minimizing-ozonation-products-drinking-water.
 
2
Stockton California remediates its groundwater using Trojan UV Environmental Contamination Treatment, an AOP; their flow rate is 1,100 cubic meters per day.
 
3
This information was collected from a number of companies that produce each technology.
 
4
Of course if we make the error term multiplicative, then we could estimate the model by simply taking logarithms. But then we would have to assume that the logarithm of the error term is normally distributed. There is no justification for such an assumption. Here we follow the practice of standard statistical models in which the error term is always additive, representing all omitted variables. The objective is to estimate economies of scale given by the estimated exponent in the nonlinear least squares model. This estimated exponent is the constant elasticity, as is well known.
 
5
Data were obtained from John Meunier Inc (for HRC), Kruger USA (Actifloc), Trojan Technologies (UV), KOCH Membrane (MF-UF), US Filter, Memcor (MF-UF) and Mainstream Water Solutions Inc. Data for HRC and MF-UF were in US dollars and were converted to Canadian dollars. However, all data were converted to a base year (2008) in Canadian dollars for proper comparison.
 
6
These Ozone treatment plants were supplied by Mainstream water solutions Inc. Their brand name was SCOR.
 
7
Personal communication from Mr. Morris McCormick, Drinking water treatment plant, City of Cornwall, Ontario.
 
8
In this chapter we do not pursue these costs; POU systems are being investigated in a separate research project.
 
9
Includes 5 cents for sand filtration or sediment removal.
 
Literatur
Althoff I (2007) Principle of cost recoverage in the German water sector. In: Förch G (ed) CICD Series, vol 2., Well-drilling and rural watersupply. DAAD Summer school embedded in the trade fair GeoforaPrinting Office, Universität Siegen, Germany, pp 11–40
AWWA Water Quality Division Disinfection (1992) Survey of water utility disinfection practices. Journal: American Water Works Association 84(9):121–128
AWWA Water Quality Division Disinfection (2008) Committee report: disinfection survey, Part 1- recent changes, current practices, and water quality. Journal: American Water Works Association 100(10):76–90
Dore MHI (2005) Forecasting the economic costs of desalination technology. Desalination 172(3):207–214CrossRef
Gadgil A (1998) Drinking water in developing countries. Annu Rev Energy Environ 23(1):253–286CrossRef
Karagiannis I, Soldatos P (2008) Water desalination cost literature: review and assessment. Desalination 223(1):448–456CrossRef
Parrotta M, Bekdash F (1998) UV disinfection of small groundwater supplies. Journal: American Water Works Association 90(2):71–81
Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Maria J, de Alda López, Barceló D (2004) Monitoring of estrogens, pesticides and bisphenol A in natural waters and drinking water treatment plants by solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1045:85–92CrossRef
Solo-Gabriele H, Neumeister S (1996) US outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis. J Am Water Works Assoc 88(9):76–86
USEPA (1996) Ultraviolet light disinfection technology in drinking water application-an overview (D.C. EPA/811-R-96-002). Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Washington
Metadaten
Titel
Water Treatment Technologies and Their Costs
verfasst von
Mohammed H. Dore
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
Global Drinking Water Management and Conservation

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-11031-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-11032-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-11032-5_3