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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

11. “We Will Honour Our Good Name”: The Trudeau Government, Arms Exports, and Human Rights

verfasst von : Jennifer Pedersen

Erschienen in: Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter examines the political debate surrounding Canadian arms exports to Saudi Arabia over the first two years of the Trudeau government. It focuses on how critics, particularly the New Democratic Party, challenged the Liberal government’s narrative in the House of Commons and unsuccessfully tried to improve parliamentary oversight of Canadian arms exports. The chapter discusses troubling reports of misuse of Canadian arms against civilians in Saudi Arabia and in Yemen, and examines problems with the government’s proposed legislation to accede to the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). The argument is that there is a gap between the Liberal government’s rhetoric on human rights and its actions with regard to arms exports to Saudi Arabia. The overall picture reveals a confused, inconsistent, and disappointing Liberal policy on arms exports, amounting to a failure of Trudeau’s foreign policy.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Canada’s Feminist Foreign Policy Promises: An Ambitious Agenda for Gender Equality, Human Rights, Peace, and Security

Nächstes Kapitel The Trudeau Government, Refugee Policy, and Echoes of the Past

I work for the New Democratic Party Foreign Affairs Critic, Hélène Laverdière. This chapter is partially based on my work on this file while a parliamentary staffer, but is not endorsed by the NDP or by the House of Commons. I have made every effort to respect confidences, and any errors and omissions are mine alone.

See United Nations (2013).

For analysis of the deal, see Chase (2016a), Marwah (2017), and Jaramillo (2015a).

Canada does not collect data on military exports to the United States, although these amount to half or more of Canadian military exports. This is due to the Defence Production Sharing Agreement, in place since the 1950s. Most military goods exported to the United States do not require export permits. For more information, see Global Affairs Canada (2017b) and Powers (2016).

For more details, see Canadian Association of Defence and Security Industries (2017) and Marcoux and Brewster (2017).

The five biggest arms exporters are the United States, Russia, China, France, and Germany, which account for nearly three quarters of the world’s arms exports (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2017).

For a more detailed discussions of Canada’s record as a global arms dealer, see Shiab (2017), Khan (2017), and Chase (2016e).

India was the largest arms importer in the world between 2012 and 2016 (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute 2017).

See Jaramillo (2015b).

See Jaramillo (2015a).

See Petrou (2016).

As quoted (Chase 2016b).

As quoted London Free Press (2015, B2).

See Chase and Leblanc (2016).

See Gloria Galloway (2015).

Galloway (2015).

Dubinski (2015).

Ibid.

Chase (2016a).

Jaramillo (2016a).

Quoted in Jaramillo (2016b).

Jaramillo (2016b).

See Gibson (2017).

Jaramillo (2016c, d).

I was privy to some, but not all, of these conversations.

This was articulated in an article by Hélène Laverdière published by the Sun newspaper chain (Laverdière 2016a).

The UK Parliamentary Committees on Arms Export Controls draw members from several other committees, including Trade, Business, Defence, and Foreign Affairs and International Development. Their studies have been widely reported in the British press, and have contributed to public discussions on the role of the UK arms industry in Middle Eastern conflicts, including the devastating conflict in Yemen. See United Kingdom Parliament (2017).

The question of feminism and Canadian arms deals is discussed by Srdjan Vucetic in his working paper (Vucetic 2017).

Stephen Lewis’ full speech can be viewed at Lewis (2016).

See Neil Macdonald’s analysis of Lewis’ speech (Macdonald 2016a).

Chase (2016c).

House Publications (2016a).

Global Affairs Canada (2015).

Paul Webster reported this exclusively in the National Observer (Webster 2017).

See Thompson (2016).

Chase (2016d).

Most of these reports were by Steven Chase, whose articles can be found at https://www.theglobeandmail.com/authors/steven-chase

The NDP has raised this question in the House of Commons, in Committee, and as a question on the Order Paper. Answers from the government provide no details or confirmations of an RCMP investigation into Streit Group’s actions.

Jaramillo (2016e).

See Chase (2016f), and Rettino-Parazelli (2016).

An Opposition Day is a day in which the House of Commons debates a motion tabled by an opposition party.

The motion read in part: “That: (a) the House recognize that (i) Canadian arms exports have nearly doubled over the past decade, and that Canada is now the second-largest exporter of arms to the Middle East, (ii) Canadians expect a high standard from their government when it comes to protecting human rights abroad, (iii) Canadians are concerned by arms sales to countries with a record of human rights abuses, including Saudi Arabia, Libya, and Sudan, (iv) there is a need for Canadians, through Parliament, to oversee current and future arms sales.” See New Democratic Party of Canada (2016). See, also, for the full debate House Publications (2016b).

For these quotes and the full debate, see House Publications (2016b).

Quoted in Chase (2016g).

Chase (2016g).

See Almosawa et al. (2017).

CBC News (2016).

See, for example, House Publications (2016c, d). See also Laverdière (2016b).

House Publications (2016c).

Macdonald (2016b).

See Justin Ling’s exclusive published in Vice: Ling (2016).

The Canadian government pledged $34 million for the humanitarian crisis in Yemen in March 2017 (Global Affairs Canada 2017a).

Shia dissidents had circulated videos and photos on the Internet of Saudi Arabian security operations in the area of al-Awamiya, in the al-Qatif region (Chase and Fife 2017).

CBC TV The National (2017).

Gibson (2017).

Amnesty International Canada secretary-general Alex Neve called on Canada to “put an immediate end to the Canadian/Saudi LAV deal” (Chase and Fife 2017).

Chase (2017d).

Letter from Helene Laverdière to the Hon. Chrystia Freeland, July 31, 2017.

Chase (2017a).

Ibid., (2017b).

See Goujard (2017), CBC As it Happens (2017), and Chase (2017c).

Globe and Mail (2017).

Kitchener-Waterloo Record (2017).

Halifax Chronicle-Herald (2017).

Chase (2017d).

Ibid., (2017e). See also Cornellier (2017).

Macdonald (2017).

CBC journalist Neil Macdonald asked Global Affairs multiple times over two years for results of investigations into images of Canadian LAVs used in Yemen, as well as other investigations. He was told on several occasions that there was no conclusive proof that weapons were used against civilians (Macdonald 2017).

Minister of Foreign Affairs (2017).

Canadians may falsely assume that military exports to the United States are used solely by the US military. This is not the case, as Canadian components are often incorporated into US made weapons systems and exported elsewhere. For more information on this, see Jaramillo (2017b).

For the full briefing, see Project Ploughshares et al. (2017).

Jaramillo (2017b).

At the time of writing, it was expected that C-47 would be debated in Parliament in the fall of 2017.

Two interesting commentaries on the Canadian government’s promotion of arms sales abroad are by researcher Anthony Fenton and by CBC opinion columnist Neil Macdonald. See a March 2016 Canadaland podcast with Anthony Fenton (Sexton 2016; Neil Macdonald 2017).

Jaramillo (2017c).

See Gutterman and Lane (2017, 88).

Jaramillo (2017a).

Chase (2017f).

Almosawa, Shuaib, Ben Hubbard, and Troy Griggs. 2017. ‘It’s a slow death’: The world’s worst humanitarian crisis. New York Times, August 23. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/23/world/middleeast/yemen-cholera-humanitarian-crisis.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Canadian Association of Defence and Security Industries (CADSI). 2017. The defence sector and innovation-led growth: submission to the standing committee on finance. CADSI. https://www.defenceandsecurity.ca/UserFiles/File/Presentations/Finance%20Submission/CADSI_%20Finance_PreBudgetsubmission2017.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

CBC As it Happens. 2017. Former Bloc MP Daniel Turp says videos of Canadian armoured vehicles being used in civilian areas of Saudi Arabia are all the evidence the government should need to block further sales. CBC As it Happens, radio broadcast, August 8.

CBC News. 2016. Investigation underway after Canadian rifles end up in Yemen rebel hands. CBC News, February 23. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/winnipeg-made-sniper-rifles-fall-into-yemen-rebel-hands-1.3459551. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

CBC TV The National. 2017. New video purports to show Canadian-made LAVs being used in Saudi crackdown. CBC TV The National, television broadcast, August 8.

Chase, Steven. 2016a. Ottawa going ahead with Saudi arms deal despite condemning executions. Globe and Mail, January 4. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-going-ahead-with-saudi-arms-deal-despite-condemning-executions/article28013908/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016b. Dion adviser Jocelyn Coulon critical of Saudi arms deals. Globe and Mail, March 27. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/dion-adviser-jocelyn-coulon-critical-of-saudi-arms-deals/article29400881/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016c. Dion quietly approved arms sale to Saudi Arabia in April: documents. Globe and Mail, April 12. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-quietly-approved-arms-sale-to-saudis-in-april-documents/article29612233/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016d. Liberals block NDP motion to create arms exports oversight body. Globe and Mail, April 20. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-blasted-for-blocking-move-to-create-arms-exports-oversight-body/article29697820/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016e. Canada now second-biggest arms exporter to the Middle East. Globe and Mail, June 14. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/canada-now-the-second-biggest-arms-exporter-to-middle-east-data-show/article30459788/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016f. Ottawa rewrites mandate for screening arms exports. Globe and Mail, July 31. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/ottawa-rewrites-mandate-for-screening-arms-exports/article31216740/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016g. Liberals reject NDP motion to increase scrutiny of arms exports. Globe and Mail, October 4. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/liberals-reject-ndp-motion-to-increase-scrutiny-of-arms-exports/article32252484/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017a. Critics urge Ottawa to suspend arms exports to Saudi Arabia. Globe and Mail, July 31. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/critics-urge-ottawa-to-suspend-arms-exports-to-saudi-arabia/article35851117/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017b. Human-rights lawyer calls for end to Canadian arms sales to Saudi Arabia. Globe and Mail, August 1. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/human-rights-lawyer-calls-for-end-to-canadian-arms-sales-to-saudi-arabia/article35861007/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017c. Saudi video revives push to ban exports. Globe and Mail, August 5. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/montreal-professor-renews-legal-effort-to-block-canadian-combat-vehicle-exports-to-saudi-arabia/article35887899/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017d. Ottawa conveys concerns to Saudis, allies over alleged vehicle use. Globe and Mail, August 8. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/trudeau-government-registers-concern-with-saudi-arabia-over-apparent-armoured-vehicle-use/article35896121/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017e. Saudi Arabia defends use of Canadian-made armoured vehicles against civilians. Globe and Mail, August 17. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/saudi-arabia-defends-use-of-canadian-made-armoured-vehicles-against-civilians/article36007932/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017f. Most Canadians oppose arms deals with Saudi Arabia, poll finds. Globe and Mail, September 14. https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/most-canadians-oppose-arms-deals-with-saudi-arabia-poll-finds/article36256402/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Chase, Steven, and Robert Fife. 2017. Review ordered of Saudis’ use of Gurkhas. Globe and Mail, July 29.

Chase, Steven, and Daniel Leblanc. 2016. Duceppe takes aim at Trudeau over Saudi arms sales. Globe and Mail, October 13, 2015. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/gilles-duceppe-accuses-justin-trudeau-of-lying-about-saudi-arms-sales/article26779801/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Cornellier, Manon. 2017. Un aveu incontournable. Le Devoir, August 19. http://www.ledevoir.com/politique/canada/506066/vente-d-armes-a-l-arabie-saoudite-un-aveu-incontournable. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Dubinski, Kate. 2015. The NDP’s Irene Mathyssen fires back at Liberal Khalil Ramal’s claim the NDP will sink the lucrative military contact. London Free Press, October 17. http://www.lfpress.com/2015/10/16/the-ndps-irene-mathyssen-fires-back-at-liberal-khalil-ramals-claim-the-ndp-will-sink-the-lucrative-military-contact. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Galloway, Gloria. 2015. Mulcair’s concerns over Saudi arms deal put him in tricky spot with union. Globe and Mail, September 30. http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/saudi-arms-deal-puts-mulcair-in-tricky-spot-with-ontario-union/article26606571/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Gibson, Victoria. 2017. Ottawa to probe alleged breach of Saudi deal. Toronto Star, July 29.

Global Affairs Canada. 2015. Human rights report: Saudi Arabia. Global Affairs Canada. http://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/2804181/Global-Affairs-Canada-Human-Rights-Report-Saudi.pdf. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017a. Canada provides funding to respond to food crises in Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen. Global Affairs Canada, March 17. https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2017/03/canada_provides_fundingtorespondtofoodcrisesinnigeriasomaliasout.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017b. Exports of military goods 2016. Global Affairs Canada. www.exportcontrols.gc.ca. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Globe and Mail. 2017. On Saudi arms sale, Ottawa must be prepared to say no. Editorial. Globe and Mail, August 1. https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/editorials/globe-editorial-on-saudi-arms-sale-ottawa-must-be-prepared-to-say-no/article35858862/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Goujard, Clothilde. 2017. Outraged lawyer gives Chrystia Freeland three weeks to stop Saudi arms deal. National Observer, August 10. http://www.nationalobserver.com/2017/08/10/news/outraged-lawyer-gives-chrystia-freeland-three-weeks-stop-saudi-arms-deal. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

Gutterman, Ellen, and Andrea Lane. 2017. Beyond LAVs: Corruption, commercialization and the Canadian defence industry. Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 23 (1): 77–92.CrossRef

Halifax Chronicle Herald. 2017. Editorial: A round of tut-tuts. Halifax Chronicle Herald, August 7. http://thechronicleherald.ca/editorials/1492597-editorial-a-round-of-tut-tuts. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

House Publications. 2016a. 42nd Parliament, 1st Sessions edited hansard – number 039. House of Commons, April 14. http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-39/hansard. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016b. 42nd Parliament, 1st Sessions edited hansard – number 084. House of Commons, September 29. https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-84/hansard. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016c. 42nd Parliament, 1st Sessions edited hansard – number 092. House of Commons, October 18. https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-92/hansard. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016d. 42nd Parliament, 1st Sessions edited hansard – number 128. House of Commons, December 14. http://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/42-1/house/sitting-128/hansard. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

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———. 2015b. We must not downplay Canada’s arms deal with Saudi Arabia. Huffington Post, October 28. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/cesar-jaramillo/canada-saudi-arabia-military-vehicles_b_8399476.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016a. Saudi arms deal will shape Canada’s character (for better or worse). Huffington Post, January 14. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/cesar-jaramillo/canada-saudi-arms-deal_b_8973038.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016b. Trudeau’s handling of the Saudi arms deal will define his legacy. Huffington Post, January 28. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/cesar-jaramillo/justin-trudeau-saudi-arms-deal_b_9102670.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016c. Here’s an entirely legitimate exit strategy on the Saudi arms deal. Huffington Post, March 7. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/cesar-jaramillo/canada-saudi-arms-deal_b_9375302.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016d. The big, fat Saudi-arms deal spin. Huffington Post, April 18. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/cesar-jaramillo/saudi-arms-deal_b_9721988.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2016e. Ottawa cannot continue to deny dangers of Saudi arms deal. Huffington Post, July 14. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/cesar-jaramillo/saudi-arms-deal-canada_b_10973218.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017a. Despite ruling, many questions on Saudi arms deals linger. Globe and Mail, January 25. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/despite-ruling-many-questions-on-saudi-arms-deal-linger/article33742260/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017b. Canada’s ATT legislation: A loophole you could drive a tank through. Ploughshares Monitor, 38 (2): 3–4. http://ploughshares.ca/pl_publications/the-ploughshares-monitor-summer-2017/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017c. Five urgent questions in light of an investigation into Saudi use of Canadian arms. OpenCanada, August 15. https://www.opencanada.org/features/five-urgent-questions-light-investigation-saudi-use-canadian-arms/. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

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———. 2016b. When it comes to arms exports, Canada isn’t ‘back’. Huffington Post, October 4. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/helene-laverdiere/canada-arms-exports_b_12322030.html. Accessed 15 Sept 2017.

———. 2017. Letter to Hon. Chrystia Freeland, July 31.

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Titel: “We Will Honour Our Good Name”: The Trudeau Government, Arms Exports, and Human Rights
verfasst von: Jennifer Pedersen
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Justin Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-73859-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-73860-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73860-4_11