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Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2014 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. What Is the Problem? Men and Joules

verfasst von : Antoine Bret

Erschienen in: The Energy-Climate Continuum

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Let us start summarizing our current situation. Our civilization relies on fossil fuels.

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Nächstes Kapitel A Few Must-Know
Fußnoten
1
“Conventional” oil is the oil we have been hearing about from the last 200 years, like crude oil. It is liquid and can be extracted drilling a well. Unconventional oil is a fossil resource demanding much more treatment for its exploitation, like tar sands or shale oil. See Sect. 7.​1 or www.​iea.​org/​aboutus/​faqs/​oil/​.
 
2
See Wikipedia on “Muscle Efficiency.”
 
3
This is an average power output of 23 W. The best bikers in the world can deliver some 400 W on average during a few hours [2] Assuming they do so for 5 h, and rest for the rest of the day, these are more than 7 MJ of mechanical work produced daily. But they are top athletes, and they do not sustain such exercise all year long. During the final of the 100 m at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin, Usain Bolt may have delivered more than 2,600 W around the first second of his race. But that lasted only for a flash [3].
 
4
Just compute Energy \(=\) mass\(\times \)height\(\times \)acceleration of gravity, with mass \(=\) 2,000 kg, height \(=\) 100 m and acceleration of gravity \(=\) 9.8 ms\(^{-2}\).
 
6
Oil ([12, p. 23]), coal ([10, p. 28]), and gas ([13, p. 41]) were all exploited way before the industrial revolution. Yet, they needed the steam engine to trigger it.
 
7
See the oil/energy equivalence in Appendix A.
 
8
The numbers vary according to how you compute the “energy slave” unit. But the result is always surprising.
 
9
The term “food-miles” was coined to measure this. See [24, 25].
 
10
Morris defines social development as “a group’s ability to master its physical and intellectual environment to get things done” ([26, p. 144]).
 
11
CNN Money 2012 ranking.
 
13
See Fig. 3.​1. This order of magnitude fits the real numbers ([28, p. 60]).
 
Literatur
1.
J. Tainter, The Collapse of Complex Societies. New Studies in Archaeology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990)
2.
B.L. Hannas, J.E. Goff, Model of the 2003 Tour de France. American J. Phys. 72, 575 (2004)CrossRef
3.
J.J. Hernández Gómez, V. Marquina, R.W. Gómez, On the performance of Usain Bolt in the 100m sprint. European J. Phys. 34(5), 1227 (2013)
4.
R.T. Loftus, D.E. MacHugh, D.G. Bradley, P.M. Sharp, P. Cunningham, Evidence for two independent domestications of cattle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 2757–2761 (1994)CrossRef
5.
A.K. Outram, N.A. Stear, R. Bendrey, S. Olsen, A. Kasparov, V. Zaibert, N. Thorpe, R.P. Evershed, The earliest horse harnessing and milking. Science 323, 1332 (2009)CrossRef
6.
R. Carter, Boat remains and maritime trade in the Persian Gulf during the sixth and fifth millennia BC. Antiquity 80(307), 52–63 (2006)
7.
M.J.T. Lewis, The Greeks and the early windmill. Hist. Technol. 15, 141–189 (1993)
8.
O. Pétré-Grenouilleau, Les traites négrières: Essai d’histoire globale (Gallimard, Collection Folio. Histoire, 2006)
9.
Ö. Wikander, Handbook of Ancient Water Technology (Technology and Change in History, Brill, 2000)
10.
V. Smil, Energy Transitions: History, Requirements, Prospects (Praeger, New York, 2010)
11.
N. Goren-Inbar, N. Alperson, M.E. Kislev, O. Simchoni, Y. Mordechai, Y. Melamed, A. Ben-Nun, E. Werker, Evidence of hominin control of fire at gesher benot ya‘aqov, Israel. Science 304(5671), 725–727 (2004)CrossRef
12.
D. Yergin, The prize: the Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power (Simon & Schuster, New York, 1991)
13.
D.C. Wright, The History of China (Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Greenwood, 2011)
14.
International Energy Agency. Key world energy statistics. International Energy Agency (2012)
15.
M. Kremer, Population growth and technological change: one million BC to 1990. Q. J. Econ. 108(3), 681716 (1993)
16.
C. McEvedy, R. Jones, Atlas of World Population History (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1978)
17.
R.B. Fuller, The US industrialization. Fortune Mag. XXI(2), 57 (1940)
18.
J.R. McNeill, Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World (The Global Century Series. W. W, Norton, 2001)
19.
J.M. Jancovici and A. Grandjean. Le plein s’il vous plaît !: La solution au problème de l’énergie. Collection Points. Série Sciences. Éd. du Seuil, (2007)
20.
J.-F. Mouhot, Past connections and present similarities in slave ownership and fossil fuel usage. Clim. Change 105, 329–355 (2011)CrossRef
21.
A. Rambaud. Petite histoire de la civilisation française depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours, à l’usage des classes élémentaires: Leçons-résumés-questionnaires-420 gravures. A. Colin (1896)
22.
J.H. Ausubel, C. Marchetti., P. S. Meyer. Toward green mobility: the evolution of transport. European Rev. 6(2), 137–156 (1998)
23.
H. Ford, S. Crowther, My Life and Work. Library of American Civilization (Doubleday, Page, New York, 1922)
24.
L. Christopher, H. Weber, S. Matthews, Food-miles and the relative climate impacts of food choices in the United States. Environ. Sci. Technol 42(10), 3508–3513 (2008)
25.
G. Lawrence, K. Lyons, T. Wallington, Food Security (Nutrition and Sustainability, Taylor & Francis, 2009)
26.
I. Morris, Why the West Rules—for Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future (Profile Books, New York, 2010)
27.
K. Pomerantz, How big should historians think? A review essay on why the west rules—for now by Ian Morris. Cliodynamics 2(2), 304 (2011)
28.
S. Freinkel, Plastic: A Toxic Love Story (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston, 2011)
Metadaten
Titel
What Is the Problem? Men and Joules
verfasst von
Antoine Bret
Copyright-Jahr
2014
Buch
The Energy-Climate Continuum

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-07919-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-07920-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2014

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07920-2_1