Introduction
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Determining whether the language used in broadcast stations has an impact on the languages used in Hunan, China.
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Identifying the role of broadcast media in the management of multilingualism in Hunan, China.
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Examining the internal and external factors that influence the democratic distribution of languages in the radio stations in Hunan, China.
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Identifying the challenges faced in communicating through English language in the radio stations in Hunan, China.
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Determining how radio stations can revitalize the use of English language through their broadcast in Hunan.
Literature review
Summary of the literature review
S/N | Author(s) | Description |
---|---|---|
7 | Kaufmann, Göz | This paper proposed a theoretical framework of eight-stage typology of language shifts, as well a set of priorities for Reverse Language Shift programs. |
8 | Valentine, K.D., Kopcha, T.J., & Vagle, M. D | This paper examined the radio language using phenomenology as a theory and carried out research on the majority of radio stations in the United States. |
9 | Akanbi, T. & Aladesanmi, O | This paper researched the use of the West African Yorùbá language covering topics like technology, politics, football, economy, education, sports, law, etc. in radio stations in Nigeria. |
10 | Ranasuriya D | This paper researched and used Sinhala FM in Sri Lanka as their case study to determine if there was an increase in radio listenership. |
11 | Chen, C.C. & Colapinto, Cinzia & Luo, Q | This paper studied the case of the only Chinese state-owned radio, China Radio International (CRI) allowed to broadcast overseas. |
12 | Zou, S | This paper studied the collaboration of the CRI with a local Chinese language media company in the United States which broadcasts its programs in Mandarin for Chinese diaspora. |
13 | Xiao, Frank | This paper discussed the importance of English Language Teaching (ELT) in Chinese Radio and Television Universities (RTVU), and its role in supporting autonomous language learning and the students’ response to it. |
14 | McCombs, M. & Shaw, D.L. ( | This paper proposed the Agenda-setting theory which says that while the media may not always be successful in telling us what to think, they are quite successful in telling us what to think about, implying the media’s large influence on their audience. |
15 | Lippmann, W | This paper also discussed the Agenda-setting theory and theorized that the media is responsible for the ‘pictures in our head’. |
16 | Wimmer, D. & Dominick, J.R | This paper stated that agenda-setting theory by the media proposes that the public agenda or the topics people discuss, think and worry about is largely influenced, directed and shaped by media publicity. |
17 | Owolabi, Dare | This paper discussed how the use of English language in the media can kindle its use, especially in places where it is endangered. |
18 | Katz, E., Blumler, J.G., & Gurevitch, M | This paper propounded the Use and Gratification theory which advocates that people use certain media based on the gratification derived from it, implying that power is placed directly in the hands of the users. |
19 | Mehrad, Jafar & Tajer, Pegah | This paper further explained that the Use and Gratification theory is based on two principal questions, i.e., why people are attracted to certain media and the kind of satisfaction this media provides the people. |
20 | McQuail, D | This paper, also on the Use and Gratification theory, also explained that there are distinct benefits consumers of social media messages need, get or anticipate getting from the media, otherwise, they may desert the channel and look for alternative ones to satisfy their needs. |
21 | Glaser, B., & Strauss A | This paper proposed the Grounded Theory Method (GTM) which says that it is the ‘discovery of theory from data systematically obtained from social research’, and allows the researcher to explore and unfold the core issues of interest first from the perspective of the key participants involved. |
22 | Sarkar, Sagnik & Agrawal, Shaashwat & Baker, Thar & Reddy, Praveen & Gadekallu, Thippa | This paper proposes a novel catalysis function for altered training of neural networks which makes it more flexible to big data. |
23 | Deepa, N. & Pham, Quoc-Viet & C. Nguyen, Dinh & Bhattacharya, Sweta & B, Prabadevi & Gadekallu, Thippa & Reddy, Praveen & Fang, Fang & Pathirana, Pubudu | This paper provided a detailed survey on blockchain for big data, emphasizing on state-of-the-art opportunities, approaches and future directions, as well as the integration of big data and blockchain. |
Methodology
Socio-demographic data
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 88 | 44 | 44 | 44 |
Female | 112 | 56 | 56 | 100.0 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100 |
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
18 – 30 years | 54 | 27 | 27 | 27 |
31–40 years | 96 | 48 | 48 | 75 |
41 – 50 years | 23 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 86.5 |
51 years and above | 27 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 100.0 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single | 89 | 44.5 | 44.5 | 44.5 |
Married | 78 | 39 | 39 | 83.5 |
Divorced | 18 | 9 | 9 | 92.5 |
Widowed | 15 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 100 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Benke certificate of graduation | 52 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
Zhuanke certificate of graduation | 58 | 29 | 29 | 55 |
Bachelor’s Degree | 53 | 26.5 | 26.5 | 81.5 |
Master’s Degree | 37 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 100.0 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
0–4 years | 49 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 24.5 |
5–9 years | 77 | 38.5 | 38.5 | 63 |
10–14 years | 36 | 18 | 18 | 81 |
15–19 years | 24 | 12 | 12 | 93 |
20 years and above | 14 | 7 | 7 | 100 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Xiang | 49 | 24.5 | 24.5 | 24.5 |
Southwestern Mandarin | 56 | 28 | 28 | 52.5 |
Xong | 58 | 29 | 29 | 81.5 |
Tujia | 37 | 18.5 | 18.5 | 100 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Description | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
11 months and below | 22 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
1–3 years | 44 | 18 | 18 | 34 |
4–7 years | 59 | 30.7 | 30.7 | 64.7 |
8 years and above | 75 | 35.3 | 35.3 | 100.0 |
Total | 200 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Do you listen to radio broadcasts? | Frequency | Percentage | Valid percentage | Cumulative percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 96 | 64.00% | 64.00% | 64.00% |
No | 54 | 36.00% | 36.00% | 100.00% |
Total | 150 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Do you listen to these radio stations? | Yes | No | Total |
---|---|---|---|
Hunan News Radio (On FM 102.8, 93.0, 88.0 and 93.7) | 94(62.6%) | 56 (37.4%) | 150 (100.0%) |
Hunan Economic Radio (On FM 90.1, 91.0, 95.7 and 94.6) | 87(58%) | 63(42%) | 150 (100.0%) |
Hunan Traffic Radio (On FM 91.8, 100.3, 102.6, 102.0 and 89.5) | 108(72%) | 42 (28%) | 150 (100.0%) |
Hunan Travel Radio (On FM 106.9, 90.6) | 95 (63.3%) | 55 (36.7%) | 150 (100.0%) |
Golden Eagle (On FM 95.5, 100.5, 91.3) | 139 (92.7%) | 11 (7.3%) | 150 (100.0%) |
Please tick the language you use in the following places | English | Southwestern Mandarin | Xong | Tujia |
---|---|---|---|---|
At home | 41 (20.5%) | 62 (31%) | 48 (24%) | 49 (24.5%) |
At work | 33 (16.5%) | 73(36.5%) | 45 (22.5%) | 49 (24.5%) |
In school | 25 (12.5%) | 80 (40%) | 40 (20%) | 55 (27.5%) |
With friends | 47 (23.5%) | 69 (34.5%) | 49 (24.5%) | 35 (17.5%) |
In the place of worship | 33 (16.5%) | 35 (17.5%) | 85 (42.5%) | 47 (23.5%) |
Data presentation and analysis
S/N | Statements | Response | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | A | U | D | SD | Total | |||
1 | Radio stations in Hunan has helped expand the language lexicon | F | 32 | 16 | 67 | 35 | - | 150 |
% | 21.3 | 10.7 | 44.6 | 23.4 | - | 100.0 | ||
2 | The use of English language during radio broadcast helps gives relevance to it in Hunan | F | 33 | 65 | 18 | 25 | 9 | 150 |
% | 22 | 43.3 | 12 | 16.7 | 6 | 100.0 | ||
3 | The use of English language in radio broadcasts helps improve speaking and understanding of the language | F | 23 | 64 | 33 | 20 | 10 | 150 |
% | 15.3 | 42.7 | 22 | 13.3 | 6.7 | 100.0 | ||
4 | Programmes anchored using English language keeps people connected to culture and tradition. | F | 27 | 68 | 29 | 21 | 5 | 150 |
% | 18.5 | 46 | 24 | 10.5 | 1 | 100.0 | ||
5 | When programmes are broadcasted in the English language, there will be reduction in language dearth and increase in language vitality. | F | 29 | 64 | 41 | 11 | 5 | 150 |
% | 19.5 | 42.0 | 25.5 | 10.5 | 2.5 | 100.0 | ||
6 | The use of English language in radio broadcasts reduces the vocabulary dearth of the dialect. | F | 24 | 63 | 35 | 28 | - | 150 |
% | 22 | 36.5 | 17.5 | 22.5 | 1.5 | 100.0 |
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3. Research Q3: What are the factors that influence the democratic distribution of languages in the radio stations in Hunan?
S/N | Statement | Response | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | A | U | D | SD | Total | |||
1 | Broadcasting Corporation of China rules | F | 11 | 24 | 7 | 8 | - | 50 |
% | 22 | 48 | 14 | 16 | - | 100.0 | ||
2 | Listenership Strength | F | 15 | 23 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 50 |
% | 30 | 46 | 6 | 16 | 2 | 100.0 | ||
3 | National Language Policies | F | 9 | 28 | - | 13 | - | 50 |
% | 18 | 56 | - | 26 | - | 100 | ||
4 | Sponsorship Level | F | 17 | 21 | - | 8 | 4 | 50 |
% | 34 | 42 | - | 16 | 8 | 100 | ||
5 | Location of radio station | F | 9 | 18 | 12 | 9 | 2 | 50 |
% | 18 | 36 | 24 | 18 | 4 | 100 |
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4. Research Q4: What are the challenges faced in communicating in English Language in the radio stations in Hunan?
S/N | Statement | Response | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | A | U | D | SD | Total | |||
1 | Poor provision for English language professionals in the radio stations | F | 20 | 13 | 5 | 12 | - | 50 |
% | 40 | 26 | 10 | 24 | - | 100.0 | ||
2 | Lack of linguists in radio broadcast stations | F | 15 | 21 | 6 | 8 | - | 50 |
% | 30 | 42 | 12 | 16 | - | 100.0 |
S/N | Questions | Response | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SA | A | U | D | SD | Total | |||
1 | Broadcasting more in English Language | F | 44 | 73 | 35 | 45 | 3 | 200 |
% | 22 | 36.5 | 17.5 | 22.5 | 1.5 | 100.0 | ||
2 | Broadcasting more culturally educating and language reviving contents | F | 60 | 64 | 36 | 24 | 16 | 200 |
% | 30 | 32 | 19.5 | 12 | 8 | 100.0 |
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5. Research Q5: In what ways can radio stations kindle the use of English Language in Hunan?