1. A Critical Reflection Beyond the Academic Disciplines

Ibidem, pp. 19–20.

See: A. Merrifield, Metromarxism: A Marxist Tale of the City, Routledge, London, 2002, pp. 5, 71; Id., “Henri Lefebvre: A Socialist in Space”, in M. Crang, N. Thrift (edited by), Thinking Space, Routledge, London, 2000, p. 168.

See: W. Benjamin, “Eduard Fusch, Collector and Historian”, in The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility, and Other Writings on Media, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge (MA), 2008, p. 154. See also: A. Merrifield, Metromarxism: A Marxist Tale of the City, p. 71; P. Anderson, Consideration on Western Marxism, Verso, London, 1976, p. 37.

See: Ibidem, pp. 36–37.

See: Ibidem, p. 38.

See: M. Trebitsch, “Les mésaventures du groupe Philosophies (1924–1933)”, in La Revue des revues, n. 3, printemps 1987; Id., “Le groupe Philosophies et les Surréalistes (1924–1925)”, in Mélusine, n. XI, 1990, pp. 63–75; Id., “Le groupe Philosophies, de Max Jacob aux Surréalistes”, in Jean-François Sirinelli (edited by), Générations intellectuelles, Cahiers de l’IHTP, n. 6, November 1987, pp. 29–38.

See: H. Lefebvre, Métaphilosophie, Syllepse, Paris, 2000 (1965). And also: U. Müller-Schőll, Le systeme er le reste. La théorie critique de Henri Lefebvre, Anthropos, Paris, 2006.

See: T. Tzara, Lampisteries précédées des Sept manifestes Dada, Jean-Jacques Pauvert, Paris, 1963; G. Hugnet, L’aventure Dada (1916–1922), Seghers, Paris, 1971.

Ibidem, p. 51.

See: G. Michel, “Les revues ‘Philosophies’”, in Clarté, n. 56, 1924, pp. 171–172. A. Desson, A. Harlaire, “Revues: Philosophies”, in Accords, n. 1, 1924, p. 18.

See: B. Burkhard, French Marxism Between the Wars: Henri Lefebvre and the “Philosophies”, p. 50; M. Trebitsch, Le renouveau philosophique avorté des années trente. Entretien avec Henri Lefebvre, “Europe”, n. 663, 1986, pp. 28–40.

See: A. Merrifield, Metromarxism. A Marxist Tale of a City, p. 74 and S. Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre, Continuum, London and New York, 2004, p. 68; H. Lefebvre, Le temps des méprises, p. 198.

See: “In order to attack capitalism, and to examine the State, to describe the instrumental space of modern capitalism or the new division of productive labor on a global scale, I have no need to free significations from signifiers, but to refine the concepts and introduce new ones” (H. Lefebvre, Le temps des méprises, p. 19). See also: R. Hess, Henri Lefebvre et l’aventure du siècle, Métailié, Paris, 1991, p. 52.

The utterly vast and confused schedule of the journal proclaims: “[the journal will focus on the field] of poetry, analysis and renascence of philosophy” (“Manifest of Philosophies”, n. 1, 1924, in M. Trebitsch, “Les mésaventures du groupe Philosophies [1924–1933]”, in La Revue des revues, n. 3, Printemps 1987, p. 6).

In this regard I redirect the reader to the reflections of Danilo Soscia on the relation between literary industry and public, and on the “populism” of the contemporary literary industry that generates ad hoc a public of its on and its own way of producing literature. See: D. Soscia, “Chi ha inventato il pubblico? Domande e brevi postille a ‘Scrittori e massa’ di Alberto Asor Rosa”, in F. Biagi, G. Ferraro (edited by), Populismo, democrazia, insorgenze. Forme contemporanee del politico, Il Ponte, n. 8–9, agosto–settembre 2016, pp. 127–132; M. Horkheimer, T. Adorno, “The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception”, in Id. Dialectic of Enlightenment, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2002.

Ibidem, pp. 37–38.

Ibidem, p. 24.

See: B. Burkhard, French Marxism Between the Wars: Henri Lefebvre and the “Philosophies”, pp. 70–72. R. Hess, Henri Lefebvre et l’aventure du siècle, pp. 59–66.

See: H. Lefebvre, L’Existentialisme, pp. 25–34; Id., La Somme et le reste, pp. 407–409; B. Burkhard, French Marxism Between the Wars: Henri Lefebvre and the “Philosophies”, p. 69.

See: H. Lefebvre, La somme et le reste, pp. 510–512; and the foreword to Georges Politzer’s translation: Id., “Le même et l’autre”, in F. Schelling (edited by), Recherches philosophiques sur l’essence de la libertè humaine et sur le problèmes qui s’y rattachent, Rieder, Paris, 1926, pp. 7–64; S. Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre, p. 20.

Ibidem, p. 72.

His joining the Party and the foundation of the “Revue Marxiste” divides the “Philosophies” group; during that time (1926–1928) Lefebvre very seldom collaborates in the journal because of his mandatory military service, a period in which he will endure great suffering due to the arid and hierarchic atmosphere that leads him to express his opinion against the French colonialism, and because of this he will become victim of various acts of derision. This experience is an occasion that allows him to understand, on one side, how philosophy should be at the service of the quotidian in order to subvert it, and, on the other side, he develops a passion for military strategy, by the study of Clausewitz’ works (See: H. Lefebvre, La somme et le reste, pp. 83–87. R. Hess, Henri Lefebvre et l’aventure du siècle, pp. 67–70). After his return from the military service he works as taxi driver for a few years in Paris, since he needs money to get by, until he gets the philosophy chair. He recalls this experience with great joy despite the miserable life that he lead, since by means of this job he could talk to people and evaluate the society of that time through this dialogue (See: R. Hess, Henri Lefebvre et l’aventure du siècle, pp. 71–72). He also tries to work at a libertarian center, l’Île de la Sagesse, proposing it as purpose for the left-wing European dissidents. However, this project won’t succeed because of an incomprehensible depletion of economic resources, and because, at the same time, the “Revue Marxiste” had to be started (See: H. Lefebvre, La somme et le reste, pp. 419–428).

See: Ibidem, pp. 66–67.

See: M. Trebitsch, “Les mésaventures du groupe Philosophies (1924–1933)”, p. 8.

H. Lefebvre, Le materialisme dialectique, Alcan, Paris, 1940 (edition that was ostracized, destroyed and then republished from 1947 by the “Presses Universitaires de France”, and which last edition was printed in 1990). See also Alfred Schmidt’s important foreword to the German edition (Der dialektische Materialismus, Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1976): A. Schmidt, “Henri Lefebvre and Contemporary Interpretations of Marxism”, in D. Howard, K. E. Klare (edited by), The Unknown Dimension: European Marxism Since Lenin, Basic Books, New York and London, 1972, pp. 322–341.

The third and final issue of “Avant-Poste” focuses on the passive revolution that far-right totalitarianisms have made of the concept of “revolution”, separating it from the action generated by the class conflict.

Ibidem, pp. 75–76.

H. Lefebvre, “Le fascisme en France”, in Avant-Poste, n. 1, 1933.

See: M. Trebitsch, “Les mésaventures du groupe Philosophies (1924–1933)”, p. 8.

See: R. Hess, G. Weigand, “Henri Lefebvre et son œuvre”, 2006, online: http://​www.​barbier-rd.​nom.​fr/​H.​%20​Lefebvre.​pdf.

See: R. Hess, Henri Lefebvre et l’aventure du siècle, pp. 110–113. A. Merrifield, Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction, Routledge, New York-London, 2006, pp. 3–4. Regarding Lefebvre’s family life see: S. Elden, Understanding Henri Lefebvre, p. 4.

Ibidem, pp. 114–116.

Ibidem, pp. 117–118.

Ibidem, pp. 96–97.

See: Ibidem, p. 100, “Stalinism means consolidation of the State and the State apparatus, while Marx, Engels and Lenin foresaw the weakening of the State and political apparatus. The question of the State remains the central question.”

H. Lefebvre, Position: contre les technocrates, Gonthier, Paris, 1967 (re-published with the title Vers le cybernanthrope, contre les technocrates, Denoël-Gonthier, Paris, 1971).

H. Lefebvre, Critique of Everyday Life. Vol. I. Id., Critique of Everyday Life. Vol. II, Verso, London, 2002 (1962). In 1968 Lefebvre will publish The Everyday Life in the Modern World (The Penguin Press, New York, 1971) that can be considered a synthesis but also an addition to the two preceding tomes on the concept of everyday life.

R. Hess, G. Weigand, “Henri Lefebvre et son œuvre”.

See: H. Lefebvre, Le temp des méprises, pp. 107–108. On this point Andy Merrifield is more skeptic, and says that Lefebvre only supported the students’ claims at the beginning, without an active role in the revolt (A. Merrifield, Metromarxism: A Marxist Tale of the City, pp. 86–87). Moreover, Lefebvre does not concretely explain the intensity and the level of participation he had, limiting himself to express satisfaction and enthusiasm for the role of critical intellectual that the students (but not only) recognized to him. As we shall see, Lefebvre was interested in the scholar’s critical intellectual work: this was his mission with respect to the contradictions of society and the universe of the French left wing.

H. Lefebvre, Au-delà du structuralisme, Anthropos, Paris, 1971.

R. Hess, G. Weigand, “Henri Lefebvre et son œuvre”.

I choose the translation “state mode of production” (mode de production étatique), because it is used in the English selected essays on Lefebvrian State question. See: H. Lefebvre, State Space World: Selected Essays, edited by N. Brenner and S. Elden, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2009. [Author’s note] See also: H. Lefebvre, De l’État I. L’État dans le monde moderne, Union Générale d’Éditions, Paris, 1976; Id., De l’État II. Théorie marxiste de l’État de Hegel à Mao, Union Général d’Editions, Paris, 1976; Id., De l’État III. Le mode de production étatique, Union Général d’Editions, Paris, 1977; Id., De l’État IV. Les contradictions de l’État moderne, Union Générale d’Éditions, Paris, 1978.

H. Lefebvre, Le retour de la dialectique. Douze mots-clefs pour le monde, Messidor-Éditions sociales, Paris, 1986.

H. Lefebvre, Qu’est-ce penser?, Publisud, Paris, 1985.

R. Hess, G. Weigand, “Henri Lefebvre et son œuvre”.

See: G. Borelli, “Henri Lefebvre: la città come opera”, in G. Nuvolati (a cura di), Lezioni di sociologia urbana, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2011, pp. 149–177. Id., “La città come opera”, in Immagini di città. Processi spaziali e interpretazioni sociologiche, Mondadori, Milano, 2012, pp. 61–92.

H. Lefebvre, Le temp des méprises, pp. 109–110. The author reports the same comment in the interview with Kristin Ross, held at the University of California (in the year 1983), in Santa Cruz (See: K. Ross, “Lefebvre on the Situationists: An Interview”, in October, n. 79, Winter 1997, pp. 69–84). About the Lefebvre-Debord relationship is also essential the reconstruction carried out by Gianfranco Marelli in his political-intellectual biography of the situationist movement. See: G. Marelli, L’amara vittoria del situazionismo. Storia critica dell’Internationale Situationniste 1957–1972, Mimesis, Milano-Udine, 2017, pp. 134–227.

K. Ross, “Lefebvre on the Situationists: An Interview”, p. 76.

Conseil Central de l’International Situationniste, “Aux poubelles de l’histoire”, in Internationale Situationniste, n. 8, Janvier 1963. See all the issues of the journal in: https://​www.​larevuedesressou​rces.​org/​internationale-situationniste-integrale-des-12-numeros-de-la-revue-parus-entre-1958-et,2548.​html.

K. Ross, “Lefebvre on the Situationists: An Interview”, p. 77.

About the historical framework of the journal and the group Arguments and its relationship with Lefebvre see: M. Poster, Existential Marxism in Postwar France, from Sartre to Althusser, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1976, pp. 209–263; R. Shields, Lefebvre. Love and Struggle, Routledge, London, 1998, pp. 134–135.

See: G. Debord, A. Kotanyi, R. Vaneigem, “Sur la Comune”, in Internationale Situationniste, n. 12, Paris, Septembre 1969; Conseil Central de l’International Situationniste, “Aux poubelles de l’histoire”, in Internationale Situationniste, n. 8, Janvier 1963.

Michel Trebitsch recalls that Arguments, together with Socialisme ou Barbarie (1949–1967), was one of the few spaces of anti-stalinist political reflection that succeeded in deepening a critical and anti-bureaucratic thought, opening new libertary research paths to the French Marxism. Arguments and Socialisme ou Barbarie are among the very first to counterpose to the burocratic and statual form the communist traditions of councilism, inspired by Antonio Gramsci and his Ordine Nuovo and by the communalist forms that were born at the core of the labor movement, from the Paris Commune to the early Soviets of the Russian Revolution and the German Spartacist insurgencies. With foresight, yet before the Situationist Movement, they will produce a deeper reflection, also criticizing the myth of Mao’s experience in China. (See: M. Trebitsch, “Voyages autour de la révolution. Les circulations de la pensée critique de 1956 à 1968”, in G. Dreyfus-Armand, R. Frank, M.-F. Lévy, M. Zancarini-Fournel (edited by), Les Années 68. Le temps de la contestation, IHTP-CNRS/Complexe, coll. “Histoire du temps present”, Paris-Bruxelles, 2000, pp. 69–87).

See: K. Ross, “Lefebvre on the Situationists: An Interview”, pp. 78–79.

See: Ibidem, p. 74.

Michael Kelly, despite the careful historical and thematic reconstruction of the Lefebvre-Sartre relationship, tends to level the harshest debates to enhance the shared ground of the two philosophers. See: M. Kelly, “Towards a Heuristic Method: Sartre and Lefebvre”, in Sartre Studies International, Volume 5, n. 1, 1999, pp. 1–15. Instead, in a more acute way, Ulrich Müller-Schöll identifies a common ground between the two authors, beyond their conflicts, comparing the two points of view and outlining new connections, starting from the concept of “praxis”. See: U. Müller-Schöll, Le systeme et le reste. La théorie critique de Henri Lefebvre, Anthropos, Paris, 2007, pp. 235–278. On the concept of “praxis” in Lefebvre and Sartre see also: P. Lantz, “Praxis et nature vivante: Henri Lefebvre et Jean-Paul Sartre”, in La somme et le reste, n. 7, juin 2006, pp. 9–17.

Ibidem, p. 143.

See: R. Hess, Henri Lefebvre et l’aventure du siècle, pp. 181–187. As we will see in the second chapter, Sartre uses Lefebvre’s sociological investigation method exposed in H. Lefebvre, “Perspective de la Sociologie Rurale”, in Du rural a l’urbain, Anthropos, Paris, 2001, pp. 63–78.

See: H. Lefebvre, Le temp des méprises, p. 146. On the concept of alienation between Lefebvre and Sartre see: L. Husson, “Sartre et Lefebvre: Alienation et quotidienneté”, in E. Barot, Sartre et le Marxisme, La Dispute, Paris, 2011, pp. 217–239, 226.

Ibidem, p. 501.

Lefebvre speaks of his expulsion from the French Communist Party as if it had been a release from a heavy burden in the text “L’exclu s’inclut” (in Les temps modernes, n. 149, juillet, 1958, pp. 226–237) and he will divulge an unpublished excerpt of La somme et le Reste just before the printing (“Le soleil crucifié”, in Les temps modernes, n. 155, 1959, pp. 1016–1029); these articles are useful to understand that, despite the contrasts, Les temps modernes was the first container (together with Socialisme ou Barbarie) of anti-Stalinist Marxian critical thought.

To describe the philosophical “demon” who animated his intellectual parable, Louis Althusser recalls—in his autobiography—Lefebvre and his course: “C’est ce que je fis, dans la grande ligne de toute l’histoire de la philosophie, prenant à mon compte la prétention classique et sans cesse répétée qui veut, de puis Platon jusqu’à Heidegger même (en ses formules de théologien négatif) en passant par Descartes et Kant et Hegel, que la philosophie soit celle qui embrasse tout d’un seul coup d’oeil (Platon: sunoptikos), qui pense le tout, ou les conditions de possibilité ou d’impossibilité du tout (Kant), qu’elle se rapporte à Dieu ou au sujet humain, donc qu’elle maîtrise ‘La Somme et le Reste’ (formule d’Henri Lefebvre)” (L. Althusser, L’avenir dure longtemps suivi de Les faits, Paris, Stock-IMEC, 1994 [1992], p. 197).

Among others, we refer to the main texts of Althusser discussed by Lefebvre. See: L. Althusser, Pour Marx, La Découverte, Paris, 2005 (1965). Lire le Capital had several editions. We quote the complete one, which contains all the essays and also Althusser’s seminars at the École Normale Supérieure: L. Althusser, Lire Le Capital, Puf, Paris, 2014 (1965).

See: L. Althusser, “À propos du marxisme”, in Revue de l’enseignement philosophique, III année, n. 4, avril-juin 1953, pp. 15–19; Id., “Note sur le matérialisme dialectique”, in Revue de l’enseignement philosophique, IV année, n. 1–2, octobre–novembre 1953, pp. 11–17.

On the importance of the Cahiers marxistes-leninistes within the development and then the decline of Althusser’s influence, see: F. Chateigner, “D’Althusser à Mao. Les Cahiers marxistes-leninistes”, in Pro chinois et maoisme en France (et dans les espaces francophones), Dissidences, n. 8, 2010.

Ibidem, p. 183.

Ibidem.

Ibidem, p. 188.

In this regard, see the monographic dossier organized by J.-Y. Authier, A. Bourdin, M.-P. Lefeuvre, “Actualité de la sociologie urbaine dans des pays francophones et non anglophones”, in Sociologies, 15 novembre 2012 (online); see also the monographic dossier edited by: A. Collet, P. Simay, “Y a-t-il des urban studies à la française?”, in Metropolitiques, 3 luglio 2013 (online).

See: G. Busquet, Idéologie urbaine et pensée politique dans la France de la période 1958–1981, doctoral thesis discussed on 7 December 2007 at Paris XII University – Val de Marne, Institut d’Urbanisme de Paris, p. 99 sqq.

See: P.-H. Chombart de Lauwe, Un Anthropologue dans le siècle. Entretiens avec Thierry Paquot, Descartes&Cie, Paris, 1996. As is known, in several respects Chombart de Lauwe was Lefebvre’s most seductive competitor in the formation of urban studies as an academic discipline. About the contrast between Chombart de Lauwe and Lefebvre see: L. Costes, Lire Henri Lefebvre, Le droit à la ville. Vers la sociologie de l’urbain, Ellipses, Paris, 2009, pp. 19–24.

See: G. Busquet, Idéologie urbaine et pensée politique dans la France de la période 1958–1981, p. 101.

See: G. Busquet, Idéologie urbaine et pensée politique dans la France de la période 1958–1981, pp. 103–105.

See: G. Busquet, Idéologie urbaine et pensée politique dans la France de la période 1958–1981, pp. 123–124.

M. Castells, “Y’a t’il une sociologie urbaine?”, in Sociologie du travail, dixième année, Paris, Seuil, janvier-mars 1968, pp. 72–90. See also: Id., “Theorie et ideologie en sociologie urbaine”, in Sociologie et Societes, n. 2, 1969, pp. 171–191.

See: M. Castells, Bob Catterall, “Citizen Movements, Information and Analysis. Interview with Manuel Castells”, in City, Volume 2, n. 7, 1997, pp. 140–155; T. Paquot, M. Castells, “Entretien avec Manuel Castells”, in Urbanisme, n. 302, séptembre–octobre 1998, pp. 6-12.

See: M. Castells, The Urban Question: A Marxist Approach, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1979 (1972). In this text the author harshly criticizes the functionalist approach, and he doesn’t spare either Marx and Engles, even if he undertakes the Althusserian method. Thierry Paquot maintains that thanks to this text by Castells, and therefore paradoxically thanks to his critique, Lefebvre’s work crosses the Atlantic and reaches the U.S.A. and latin America. See: T. Paquot, “Henri Lefebvre, penseur de l’urbain”, in T. Paquot, C. Younès (sous la direction de), Le territoire des Philosophes. Lieu et espace dans la pensée au XX siècle, La Découverte, Paris, 2009, pp. 237–254.

The author, in his interview with Thierry Paquot, specifies a partial adhesion to the althusserian current; in fact he professes himself to be politically anarchist, for a while “maoist” sympathizer, however Althusser’s point of view—that he knew through the works of Nicos Poulantzas—is assumed only sociologically, as method of analysis on social reality. Castells points out that his political practice has nothing to do with Althusser’s teachings. See: T. Paquot, M. Castells, “Entretien avec Manuel Castells”.

In his following works Castells goes back to the structuralist approach accepting the critique and taking due distance from those who turned La question urbaine into a cult book of the Marxist urban thought. See: T. Paquot, M. Castells, “Entretien avec Manuel Castells”; M. Castells, Luttes Urbaines, Maspero, Paris, 1973; Id., Crise du logement et mouvements sociaux urbains. Enquete sur la region Parísienne, Mouton, Paris, 1978; Id., City, Class, and Power, Mac Millan-St Martin’s Press, London-New York, 1978; Id., The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983.

In those years, in Nanterre, Francis Godard, Dominique Mehl and Eddy Cherki support Castells in the social movements research. See: M. Castells, E. Cherki, F. Godard, Sociologie des mouvements sociaux urbains, 2 vols., Centre d’études des mouvements sociaux, EHESS, Paris, 1974. E. Cherki, D. Mehl (sous la dir. de), Contre-pouvoirs dans la ville: enjeux politiques des luttes urbaines, “Autrement”, n. 6, Paris, septembre 1976.

See: M. Castells, B. Catterall, “Citizen Movements, Information and Analysis. Interview with Manuel Castells”. T. Paquot, M. Castells, “Entretien avec Manuel Castells”.

Regarding Lefebvre’s stay in Strasbourg see: M. Jolé, “La sociologie urbaine à Strasbourg avec Henri Lefebvre”, in Revue des Sciences Sociales, n. 40, 2008, pp. 134–141; Id., “Henri Lefebvre à Strasbourg”, in Urbanisme, n. 319, juillet-août 2001, pp. 40–43; M. Clavel, “La ville comme oeuvre”, in Urbanisme, n. 319, juillet-août 2001, pp. 37–40; N. Beaurain, T. Paquot, “Rencontre avec Nicole Beaurain”, in Urbanisme, n. 319, juillet–août 2001, pp. 42–43.

H. Lefebvre, “Intervention au séminaire de sociologie de Madrid”, in Du rural a l’urbain, Anthropos, Paris, 2001, p. 240. He confirms the same concept in another article, see: H. Lefebvre, “À propos de la recherche interdisciplinaire en sociologie urbaine et en urbanisme”, in Du rural a l’urbain, Anthropos, Paris, 2001, p. 248. See also Id., The Urban Revolution, pp. 135–136.

For a full reconstruction of the intellectual parable of the Utopie group see: G. Busquet, Idéologie urbaine et pensée politique dans la France de la période 1958–1981, pp. 167–184; Id., “Lefebvre, l’I.S. et la revue Utopie”, in Urbanisme, n. 336, mai–juin 2004, pp. 55–58; T. Paquot-H. Tonka, “Utopie, la parole donnée (Entretien avec H. Tonka)”, in Urbanisme, n. 300, mai-juin 1998, pp. 49–52.

Lefebvre will later say, in a 1975 interview, that he distanced himself from the Utopie group. He defines the journal’s subsequent studies as “negative utopia” (See: H. Lefebvre, Le temp des méprises, pp. 245–246.).

In this chapter we only allow a glimpse on these various concepts such as functionalist urban planning and the alternative that is counterposed to it, that will further on be deepened, at the core of the debate of Henri Lefebvre’s contribution.

In this regard Francesco Careri delineates the links between the Situationists urban thought, and of some architects such as Constant Nieuwenhuys, with Lefebvre’s literary production See F. Careri, Constant. New Baylon, una città nomade, Ed. Testo & Immagine, Torino, 2001; Id., Walkscapes. Camminare come pratica estetica, Torino, Einaudi, 2006.

T. Paquot, H. Tonka, “Utopie, la parole donnée (Entretien avec H. Tonka)”.

The journal is fully available online at: http://​www.​espacesetsociete​s.​msh-paris.​fr/​archives/​.

Anatole Kopp (1915–1990), French architect and urban planner, a theoretician of Russian Constructivism, stands among the supporters of the Marxist planners movement (from 1960 till 1970). Among his main publications we recall: A. Kopp, Changer la vie, changer la ville. De la vie nouvelle aux problèmes urbains. URSS 1917–1932, Union générale d’éditions, Paris, 1975 (Thèse de Doctorat d’Etat, sous la direction de Jean Auger Duvignaud, Université Rabelais – Tours, Faculté des lettres, UER des sciences de l’homme, Avril 1973); Id., Ville et Révolution. Architecture et urbanisme soviétiques des années vingt, Anthropos, Paris, 1978.; Id., L’Architecture de la période stalinienne, Grenoble, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble-École Nationale Supérieure des Beaux-Arts, 1978.

See: G. Busquet, Idéologie urbaine et pensée politique dans la France de la période 1958–1981, p. 163.

See: L. Stanek, Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architeture, Urban Research and the Production Theory, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2011, pp. XIV–XV; K. Goonewardena, S. Kipfer, R. Milgrom, C. Schmid, Space, Difference, Everyday Life: Reading Henri Lefebvre, Routledge, London and New York, 2008, pp. 1–16.

See: H. Lethierry, Agir avec Henri Lefebvre. Altermarxiste? Géographe radical?, Chronique Sociale, Lyon, 2015, pp. 21–23; Id. (edited by), Sauve qui peut la ville. Études lefebvriennes, L’Harmattan, Paris, 2011; A. Ajzenberg, H. Lethierry, L. Bazinek, Maintenant Henri Lefebvre. Renaissance de la pensée critique, L’Harmattan, Paris, 2011.

See: Ibidem, pp. 102–103.

See: D. Harvey, Social Justice and the City, University of Georgia Press, Athens (GA), 2009 (1973). See also the most recent texts collected in: D. Harvey, Rebel Cities, Verso, London, 2012.

See: E. Soja, Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places, Blackwell, Oxford (MS), 1996.

See: K. Ross, Fast Cars, Clean Bodies: Decolonization and the Reordering of French Culture, The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1995, pp. 157–196; Id., The Emergence of Social Space: Rimbaud and the Paris Commune, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1988.

See: A. Merrifield, Henri Lefebvre: A Critical Introduction. Id., Metromarxism: A Marxist Tale of the City. Id., “Henri Lefebvre: A Socialist in Space”, in M. Crang, N. Thrift (edited by), Thinking Space.