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Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

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06.12.2019 | Original article

A modeling and numerical simulation study of enhanced CO₂ sequestration into deep saline formation: a strategy towards climate change mitigation

verfasst von: Rashid Mohamed Mkemai, Gong Bin

Erschienen in: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change | Ausgabe 5/2020

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Abstract

The net increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from fossil fuel combustion contributes significantly to the global warming and climate change. CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) in geological formations, specifically in deep saline aquifers, is among the very promising strategies to control and mitigate emissions into the atmosphere. Injection of CO₂ into a reservoir may result in the formation of pore pressure which can initiate cracks and trigger fault activities. CO₂ may leak into the atmosphere and invade shallow groundwater sources. Release of CO₂ into the atmosphere has enormous effects on the environment and significantly contributes to global climate change. Therefore, storage safety, injection efficiency, and monitoring remain crucially important considerations in CO₂ injection. This study attempts to establish an optimal CO₂ injection strategy that aims at enhancing CO₂ storage with an increased safety at Ordos basin. Furthermore, it establishes the safety limits of CO₂ plume migration from the central axis of the injection well. In the investigation, injection parameters such as injection rate and bottom hole pressure were analyzed. The CO₂ plume migration analysis was performed, and migration limits were determined. Simulation results revealed that different formation layers have varying storage capacities and pressure withstanding ability. The site maximum storage rate goal of storing 100,000 t of CO₂ per year was attained. It is advised to perform injection at the Majiagou layer due to sufficient storage capacity and greater depth of over 2400 m from the surface. This study recommends that an optimum CO₂ sequestration strategy which does not result into excessive migration of injected CO₂ plume and limit formation pressure buildup should be adopted. Therefore, deep underground storage at an average depth of above 2400 m is optimum, because it has an adequate storage space to accommodate the desired rate of 100,000 t/year. Besides, its geological settings favor storage safety in the event of significant uplift that may cause induced seismicity. Furthermore, it will also limit CO₂ plume that may come into contact with shallow groundwater sources. Likewise, investing in low carbon and carbon-free energy technologies and enhancement of energy efficiency systems around the site is also recommended.

Vorheriger Artikel Climate change risks and adaptation: new indicators for Mediterranean viticulture

Fossil fuels are the sources of energy originating from natural processes that occurred within the Earth’s surface over long period of time (millions of years). They are mostly formed from remains of living organisms.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an intergovernmental organ established by United Nations to serve the world in scientific views and approaches of climate change, its ordinary, economic, and political impacts and risks, together with potential options for its response. The body prepares assessment and special reports on climate change from its causes, impacts, and possible practical response.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an organ established under the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in 1974 in the wake of world oil crisis in 1973. The agency’s main focus is energy security, environmental protection, and economic development. It promotes clean energy sources: balanced energy polices and world energy technology sharing.

A geological formation is a principle component of lithostratigraphy. It is a subsurface structure composed of rock grains, minerals, and organic materials formed after they have been transported and deposited.

Deep saline aquifers are sedimentary rock formations which are saturated with salt and non-potable water. In these aquifers, water can be withdrawn and fluids can be injected through a penetrated well.

LandSim is the 3D high-resolution commercial modeling and simulation package. The simulator employs unstructured grid systems coupled with complex fluid flowing mechanisms.

Cap rock, also called a seal rock, is the rock which is relatively impermeable and able to form a barrier on top or around the reservoir formation so as to restrict migration of fluids. Common types of cap rocks include shale, sandstone, and anhydrate or salt.

ZSZ1 is an abbreviation of ZhongShenZhu1, a name given to an injection well at Shenhua CCS demonstration project.

ZSJ1 represents monitoring well ZhongShenJian1 located at a distance of 70 m west of an injection well ZSZ1.

ZSJ2 stands for ZhongShenJian2, a monitoring well at a distance of 30 m north of injection well ZSZ1.

Total dissolved solids (TDS) refers to the total concentration level of dissolved substances in water; its main components include inorganic salts and small amount of organic matter. It is measured in mg/L (milligrams per liter of water) or g/L (grams per liter of water).

Geothermal gradient is the rate of increase in Earth’s temperature with the increase in depth beneath the earth’s surface. In most parts of the world, the rate is approximately 25 °C per kilometer.

In an isothermal process, the temperature of the system is retained constant or unchanged throughout the thermodynamic process.

Isopach maps are useful in illustration and delineation of thickness variations within a tubular unit, stratum, or layer. They are similar to isochore maps which represents contour lines with equal thickness over a given area.

LandMod is the advanced geological modeling tool which has the ability to detailed model complex subsurface structures by integrating data records from seismic, boreholes, wells, faults, logs, and horizons. It can handle a large number of grids with high quality and accuracy.

Local grid refinement is a very promising technique for improved numerical simulation accuracy. It enhances grid characterization and definition in regions which require high degree of certainty in resolving the multiphase fluid flow problems and other related local physical behaviors of a reservoir.

Bottom hole pressure (BHP) is the pressure exerted at the bottom of the wellbore. It is normally calculated by summing the hydrostatic pressure due to fluid column and the surface pump pressure recorded in an injection test.

CO₂ injectivity expresses how easy the CO₂ can be injected into the formation; the higher the injectivity, the more permeable the geological formation behaves. Injectivity measures the rate at which fluid can be injected in the borehole or well.

CO₂ leakage is the movement of injected CO₂ across the limit of the storage region. This migration may lead to significant negative impacts on the environment if not properly controlled.

Formation pressure is the pressure in the subsurface due to formation fluids. It is also known as hydrostatic pressure, or the pressure due to column of water from the formation's depth to the sea level.

Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit for pressure, and is equal to or defined as one Newton per square meter (N/m² or kg/m·s²).

A darcy and millidarcy are units of permeability; they have been named after Henry Darcy. A darcy has its dimensional units expressed in length². 1 darcy is equal to 1000 millidarcies (mD). Also, 1 Darcy is equivalent to 9.87 × 10⁻¹³ m² day.

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Titel: A modeling and numerical simulation study of enhanced CO2 sequestration into deep saline formation: a strategy towards climate change mitigation
verfasst von: Rashid Mohamed Mkemai
Gong Bin
Publikationsdatum: 06.12.2019
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change / Ausgabe 5/2020
Print ISSN: 1381-2386
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-1596
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-019-09900-6

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