Introduction
Name | Shortcomings |
---|---|
GOAL [26] | It requires the reference matching result to be given in advance |
Martinez and Aldana [27] | It needs the help of reference alignments |
None of these methods escape the constraints of reference alignment | |
These methods require continuous user participation and the selected representative entities does not accurately represent the original ontology | |
Xue et al. [47] | It is hard to choose a suitable set of small-scale matching pairs to represent the original ontology |
Name | Shortcomings |
---|---|
Bock and Hettenhausen [5] | Its parameters still need to be determined in advance via parameter file |
Semenova and Kureychik [34] | Either of them ignore the structural information of entities in the ontology and lack the structure-based similarity measure |
Marjit [25] | Needs to use reference matching results |
The virtual population strategy results in a smaller population size, and the accuracy of the matching results may be reduced |
Related work
Reference alignment and partial reference alignment-based matching systems
PSO-based ontology matching technologies
MOPSO algorithm and variants
Name | Drawback |
---|---|
Coello et al. [8] | The accuracy of the algorithm needs further improvement |
Zhang et al. [57] | This approach ignores external repository, which result in the lack of historical optimum information of the population |
Yuen et al. [54] | It is not possible to accurately determine what competitive strategy each non-elite solution should adopt to select the appropriate leader solution |
Mathematical model for multi-objective ontology meta-matching
Ontology and ontology heterogeneity problem
Similarity measures
Multi-objective ontology meta-matching problem
Definition of multi-objective problem
Formulaic multi-objective ontology meta-matching
Methodology
Encoding mechanism
MOPSO and its challenges
The proposed D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO method
Selection of elite solutions
Density-based competitive mechanism for selection of leader solution
Oppositive solution
Pseudocode and complexity analysis
Experiment and analysis
Experimental design
Parameter configuration
Scenario ID | Fix value | Changed value |
---|---|---|
1 | \(\omega \) = 0.5, T = 50 | N = 10, 15, ..., 60 |
2 | N = 55, T = 50 | \(\omega \) = 0.1, 0.2, ..., 1.0 |
3 | N = 55, \(\omega \) = 0.5 | T = 10, 20, ..., 100 |
Population size N | recall | precision |
---|---|---|
10 | 0.659(0.418) | 0.925(0.143) |
15 | 0.771(0.369) | 0.876(0.165) |
20 | 0.921(0.057) | 0.969(0.013) |
25 | 0.948(0.056) | 0.959(0.023) |
30 | 0.935(0.065) | 0.966(0.011) |
35 | 0.968(0.006) | 0.962(0.004) |
40 | 0.952(0.044) | 0.956(0.008) |
45 | 0.955(0.045) | 0.959(0.007) |
50 | 0.932(0.059) | 0.957(0.012) |
55 | 0.969(0.003) | 0.960(0.001) |
60 | 0.937(0.057) | 0.958(0.010) |
Inertia weight \(\omega \) | recall | precision |
---|---|---|
0.1 | 0.966(0.007) | 0.956(0.007) |
0.2 | 0.965(0.008) | 0.956(0.008) |
0.3 | 0.970(0.000) | 0.959(0.003) |
0.4 | 0.938(0.064) | 0.955(0.014) |
0.5 | 0.969(0.003) | 0.960(0.001) |
0.6 | 0.938(0.059) | 0.955(0.011) |
0.7 | 0.954(0.045) | 0.960(0.008) |
0.8 | 0.909(0.073) | 0.951(0.010) |
0.9 | 0.915(0.066) | 0.955(0.012) |
1.0 | 0.710(0.223) | 0.764(0.310) |
Maximum number of iterations T | recall | precision |
---|---|---|
10 | 0.944(0.029) | 0.964(0.014) |
20 | 0.962(0.012) | 0.962(0.004) |
30 | 0.951(0.034) | 0.954(0.010) |
40 | 0.954(0.045) | 0.959(0.007) |
50 | 0.969(0.003) | 0.960(0.001) |
60 | 0.965(0.044) | 0.956(0.008) |
70 | 0.965(0.036) | 0.957(0.009) |
80 | 0.965(0.036) | 0.959(0.012) |
90 | 0.969(0.013) | 0.960(0.007) |
100 | 0.969(0.006) | 0.959(0.004) |
Ontology ID | Lexical feature | Linguistic feature | Structural feature |
---|---|---|---|
101\(\sim \)104 | Same | Same | Same |
201\(\sim \)206 | Different | Different | Same |
221\(\sim \)247 | Same | Same | Different |
250\(\sim \)261 | Different | Different | Different |
301\(\sim \)304 | – | – | – |
Validation of the D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO strategy and the effectiveness of the NRA-based matching framework
ID | NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | RA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | NRA-based MOPSO | NRA-based MCMOPSO | NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO without OBL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
103 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
104 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
201 | 0.94(8.62e\(-\)3) | 0.95(8.01e \(-\)3) | 0.90(1.64e\(-\)2) | 0.92(5.98e\(-\)2) | 0.92(8.67e\(-\)3) |
203 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
204 | 0.98(7.67e \(-\)3) | 0.97(7.46e\(-\)3) | 0.87(1.84e\(-\)2) | 0.93(1.88e\(-\)2) | 0.95(7.75e\(-\)3) |
205 | 0.94(2.72e \(-\)3) | 0.94(7.85e\(-\)3) | 0.85(7.63e\(-\)2) | 0.89(2.13e\(-\)2) | 0.92(7.84e\(-\)3) |
206 | 0.96(4.43e\(-\)3) | 0.96(3.98e \(-\)3) | 0.88(8.33e\(-\)2) | 0.90(6.67e\(-\)2) | 0.95(4.30e\(-\)3) |
221 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
222 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
223 | 0.97(5.39e \(-\)3) | 0.96(7.26e\(-\)3) | 0.90(5.60e\(-\)2) | 0.95(3.91e\(-\)2) | 0.96(6.57e\(-\)3) |
224 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
225 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
228 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 0.99(1.00e\(-\)2) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
232 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 0.98(2.00e\(-\)2) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
233 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
236 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 0.99(1.00e\(-\)2) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
237 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
238 | 0.96(5.09e\(-\)3) | 0.97(6.02e \(-\)3) | 0.85(2.68e\(-\)2) | 0.92(2.55e\(-\)2) | 0.96(6.64e\(-\)3) |
239 | 0.98(4.09e \(-\)3) | 0.98(6.70e\(-\)3) | 0.94(5.09e\(-\)2) | 0.96(2.88e\(-\)2) | 0.96(5.37e\(-\)3) |
240 | 0.98(6.39e \(-\)3) | 0.98(6.58e\(-\)3) | 0.94(2.77e\(-\)2) | 0.95(8.45e\(-\)2) | 0.97(6.48e\(-\)3) |
241 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
246 | 0.98(8.22e \(-\)3) | 0.98(9.02e\(-\)3) | 0.93(6.31e\(-\)2) | 0.95(3.21e\(-\)2) | 0.96(8.81e\(-\)3) |
247 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
250 | 0.95(7.17e\(-\)3) | 0.97(7.60e \(-\)3) | 0.88(5.31e\(-\)2) | 0.91(8.51e\(-\)3) | 0.94(7.66e\(-\)3) |
257 | 0.95(8.58e\(-\)3) | 0.95(7.17e \(-\)3) | 0.88(2.70e\(-\)2) | 0.90(3.14e\(-\)2) | 0.94(8.02e\(-\)3) |
258 | 0.87(9.15e\(-\)3) | 0.88(9.33e \(-\)3) | 0.76(3.29e\(-\)2) | 0.80(2.77e\(-\)2) | 0.85(5.98e\(-\)3) |
259 | 0.91(3.30e \(-\)3) | 0.91(6.90e\(-\)3) | 0.82(5.97e\(-\)2) | 0.85(5.43e\(-\)2) | 0.89(6.37e\(-\)3) |
260 | 0.83(5.08e\(-\)3) | 0.85(5.81e \(-\)3) | 0.75(7.35e\(-\)2) | 0.78(4.70e\(-\)2) | 0.83(5.97e\(-\)3) |
261 | 0.75(2.58e \(-\)3) | 0.75(6.61e\(-\)3) | 0.68(6.93e\(-\)2) | 0.70(4.36e\(-\)2) | 0.75(5.24e\(-\)3) |
301 | 0.76(4.19e \(-\)3) | 0.76(4.98e\(-\)3) | 0.66(1.72e\(-\)2) | 0.69(8.27e\(-\)3) | 0.74(4.83e\(-\)3) |
302 | 0.66(5.02e \(-\)3) | 0.66(7.85e\(-\)3) | 0.54(5.89e\(-\)2) | 0.60(8.66e\(-\)2) | 0.64(8.17e\(-\)3) |
303 | 0.62(3.63e \(-\)3) | 0.62(4.68e\(-\)3) | 0.53(6.23e\(-\)2) | 0.58(3.01e\(-\)2) | 0.60(4.10e\(-\)3) |
304 | 0.96(3.28e \(-\)3) | 0.96(7.25e\(-\)3) | 0.87(7.51e\(-\)2) | 0.90(7.34e\(-\)2) | 0.93(3.96e\(-\)3) |
ID | NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | RA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | NRA-based MOPSO | NRA-based MCMOPSO | NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO without OBL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
103 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
104 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
201 | 0.93(0.01) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.90(0.02) | 0.93(0.02) | 0.93(0.02) |
203 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
204 | 0.99(0.01) | 0.98(0.01) | 0.89(0.02) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.97(0.01) |
205 | 0.92(0.02) | 0.92(0.02) | 0.82(0.03) | 0.85(0.02) | 0.91(0.01) |
206 | 0.92(0.02) | 0.92(0.02) | 0.88(0.02) | 0.90(0.02) | 0.92(0.02) |
221 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
222 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
223 | 0.96(0.02) | 0.96(0.01) | 0.89(0.03) | 0.93(0.02) | 0.94(0.01) |
224 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
225 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
228 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.97(0.02) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
232 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.98(0.02) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
233 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
236 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.97(0.02) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
237 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
238 | 0.95(0.02) | 0.97(0.02) | 0.88(0.03) | 0.95(0.02) | 0.95(0.02) |
239 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
240 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
241 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
246 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.93(0.02) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
247 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
250 | 0.94(0.01) | 0.98(0.02) | 0.90(0.02) | 0.90(0.02) | 0.92(0.02) |
257 | 0.94(0.01) | 0.94(0.01) | 0.89(0.03) | 0.92(0.02) | 0.92(0.02) |
258 | 0.83(0.02) | 0.87(0.02) | 0.77(0.03) | 0.80(0.03) | 0.82(0.01) |
259 | 0.88(0.02) | 0.88(0.02) | 0.80(0.03) | 0.84(0.02) | 0.86(0.02) |
260 | 0.83(0.02) | 0.86(0.01) | 0.78(0.02) | 0.80(0.02) | 0.83(0.02) |
261 | 0.79(0.01) | 0.79(0.01) | 0.79(0.02) | 0.79(0.01) | 0.79(0.01) |
301 | 0.82(0.01) | 0.82(0.01) | 0.75(0.03) | 0.76(0.02) | 0.80(0.01) |
302 | 0.65(0.01) | 0.63(0.02) | 0.62(0.02) | 0.62(0.02) | 0.63(0.02) |
303 | 0.83(0.01) | 0.83(0.01) | 0.76(0.03) | 0.79(0.02) | 0.81(0.01) |
304 | 0.97(0.00) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.91(0.03) | 0.93(0.03) | 0.95(0.02) |
ID | NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | RA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | NRA-based MOPSO | NRA-based MCMOPSO | NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO without OBL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
103 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
104 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
201 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
203 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
204 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.96(0.03) | 0.98(0.02) | 1.00(0.00) |
205 | 0.96(0.02) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.89(0.03) | 0.92(0.02) | 0.94(0.01) |
206 | 0.98(0.01) | 0.98(0.01) | 0.92(0.02) | 0.94(0.02) | 0.96(0.02) |
221 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
222 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
223 | 0.98(0.01) | 0.98(0.01) | 0.94(0.03) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.98(0.01) |
224 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
225 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
228 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
232 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.98(0.01) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
233 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
236 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
237 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
238 | 0.97(0.02) | 0.98(0.01) | 0.94(0.02) | 0.97(0.02) | 0.97(0.02) |
239 | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.02) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) |
240 | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.02) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) |
241 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
246 | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.96(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) | 0.97(0.01) |
247 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) |
250 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.98(0.01) | 0.98(0.01) | 1.00(0.00) |
257 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.98(0.01) | 1.00(0.00) |
258 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.99(0.01) | 1.00(0.00) |
259 | 1.00(0.00) | 1.00(0.00) | 0.92(0.03) | 0.96(0.02) | 1.00(0.00) |
260 | 0.96(0.01) | 0.98(0.01) | 0.96(0.02) | 0.96(0.01) | 0.96(0.01) |
261 | 0.93(0.02) | 0.93(0.02) | 0.87(0.03) | 0.93(0.02) | 0.93(0.02) |
301 | 0.91(0.01) | 0.91(0.01) | 0.88(0.02) | 0.88(0.02) | 0.89(0.02) |
302 | 0.89(0.01) | 0.88(0.01) | 0.85(0.02) | 0.85(0.02) | 0.87(0.02) |
303 | 0.67(0.01) | 0.67(0.01) | 0.62(0.02) | 0.64(0.01) | 0.66(0.01) |
304 | 0.96(0.00) | 0.96(0.00) | 0.96(0.01) | 0.96(0.01) | 0.96(0.01) |
ID | Versus RA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | Versus NRA-based MOPSO | Versus NRA-based MCMOPSO | Versus NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO without OBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
103 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
104 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
201 | 7.35 | 7.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
203 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
204 | 2.45 | 19.36 | 5.81 | 7.75 |
205 | 0.00 | 15.19 | 13.56 | 2.45 |
206 | 0.00 | 7.75 | 3.87 | 0.00 |
221 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
222 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
223 | 0.00 | 10.63 | 5.81 | 4.90 |
224 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
225 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
228 | 0.00 | 8.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
232 | 0.00 | 5.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
233 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
236 | 0.00 | 8.22 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
237 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
238 | -3.87 | 10.63 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
239 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
240 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
241 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
246 | 0.00 | 19.17 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
247 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
250 | -9.80 | 9.80 | 9.80 | 4.90 |
257 | 0.00 | 8.66 | 4.90 | 4.90 |
258 | -7.75 | 9.11 | 4.56 | 2.45 |
259 | 0.00 | 12.15 | 7.75 | 3.87 |
260 | -7.35 | 9.68 | 5.81 | 0.00 |
261 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
301 | 0.00 | 12.12 | 14.70 | 7.75 |
302 | 4.90 | 7.35 | 7.35 | 4.90 |
303 | 0.00 | 12.12 | 9.80 | 7.75 |
304 | 0.00 | 10.95 | 7.30 | 5.48 |
Score | -1 | 19 | 13 | 11 |
ID | Versus RA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | Versus NRA-based MOPSO | Versus NRA-based MCMOPSO | Versus NRA-based D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO without OBL |
---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
103 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
104 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
201 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
203 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
204 | 0.00 | 7.30 | 5.48 | 0.00 |
205 | 0.00 | 10.63 | 7.75 | 4.90 |
206 | 0.00 | 14.70 | 9.80 | 4.90 |
221 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
222 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
223 | 0.00 | 6.93 | 4.90 | 0.00 |
224 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
225 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
228 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
232 | 0.00 | 10.95 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
233 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
236 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
237 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
238 | -2.45 | 5.81 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
239 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
240 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
241 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
246 | 0.00 | 3.87 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
247 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
250 | 0.00 | 10.95 | 10.95 | 0.00 |
257 | 0.00 | 10.95 | 10.95 | 0.00 |
258 | 0.00 | 10.95 | 5.48 | 0.00 |
259 | 0.00 | 14.61 | 10.95 | 0.00 |
260 | -7.75 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
261 | 0.00 | 15.19 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
301 | 0.00 | 7.35 | 7.35 | 4.90 |
302 | 3.87 | 9.80 | 9.80 | 4.90 |
303 | 0.00 | 12.25 | 11.62 | 3.87 |
304 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Score | -1 | 15 | 11 | 5 |
Comparison with other algorithms
ID | D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO | SS-MOPSO | MO_Ring_PSO_SCD | TriMOEA-TA &R | MOPSO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
103 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
104 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
201 | 0.94(8.62e\(-\)3) | 0.96(8.71e \(-\)3) | 0.95(6.62e\(-\)3) | 0.95(6.03e\(-\)3) | 0.90(1.64e\(-\)2) |
203 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
204 | 0.98(7.67e\(-\)3) | 0.99(7.63e \(-\)3) | 0.98(7.60e\(-\)3) | 0.98(7.68e\(-\)3) | 0.87(1.84e\(-\)2) |
205 | 0.94(2.72e\(-\)3) | 0.94(2.75e\(-\)3) | 0.95(9.79e \(-\)3) | 0.94(7.82e\(-\)3) | 0.85(7.63e\(-\)2) |
206 | 0.96(4.43e\(-\)3) | 0.96(3.52e \(-\)3) | 0.96(6.43e\(-\)3) | 0.96(5.09e\(-\)3) | 0.88(8.33e\(-\)2) |
221 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
222 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
223 | 0.97(5.39e\(-\)3) | 0.97(1.67e \(-\)3) | 0.97(7.68e\(-\)3) | 0.97(5.93e\(-\)3) | 0.90(5.60e\(-\)2) |
224 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
225 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
228 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 0.99(1.00e\(-\)2) |
232 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 0.98(2.00e\(-\)2) |
233 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
236 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 0.99(1.00e\(-\)2) |
237 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
238 | 0.96(5.09e\(-\)3) | 0.97(3.55e \(-\)3) | 0.97(7.93e\(-\)3) | 0.97(7.62e\(-\)3) | 0.85(2.68e\(-\)2) |
239 | 0.98(4.09e\(-\)3) | 0.98(7.45e\(-\)3) | 0.98(3.79e\(-\)3) | 0.98(2.84e \(-\)3) | 0.94(5.09e\(-\)2) |
240 | 0.98(6.39e \(-\)3) | 0.98(8.26e\(-\)3) | 0.98(9.45e\(-\)3) | 0.98(8.38e\(-\)3) | 0.94(2.77e\(-\)2) |
241 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
246 | 0.98(8.22e\(-\)3) | 0.98(8.22e\(-\)3) | 0.98(9.97e\(-\)3) | 0.98(4.08e \(-\)3) | 0.93(6.31e\(-\)2) |
247 | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) | 1.00(0.00e0) |
250 | 0.95(7.17e\(-\)3) | 0.95(7.05e\(-\)3) | 0.95(9.26e\(-\)3) | 0.95(4.94e \(-\)3) | 0.88(5.31e\(-\)2) |
257 | 0.95(8.58e\(-\)3) | 0.95(5.34e \(-\)3) | 0.95(8.41e\(-\)3) | 0.95(8.39e\(-\)3) | 0.88(2.70e\(-\)2) |
258 | 0.87(9.15e\(-\)3) | 0.88(6.78e \(-\)3) | 0.87(9.13e\(-\)3) | 0.87(2.50e\(-\)3) | 0.76(3.29e\(-\)2) |
259 | 0.91(3.30e \(-\)3) | 0.91(8.87e\(-\)3) | 0.91(7.18e\(-\)3) | 0.91(4.26e\(-\)3) | 0.82(5.97e\(-\)2) |
260 | 0.83(5.08e\(-\)3) | 0.85(7.10e\(-\)3) | 0.83(5.31e\(-\)3) | 0.85(8.62e \(-\)3) | 0.75(7.35e\(-\)2) |
261 | 0.75(2.58e\(-\)3) | 0.75(2.23e \(-\)3) | 0.75(3.79e\(-\)3) | 0.75(2.32e\(-\)3) | 0.68(6.93e\(-\)2) |
301 | 0.76(4.19e\(-\)3) | 0.78(5.02e \(-\)3) | 0.76(7.38e\(-\)3) | 0.78(6.30e\(-\)3) | 0.66(1.72e\(-\)2) |
302 | 0.66(5.02e\(-\)3) | 0.66(7.94e\(-\)3) | 0.66(6.52e\(-\)3) | 0.66(3.23e \(-\)3) | 0.54(5.89e\(-\)2) |
303 | 0.62(3.63e\(-\)3) | 0.64(3.62e \(-\)3) | 0.62(7.62e\(-\)3) | 0.64(9.06e\(-\)3) | 0.53(6.23e\(-\)2) |
304 | 0.96(3.28e\(-\)3) | 0.97(2.92e\(-\)3) | 0.96(3.12e\(-\)3) | 0.97(2.47e \(-\)3) | 0.87(7.51e\(-\)2) |
Comparison with OAEI’s advanced systems
ID | edna | AML | CroMatch | LogMap | LogMapLt | XMap | LogMapBio | D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
201 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.93 |
202 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.82 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.08 |
221 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
222 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.99 | 0.67 | n/a | 1.00 |
223 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.96 |
224 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
225 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
228 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
232 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
233 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
236 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
237 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.99 | 0.67 | n/a | 1.00 |
238 | 1.00 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 0.95 |
239 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
240 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
241 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
246 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
247 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
250 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.88 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.94 |
257 | 0.79 | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.94 |
258 | 0.79 | 0.29 | 0.86 | n/a | 0.78 | 0.51 | n/a | 0.83 |
259 | 0.79 | 0.30 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.78 | 0.71 | n/a | 0.88 |
260 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.88 | n/a | 0.81 | 0.81 | n/a | 0.83 |
261 | 0.79 | 0.82 | 0.85 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | n/a | 0.79 |
Ave | 0.87 | 0.58 | 0.96 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.93 |
ID | edna | AML | CroMatch | LogMap | LogMapLt | XMap | LogMapBio | D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
201 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 |
202 | 0.01 | 1.00 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.80 |
221 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
222 | 0.63 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.57 | 0.94 | n/a | 1.00 |
223 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.98 |
224 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
225 | 0.64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.56 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
228 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.00 |
232 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
233 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.00 |
236 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.00 |
237 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.84 | 0.94 | n/a | 1.00 |
238 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.83 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.97 |
239 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.97 |
240 | 0.38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.32 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.97 |
241 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.00 |
246 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 0.97 |
247 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.00 |
250 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.27 | 1.00 | 0.62 | 1.00 |
257 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.70 | 1.00 |
258 | 0.78 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.82 | 0.92 | n/a | 1.00 |
259 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.94 | 0.81 | 0.93 | n/a | 1.00 |
260 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.27 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.96 |
261 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 0.27 | 1.00 | n/a | 0.93 |
Ave | 0.64 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.91 | 0.53 | 0.97 | 0.53 | 0.98 |
ID | edna | AML | CroMatch | LogMap | LogMapLt | XMap | LogMapBio | D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 2 |
201 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 |
202 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 |
221 | 2.5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 5 | 2.5 | 7 | 2.5 |
222 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 7.5 | 4 | 5 | 7.5 | 2 |
223 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 5 |
224 | 2.5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 5 | 2.5 | 7 | 2.5 |
225 | 2.5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 5 | 2.5 | 7 | 2.5 |
228 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
232 | 2.5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 5 | 2.5 | 7 | 2.5 |
233 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
236 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
237 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 7.5 | 4 | 5 | 7.5 | 2 |
238 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 6 |
239 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
240 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
241 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
246 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
247 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 |
250 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1 |
257 | 6 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 1 |
258 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 7.5 | 4 | 5 | 7.5 | 2 |
259 | 3 | 7 | 1 | 5 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 2 |
260 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 1 | 7.5 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 7.5 | 2 |
261 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 5 |
Sum rank | 89.5 | 140.5 | 67 | 141 | 118.5 | 106.5 | 155 | 80 |
ID | edna | AML | CroMatch | LogMap | LogMapLt | XMap | LogMapBio | D\(^{2}\)CMOPSO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
101 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 7 | 4.5 | 8 | 2 |
201 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7.5 | 3 | 7.5 | 3 |
202 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 7.5 | 2 | 7.5 | 5 |
221 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 7 | 4.5 | 8 | 2 |
222 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 7.5 | 6 | 4 | 7.5 | 2 |
223 | 6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 7 | 4.5 | 8 | 3 |
224 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 7 | 5.5 | 8 | 2.5 |
225 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4.5 | 7 | 4.5 | 8 | 2 |
228 | 7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 2.5 |
232 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 7 | 5.5 | 8 | 2.5 |
233 | 7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 2.5 |
236 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 3 |
237 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 7.5 | 6 | 5 | 7.5 | 2 |
238 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5.5 | 7 | 5.5 | 8 | 4 |
239 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
240 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 4 |
241 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 3 |
246 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 6 | 7 | 2.5 | 8 | 5 |
247 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 3 |
250 | 7 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 5 | 8 | 2.5 | 6 | 2.5 |
257 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 3 | 7 | 3 |
258 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 7.5 | 5 | 4 | 7.5 | 2 |
259 | 7 | 1.5 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 1.5 |
260 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 7.5 | 6 | 2 | 7.5 | 4 |
261 | 6 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 5 | 7 | 1.5 | 8 | 3.5 |
Sum rank | 128.5 | 56.5 | 62 | 130.5 | 176 | 87 | 186 | 73.5 |
Results and analysis of sensor ontology matching
Sensor ontology | Description | Ontology scale |
---|---|---|
SN | SensorOntology2009 ontology | 152 entities |
OSSN | Original semantic sensor network ontology | 107 entities |
SSN | Semantic sensor network ontology | 55 entities |
IoT | IoT-lite ontology | 40 entities |
SOSA | Sensor, observation, sample, and actuator ontology | 42 entities |
Sensor ontology matching task | Levenshtein distance-based matcher | Jaro-Winkler distance-based matcher | WordNet similarity-based matcher | SF-based matcher | Our way |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSN-SN | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.56 | 1.00 |
SSN-OSSN | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.35 | 0.93 |
SOSA-SN | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
SOSA-OSSN | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.50 | 1.00 |
SSN-IoT | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Sensor ontology matching task | Levenshtein distance-based matcher | Jaro-Winkler distance-based matcher | WordNet similarity-based matcher | SF-based matcher | Our way |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSN-SN | 1.00 | 0.90 | 0.52 | 0.02 | 1.00 |
SSN-OSSN | 1.00 | 0.94 | 0.80 | 0.06 | 1.00 |
SOSA-SN | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.33 | 0.07 | 0.92 |
SOSA-OSSN | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.67 | 0.20 | 1.00 |
SSN-IoT | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 1.00 |