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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Administering Water Rights and Trading

verfasst von : Min Jiang

Erschienen in: Towards Tradable Water Rights

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

From an economic perspective, water rights administration is an important variable of transaction costs for water rights trading. Globally in many countries in favour of market allocation mechanisms, water law reforms are attempting to remove the institutional barriers to their water trading markets. China faces a similar but more daunting challenge given that its water rights administration is to be established virtually from scratch. In other words, the current system lacks fundamental elements for water rights trading administration, and yet without it, a formal water market cannot occur. This chapter reviews international experiences from which China may learn to overcome the essential deficiencies in its existing legal system in water rights administration. Four major components regarding water rights administration highlighted in this chapter include centralisation of water rights administration, the water rights titling/registration system, provision of trading platforms, and market regulation and third-party protection. Reform recommendations will be made for China to address those critical components in water rights administration.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Designing Tradable Water Rights for China

Nächstes Kapitel Conclusion

For more details about the CDWA, refer to Sect. 3.2.1.1.

For more details, see Sect. 3.2.1.1.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits (China Ministry of Water Resources), http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2008-04/17/content_947055.htm (accessed May 21, 2017), art. 3.

Ibid. Also 2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection (China State Council), http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2006-03/06/content_220023.htm (accessed May, 21 2017), art. 3.

Ibid.

Ibid, art.14.

Ibid.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 11. And 2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art.10.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art.12.

Ibid, art.16.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art.12.

Ibid.

Ibid, art. 11; And 2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art.10.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art.11.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 8.

Ibid, art. 1.

Ibid, art. 10.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art. 18.

Ibid.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 19.

Ibid, art. 9.

Ibid, art. 20. And 2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art. 20.

For further details, refer to Sect. 6.2.2.

See Sect. 6.2.2.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 26.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art. 23.

2003 Administrative Permission Law of the People’s Republic of China, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/05/content_1381966.htm (accessed May 22, 2017), art. 40.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 31.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art. 46.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 47.

Ibid.

1999 Law of People’s Republic of China on Administrative Reconsideration, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383562.htm (accessed May 22, 2017), art. 6.

Ibid, art. 5. It should be noted that some decisions on administrative reconsiderations are terminal by law and therefore cannot be brought to a court.

1989 Administrative Procedure Law of People’s Republic of China, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/12/content_1383912.htm (accessed May 22, 2017), art. 2, art. 11.

1993 Implementing Measures on the Water Abstraction Permits System (China State Council), http://www.chinawater.net.cn/law/W03.htm (accessed September 28, 2008), art. 20.

1999 MWR Interim Rules on Administrative Reconsideration (China Ministry of Water Resources), http://www.sxwater.gov.cn/oldweb/zcfg/SLXZCFFLFG/SLXZCFFLFG1019.htm (accessed September 28, 2008), art. 2.

Ibid, art. 5.

See Sect. 6.2.3.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 28.

For further information about the water rights transfers in the Yellow River Basin, refer to Sect. 4.4.3.

2004 Trial Implementing Measure on Administration of Water Rights Transfer in the Yellow River Basin (Yellow River Conservancy Commission), http://www.yrcc.gov.cn/ziliao/zcfg/guizhang/200612/t20061222_9390.htm (accessed September 26, 2008), art. 3.

Ibid, art. 3.

Ibid, art. 7.

Ibid, art. 14.

Ibid, art. 6.

Ibid, art. 8, art. 9.

Ibid, art. 8.

Ibid, art. 20.

Ibid, art. 23.

2016 Provisional Measures on Administration of Water Rights Trading (China Ministry of Water Resources), http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-05/22/content_5075679.htm (accessed May 27, 2017), art. 4.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art. 44. And 2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 30.

2008 Measures on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits, art. 30.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection, art. 51, art. 52, art. 53.

Australian Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 2003, Melbourne: Productivity Commission, 75.

David H. Getches, Water Law in a Nutshell, 3rd ed. (St. Paul, Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1997), 154.

China Ministry of Water Resources, Water Management Department. ed. The Report on Pilot Experiences of Establishing the Water Rights System Part 1: Materials of Water Rights Transfer in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (Beijing: China Water Publishing Co., 2005), 113.

Ibid, 227.

Ibid, 130, 164.

Information from the official website of the Inner Mongolia Department of Water Resources, http://www.nmgslw.gov.cn/info/infoView.jsp?idcontent=9 (accessed July 14, 2008).

Water Management Department. ed. The Report on Pilot Experiences of Establishing the Water Rights System Part 1, 202.

2016 Provisional Measures on Administration of Water Rights Trading, art. 5.

Ibid, art.14.

For details, see Sect. 3.2.1.1.

Anthony Scoot and Georgina Coustalin, “The Evolution of Water Rights,” Natural Resources Journal 35, no. 4 (1995): 835. In Roman law, freshets which flowed only in periods of high rainfall or thaw were considered privately owned by the persons whose land they crossed.

Ibid.

Ibid, 836.

Ibid, 855.

William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England Book 14 (1789), quoted from Ibid, 855.

For further details about statute as an origin of water rights, see Sect. 6.1.4.

Stephen Hodgson, Modern Water Rights: Theory and Practices (Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006), 37.

Carl J. Bauer, Against the Current: Privatization, Water Markets, and the State in Chile (Boston & London: Kluwer Academic, 1998), 34.

Ibid.

Getches, Water Law in a Nutshell, 85.

Ibid, 247.

Ibid, 253.

Ibid, 253–254.

Australia Productivity Commission. Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 49.

2000 Water Management Act of New South Wales, http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/wma2000166/ (accessed May 22, 2017), Section 392.

Ibid, Section 393.

Despite the abolition of common law riparian rights, basic landholder rights are vested by statute and allow water to be taken for stock and domestic purposes without approval. See Australia Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 70.

Getches, Water Law in a Nutshell, 85,139.

Ibid, 82.

Bauer, Against the Current, 35. In addition to the DGA, local civil courts in Chile take the responsibility for recognizing traditional water rights.

Australia Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 75.

New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Water, Water Licensing, 2017, http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/water-licensing (accessed March 2, 2017). Based on the passage of the Water NSW Amendment (Staff Transfers) Bill through Parliament in 2016, a number of functions related to the delivery of water services in New South Wales will be transferred from DPI Water to WaterNSW from July 1, 2016.

Australia Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 184.

Getches, Water Law in a Nutshell, 138, 141. Colorado Division of Water Resources, also known as the State Engineer’s Office, administers water rights. However, a system of water courts is in place to govern water law, to which stakeholders apply for a water right and oppose an application for a new water right. See Deserai A. Grow, “Policy Punctuations in Colorado Water Law: The Breakdown of a Monopoly,” Review of Policy Research 27, no. 2 (2010):155.

California State Water Resources Control Board, Water Rights Applications: Permitting and Licensing Program, 2017, http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/waterrights/water_issues/programs/applications/ (accessed March 2, 2017).

Brian E. Gray, “The Market and the Community: Lessons from California’s Drought Water Bank,” Hasting

West-Northwest Journal of environmental Law & Policy 14 (2008): 64.

Grow, “Policy Punctuations in Colorado Water Law,” 155. It is important to note that in Colorado, the right to withdraw designated ground water is handled by the Colorado Ground Water Commission via the Office of the State Engineer. There is also a well permit system in place, again handled by the Office of the State Engineer. See Colorado Division of Water Resources, Guide to Colorado Well Permits , Water Rights, and Water Administration, 2012, http://water.state.co.us/DWRIPub/Documents/wellpermitguide.pdf (accessed May 22, 2017).

Getches, Water Law in a Nutshell, 152.

Ibid, 153.

The procedure is summarised from description of the Colorado system in Getches, Water Law in a Nutshell, 153–154.

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, Research Report to the Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, and Land & Water Australia, Canberra: Land & Water Australia, 2004, 21. Also see Michael Woolston, “Registration of Water Titles: Key Issues in Developing Systems to Underpin Market Development,” in The Evolution of Markets for Water: Theory and Practice in Australia, ed. Jeff Bennett (Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, Edward Elgar, 2005), 80.

Australia Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 185, 204.

100

Woolston, “Registration of Water Titles,” 86.

101

P. Andrew Jones and Tom Cech, Colorado Water Law for Non-Lawyers (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2009), 227.

102

Colorado Division of Water Resources, Guide to Colorado Well Permits , Water Rights, and Water Administration, 11.

103

Ibid.

104

Jones and Cech, Colorado Water Law for Non-Lawyers, 238.

105

Ibid, 239.

106

Ibid, 241.

107

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, 22. Woolston, “Registration of Water Titles,” 81.

108

Australia Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 103.

109

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, 22. Woolston, “Registration of Water Titles,” 81.

Ibid, 41.

Ibid, 43.

Ibid, 44.

Woolston, “Registration of Water Titles,” 88.

114

ACIL Tasman and Freehills, An Effective System of Defining Water Property Titles, 44.

115

For further details, see Sect. 6.2.4.

116

Charles W. Howe, “Increasing Efficiency in Water Markets: Examples from the Western United States,” in

Water Marketing – the Next Generation, ed. Terry L. Anderson and Peter J. Hill (Lanham, Boulder, New York,

London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1997), 86.

117

Brent M. Haddad, Rivers of Gold, Designing Markets to Allocate Water in California (Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2000), 51; Gray, “The Market and the Community,” 48.

118

Howe, “Increasing Efficiency in Water Markets,” 87.

119

Gray, “The Market and the Community,” 55.

120

Ibid. Also Haddad, Rivers of Gold, 55.

121

Gray, “The Market and the Community,” 56.

122

Australia National Water Commission (NWC), Water Markets in Australia: A Short History, 2011, Canberra: National Water Commission, 11.

123

Ibid, 68.

124

Australia National Water Commission (NWC), Australia Water Markets Report 2012–13, 2013, Canberra: National Water Commission, 25.

125

Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC), Water Market Intermediaries – Industry Developments and Practices, 2010, Canberra: Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 12.

126

Ibid.

127

NWC, Australia Water Markets Report 2012–13, 23.

128

Ibid.

129

ACCC, Water Market Intermediaries, 12.

130

NWC, Water Markets in Australia , 68.

Ibid, 48.

Ibid.

Ibid, 53.

Ibid, 6.

Ibid, 60.

Ibid, 50.

NWC, Australia Water Markets Report 2012–13, 6.

138

Ibid.

139

NWC, Water Markets in Australia , 87.

140

Ibid, 94.

141

Rebecca Abeln, “Instream Flows, Recreation as Beneficial Use, and the Public Interest in Colorado Water Law,” University of Denver Water Law Review 8 (2005): 522.

142

Ibid, 524.

143

Charlton H. Bonham, “Perspectives from the Field: A Review of Western Instream Flow Issues and

Recommendations for a New Water Future,” Environmental Law 36 (2006):1223.

144

Mary Ann King, “Getting Our Feet Wet: An Introduction to Water Trusts,” the Harvard Environmental Law

Review 28 (2004): 505.

145

Ibid, 506.

146

Janet C. Neuman, “the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: the First Ten Years of the Oregon Water Trust,” Nebraska Law Review 83 (2004): 436.

147

NWC, Water Markets in Australia , 78.

148

Ibid, 80.

149

Ibid.

150

Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES), Australian Water Markets Report 2014–15, 2016, Canberra: Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, 51.

151

NWC, Australia Water Markets Report 2012–13, 6.

152

ABARES, Australian Water Markets Report 2014–15, 2.

153

Gray, “The Market and the Community,” 96.

154

Australia Productivity Commission, Water Rights Arrangements in Australia and Overseas, 196.

155

Ibid, 198.

156

NWC, Water Markets in Australia , 61.

157

Ibid, 63.

158

Barton H. Thompson, “Institutional Perspectives on Water Policy and Markets,” California Law Review 81 (1993):703.

159

Ibid. In California as an example, because the state does not have jurisdiction over most groundwater-related transfers, the protection of third parties by no injury laws do not fully extend to groundwater users. To correct this omission, rural counties have their own local ordinances to restrict groundwater exports. See generally Ellen Hanak and Caitlin Dyckman, “Counties Wresting Control: Local Responses to California’s Statewide Water Market,” University of Denver Water Law Review 6 (2003): 490–518.

160

Megan Hennessy, “Colorado River Water Rights: Property Rights in Transition,” University of Chicago Law

Review 71 (2004):1670.

161

Ibid.

162

Ibid,1671.

163

For example, see Caitlin S. Dyckman, “A Dynastic Disruption: The Use Efficiency and Conservation Legacy of the Governor’s Commission to Review California Water Rights Law Recommendations,” McGeorge Law Review 36 (2005):197.

164

Ronald A. Kaiser, “Texas Water Marketing in the Next Millennium: A Conceptual and Legal Analysis,” Texas Tech Law Review 27 (1996):215.

Ibid, 216.

Ibid.

Ibid, 217.

Ibid, 218.

Ibid.

Generally see Joseph Sax, “The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention,” Michigan Law Review 68 (1970): 475–566; Carol M. Rose, “A Review of Professor Joseph Sax’s Defense of the Environment through Academic Scholarship: Joseph Sax and the Idea of the Public Trust,” Ecology Law Quarterly 25 (1998): 351–362; Cynthia L. Koehler, “Water Rights and the Public Trust Doctrine: Resolution of the Mono Lake Controversy,” Ecology Law Quarterly 22 (1995): 541–589; George P. Smith and Michael W. Sweeney, “The Public Trust Doctrine and Natural Law: Emanations within A Penumbra,” Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review 33, no.2 (2006): 307–343.

171

Generally see Sax, “The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law”; Rose, “A Review of Professor Joseph Sax’s Defense of the Environment through Academic Scholarship”.

172

Gregory S. Weber, “Articulating the Public Trust: Text, Near-Text and Context,” Arizona State Law Journal 27 (1995):1160.

Ibid,1162.

Ibid,1171.

Ibid,1173.

Ibid,1172, 1178.

Ibid,1229.

Ibid,1248.

34 provincial governments include 4 municipalities directly under the State Council, 5 autonomous regions, 22 mainland provinces, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province. However, provincial governments in the book exclude Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan.

180

Data from the official website of the Department of District Division and Place Naming, China Ministry of Civil Affairs, http://www.xzqh.org.cn/ONEWS_zq.asp?id=1150 (accessed August 28, 2008).

181

John Bryan Starr, Understanding China (London: Prfile, 1998), 71.

182

World Bank, East Asia Decentralizes: Making Local Government Work, Washington DC.: World Bank, 2005, 2.

183

Information from the official website of Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjjc/hjzf/djt/200612/t20061229_99016.htm (accessed August 28, 2008).

184

Bin Liu, “Institutional Design Considerations for Water Rights Development in China,” in Water Rights Reform: Lessons for Institutional Design, ed. Bryan Randolph Bruns et al. (Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2005), 275–276.

185

Starr, Understanding China, 71. Also see World Bank, East Asia Decentralizes, 11, 31.

186

World Bank, East Asia Decentralizes, 11.

187

Yongzheng Liu and James Alm, “‘Province-Managing-County’ Fiscal Reform, Land Expansion, and Urban Growth in China,” Journal of Housing Economics 33 (2016): 82.

188

China has a four-level framework of subnational governments, which includes provinces, prefectures, counties and townships. Township governments, however, tend to have few powers for the administrative permits and approvals on various social and economic activities. Instead, these administrative powers are often divided among provincial, prefecture and county governments.

189

Liu and Alm, “Province-Managing-County’ Fiscal Reform,” 85.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid, 88.

Starr, Understanding China, 72.

194

Liu and Alm, “Province-Managing-County’ Fiscal Reform,” 83.

195

2004 China State Council’s Notice Regarding the Reform of the Land Use Administration System below the Provincial Level, http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/Dir/2004/12/01/7810.htm (accessed September 29, 2008). The administration of overall land use plans of townships may be delegated to prefectural governments, but several major indicators in the plans are still subject to the assessment and approval of the provincial government.

196

2007 Property Law of the People’s Republic of China, http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2009-02/20/content_1471118.htm (accessed May 21, 2017), art. 9.

197

Ibid, art.10, art. 16, and art. 18.

198

Ibid, art. 17.

199

Ibid, art. 21.

200

2016 Provisional Measures on Administration of Water Rights Trading, art. 7.

201

Ibid.

202

Information from the official website of China Water Exchange, http://cwex.org.cn/html/en/ (accessed May 25, 2017).

203

Information from the official website of China Water Exchange, http://cwex.org.cn/lising/ (accessed May 25, 2017).

204

2016 China Water Exchange Water Rights Trading Rules (Trial), http://cwex.org.cn/2016/jygz_0621/45.html (accessed May 25, 2017).

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China Ministry of Water Resources, Water Management Department. (2005). The report on pilot experiences of establishing the water rights system part 1: Materials of water rights transfer in the inner Mongolia autonomous region. Beijing: China Water Publishing Co..

Colorado Division of Water Resources. (2012). Guide to Colorado well permits, water rights, and water administration. http://water.state.co.us/DWRIPub/Documents/wellpermitguide.pdf. Accessed 22 May 2017.

Dyckman, C. S. (2005). A dynastic disruption: The use efficiency and conservation legacy of the Governor’s Commission to review California Water Rights Law Recommendations. McGeorge Law Review, 36, 175–208.

Getches, D. H. (1997). Water Law in a Nutshell (3rd ed.). St. Paul: West Publishing Co..

Gray, B. E. (2008). The market and the community: Lessons from California’s Drought Water Bank. Hasting West-Northwest Journal of environmental Law & Policy, 14, 41–102.

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Hennessy, M. (2004). Colorado river water rights: Property rights in transition. University of Chicago Law Review, 71, 1661–1687.

Hodgson, S. (2006). Modern water rights: Theory and practices. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Howe, C. W. (1997). Increasing efficiency in water markets: Examples from the Western United States. In T. L. Anderson & J. Peter (Ed.), Water marketing – The next generation. Hill/Lanham/Boulder/New York/London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc..

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Kaiser, R. A. (1996). Texas water marketing in the next millennium: A conceptual and legal analysis. Texas Tech Law Review, 27, 181–261.

King, M. A. (2004). Getting our feet wet: An introduction to water trusts. The Harvard Environmental Law Review, 28, 495–534.

Koehler, C. L. (1995). Water rights and the public trust doctrine: Resolution of the Mono Lake controversy. Ecology Law Quarterly, 22, 541–589.

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New South Wales Department of Primary Industries Water. (2017). Water licensing. http://www.water.nsw.gov.au/water-licensing. Accessed 2 Mar 2017.

Rose, C. M. (1998). A review of Professor Joseph Sax’s defense of the environment through academic scholarship: Joseph Sax and the Idea of the Public Trust. Ecology Law Quarterly, 25, 351–362.

Sax, J. (1970). The public trust doctrine in natural resource law: Effective judicial intervention. Michigan Law Review, 68, 475–566.CrossRef

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Smith, G. P., & Sweeney, M. W. (2006). The public trust doctrine and natural law: Emanations within a Penumbra. Boston College Environmental Affairs Law Review, 33(2), 307–343.

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Thompson, B. H. (1993). Institutional perspectives on water policy and markets. California Law Review, 81, 673–764.CrossRef

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Woolston, M. (2005). Registration of water titles: Key issues in developing systems to underpin market development. In J. Bennett (Ed.), The evolution of markets for water: Theory and practice in Australia. Cheltenham/Northampton: Edward Elgar.

World Bank. (2005). East Asia decentralizes: Making local government work. World Bank: Washington, DC.CrossRef

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1999 Law of People’s Republic of China on Administrative Reconsideration. http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/11/content_1383562.htm. Accessed 22 May 2017.

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2004 China State Council’s Notice Regarding the Reform of the Land Use Administration System below the Provincial Level. http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/Dir/2004/12/01/7810.htm. Accessed 29 Sept 2008.

2004 Trial Implementing Measure on Administration of Water Rights Transfer in the Yellow River Basin (Yellow River Conservancy Commission). http://www.yrcc.gov.cn/ziliao/zcfg/guizhang/200612/t20061222_9390.htm. Accessed 26 Sept 2008.

2006 Regulation on Administration of Water Abstraction Permits and Water Resources Fee Collection (China State Council). http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2006-03/06/content_220023.htm. Accessed 21 May 2017.

2007 Property Law of the People’s Republic of China. http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/Law/2009-02/20/content_1471118.htm. Accessed 21 May 2017.

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2016 China Water Exchange Water Rights Trading Rules (Trial). http://cwex.org.cn/2016/jygz_0621/45.html. Accessed 25 May 2017.

2016 Provisional Measures on Administration of Water Rights Trading (China Ministry of Water Resources). http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2016-05/22/content_5075679.htm. Accessed 27 May 2017.

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The official website of Ministry of Environmental Protection of China. http://www.zhb.gov.cn/hjjc/hjzf/djt/200612/t20061229_99016.htm. Accessed 28 Aug 2008.

The official website of the Department of District Division and Place Naming, China Ministry of Civil Affairs. http://www.xzqh.org.cn/ONEWS_zq.asp?id=1150. Accessed 28 Aug 2008.

The official website of the Inner Mongolia Department of Water Resources. http://www.nmgslw.gov.cn/info/infoView.jsp?idcontent=9. Accessed 14 July 2008.

Titel: Administering Water Rights and Trading
verfasst von: Min Jiang
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Towards Tradable Water Rights
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67085-0

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-67087-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67087-4_7

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