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2018 | Buch

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Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone

herausgegeben von: Ph.D. Majid Hosseini, Ph.D. Ioannis Karapanagiotis

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book identifies novel advanced materials that can be utilized as protective agents for the preservation of stone. The innovative solutions to stone conservation presented here result in increased sustainability, reduced environmental impact, and increased social and economic benefits. It provides an overview of recent trends and progress in advanced materials applied to stone protection. It also explores the scientific principles behind these advanced materials and discusses their applications to diff erent types of stone preservation efforts. Essential information as well as knowledge on the availability and applicability of advanced nanostructured materials is also provided, with focus placed on the practical aspects of stone protection. Th e book highlights an interdisciplinary eff ort regarding novel applications of nanostructured materials in the advancement of stone protection. It provides insight towards forthcoming developments in the fi eld. Advanced nanostructured materials are designed and developed with the aim of being chemically, physically, and mechanically compatible with stone. Advanced materials for stone conservation that are characterized by several functional properties are considered in this book. These include the physico-chemical, protective, and morphological properties, eco-toxicity, and mechanisms of degradation. The authors present a thorough overview of cutting–edge discoveries, detailed information on recent technological developments, breakthroughs in novel nanomaterials, utilization strategies for applications in cultural heritage, and the current status and future outlook of the topic to address a wide range of scientific communities.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Superhydrophobic Coatings for the Protection of Natural Stone

Abstract

Superhydrophobic and water-repellent coatings can have numerous applications including the protection of monuments and other stone objects of the cultural heritage. In this study, the fundamental observations, concepts, and equations provided by T. Young, R.N. Wenzel, A.B.D. Cassie, S. Baxter, and other researchers on the wettability of solid surfaces are briefly described. Moreover, some interesting methods which were devised to induce enhanced hydrophobicity and water repellency to natural stone are briefly reviewed. Finally, a case study is described in detail: siloxane-nanoparticle dispersions are sprayed on sandstone and marble specimens. Using nanoparticles (NPs) in appropriate concentration, the deposited polysiloxane-nanoparticle composite coatings exhibit superhydrophobic and water-repellent properties. It is demonstrated that superhydrophobicity and water repellency can be (1) achieved using exclusively aqueous products, (2) achieved using inherent hydrophilic materials, and (3) accompanied by superoleophobicity and oil repellency. The effects of the coatings on the color, vapor permeability, and water absorption by capillarity of the treated sandstone and marble are discussed.

Ioannis Karapanagiotis, Majid Hosseini

Chapter 2. Advanced Conservation Methods for Historical Monuments

Abstract

Successful monument repair projects have been completed by bringing together art conservators, engineers, and materials scientists. Conservators bring historical perspective and skill in repair. Engineers contribute numerical simulations and reinforced join designs. Materials scientists contribute specially designed adhesives and fracture mechanics-based material interactions. The repair of Adam (Tullio Lombardo c. 1490–95) challenged historical means and methods after a catastrophic accident. Prior restorations were limited by traditional techniques, most notably the use of invasive steel pins to repair fractures. This chapter details the design of an advanced fracture mechanics-based join repair using adhesives and pins, preserving the integrity and longevity of Adam. Included is the design of a protective adhesive to enhance the join’s mechanical performance. A pinning design is laid out, focusing on material selection, study of the stresses in the substrate and pin, and failure modes. Finally, recommendations are made for those seeking to undertake restorations.

Jessica Rosewitz, Nima Rahbar

Chapter 3. The Protection of Marble Surfaces: The Challenge to Develop Suitable Nanostructured Treatments

Abstract

Marbles have been extensively used in historical architecture owing to their good mineralogical and microstructural properties, durability, and aesthetic quality. Nevertheless, the protection of historical marbles in outdoor conditions is a difficult task, mainly because of their low open porosity. An overview of nanostructured protective treatments based on the use of SiO₂, TiO₂, ZnO, and Ag nanoparticles to confer superhydrophobic, self-cleaning, and antifouling properties to the surface is proposed. Particular attention is devoted to the development of photocatalytic nano-TiO₂-based treatments. In this regard, advantages, drawbacks, and critical issues in the use of nanocomposites are covered. Recent advances using modified innovative TiO₂ nanoparticles, in dispersion and as nanocomposites, are reported. Nanocomposites based on suitable TiO₂ nanoparticles seem very promising, and a comparison of the results obtained in controlled lab conditions and on real deteriorated surfaces is also presented.

Lucia Toniolo, Francesca Gherardi

Chapter 4. A Hybrid Consolidant of Nano-Hydroxyapatite and Silica Inspired from Patinas for Stone Conservation

Abstract

A hybrid consolidant with high affinity to carbonaceous substrates was synthesized by adding synthesized nano-hydroxyapatite into TEOS sol, while for the first time, amylamine (CH₃(CH₂)₄NH₂) was used as a surfactant, providing an efficient means of protecting gels from cracking by reducing the capillary pressure. Amylamine is characterized by a short chain amine molecule, therefore, the amphiphilicity increased by the hydrophilic functional groups and hydrophobic tail groups without causing the formation of any amphiphilic molecule clusters. The hydroxyapatite was selected on the grounds of the weathering resistance often encountered in well-preserved monument surfaces (patinas) and attributed to the combination of hydroxyapatite, with calcium oxalate, and silica. The role of hydroxyapatite and amylamine in the silica structure was further examined by comparing the synthesized consolidant with other nanocomposites containing TEOS, TEOS and hydroxyapatite, and TEOS and amylamine as basic reagents. The synthesized products have been characterized and evaluated for their effectiveness as strengthening agents on limestone that is widely used in the historic and modern architectural structures in the Mediterranean basin. Generally, the nanocomposite-treated stone demonstrated an improvement in hygric properties, drilling resistance, and tensile strength due to the crack-free structure of the nanocomposite.

Pagona Maravelaki, Anastasia Verganelaki

Chapter 5. Compatible Mortars for the Sustainable Conservation of Stone in Masonries

Abstract

Incompatible restoration mortars used extensively in recent years have inferred irreversible damage to the original building stones of masonries. Recent research has led to the development of compatibility criteria for the restoration mortars in relation to historical materials, through the reverse engineering approach. In the restoration of historical stone masonries, apart from the issue of compatibility which is mainly of a physicochemical nature linked to ensuring breathability and avoiding preferential percolation of salt solutions to the original building stones, the issue of restoration mortars’ mechanical performance is of equal importance to achieve sustainability. An integrated methodological approach is presented aiming to the selection of the optimum compatible and performing restoration mortar for conservation/restoration interventions. The Kaisariani Monastery and the bridge of Plaka in Greece, as well as the Holy Aedicule in Jerusalem, serve as case studies in order to illustrate the methodological approach.

M. Apostolopoulou, E. Aggelakopoulou, A. Bakolas, A. Moropoulou

Chapter 6. Inorganic Nanomaterials for the Consolidation and Antifungal Protection of Stone Heritage

Abstract

The degradation of stone cultural heritage represents an irreversible loss of rich cultural heritage, and seeking ways to preserve it is urgent. Among different degradation processes, the loss of stone cohesion and biodeterioration are two of the most common issues that affect stone substrates. To solve this, the introduction of nanotechnology in the cultural heritage preservation field has represented a great revolution. The reason is that a particle size reduction of materials to the nanoscale highly increases their effectiveness as stone treatments. Thereby, different nanomaterials have been developed and applied as consolidating products and protective coatings in stone artworks. Due to the increased compatibility of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) with a large part of the built and sculptural heritage, this chapter accentuates the use of inorganic NPs for the consolidation and antifungal protection of stone heritage. Special focus is given to the factors that can influence the success of the treatment.

A. Sierra-Fernandez, L. S. Gomez-Villalba, S. C. De la Rosa-García, S. Gomez-Cornelio, P. Quintana, M.E. Rabanal, R. Fort

Chapter 7. Nanomaterials for the Consolidation of Stone Artifacts

Abstract

Stone artifacts constitute a large part of the global cultural heritage, and their preservation is thus central in order to bestow such patrimony upon future generations. Stone is constantly exposed to both physical and chemical degradation caused by a variety of factors (environmental, anthropogenic, biological, etc.), and as a result the mechanical properties of stone can be severely weakened. Powdering of surfaces, detachment, and flaking are all commonly observed on monuments, statues, and other works of art, requiring effective methods to consolidate the weakened layers. In the last decades, colloid and materials science have been providing effective solutions that allow the strengthening of stone layers while respecting the original physicochemical properties of the treated artifacts. This chapter reviews the main achievements in the field of nanomaterials applied to stone consolidation, discussing the principles that underpin the material development and application to artifacts. Consolidation systems comprise both inorganic (e.g., dispersions of alkaline earth hydroxide nanoparticles) and hybrid nanomaterials (e.g., organic–inorganic silica gels) to account for the preservation of carbonate and sandstone.

David Chelazzi, Rachel Camerini, Rodorico Giorgi, Piero Baglioni

Chapter 8. Testing Efficiency of Stone Conservation Treatments

Abstract

The first part of this chapter describes laboratory verification tests for determining the efficiency of various consolidation treatments on stone. It compares material data acquired using circular discs and rectangular plates. The application of rectangular plates enables the testing of not only strength but also of other material characteristics (e.g. moisture, water saturation or temperature dilation parameters on identical specimens). Therefore, it may be very useful for the testing of consolidation agents being developed before their introduction into conservation practice. The second part introduces a portable ultrasonic double-hole probe for measuring material properties along a depth profile and assessing penetration depth in the near-surface material layer between two drilled holes. This moderately destructive method is useful mainly for measurements on stone masonry façades or structures in which drilling a hole is acceptable.

Miloš Drdácký

Chapter 9. Challenges of Alkoxysilane-Based Consolidants for Carbonate Stones: From Neat TEOS to Multipurpose Hybrid Nanomaterials

Abstract

Alkoxysilane-based products have been used in conservation interventions to consolidate stone-built heritage, although with limited success in carbonate stones. This chapter overviews drawbacks and challenges of carbonate stone consolidation, with a focus on important phenomena related to the carbonate media particularities (possible disturbance of sol-gel routes and lack of strong chemical bond with calcite) and issues related to extended hydrolysis reactions and susceptibility to crack of the most common alkoxysilane-based products. While significant advances concerning crack susceptibility have been widely highlighted, more recent developments regarding the remaining phenomena are still scarce. Nevertheless, novel alkoxysilane-based products, based on hybrid materials, surfactant templates, nanoparticles, organosilanes, and others, have shown potential to treat carbonate stones. Some of these strategies led to the development of multifunctional products, but doubts persist whether this multifaceted role is always advantageous. This chapter discusses the most relevant research advances on the field and critically addresses issues that are worth to research further.

Bruno Sena da Fonseca, Ana Paula Ferreira Pinto, Susana Piçarra, Maria de Fátima Montemor

Chapter 10. Analytical Investigations and Advanced Materials for Damage Diagnosis and Conservation of Monument’s Stucco

Abstract

Stone monuments with façade decorations and stuccoes represent an important part of the world’s cultural heritage. Due to human activities or natural weather events, stucco has endured damaging processes that are responsible for their deterioration. Stucco is a porous material that collects dirt and absorbs stains, both indoors and outdoors, which requires frequent cleaning. To preserve them for future generations, it is important to have good evidence for a scientific diagnosis of their deterioration stage (stone material types, surface structure, mineral composition, chemical composition, porosity properties, thermal and photochemical properties, mechanical properties, and their response to freeze-thaw and salt crystallization). Also, new and revolutionary treatment methods with nanomaterials (hydroxyapatite and derivatives, calcium and magnesium hydroxides) are able to offer stucco consolidation which is valuable for different surfaces. All these aspects are discussed in this chapter.

Rodica-Mariana Ion

Chapter 11. Nanotechnology for the Treatment of Stony Materials’ Surface Against Biocoatings

Abstract

Biological agents on building materials can be considered a widespread occurrence that can promote changes in stone surfaces, namely, outdoors, which are frequently considered undesirable. As with many other issues, there have been proposals of nanoproducts for treatments against biological growths. In this chapter, results of tests with nanoproducts on natural stone and other porous inorganic materials that have data on the actual effect on biocoatings (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and algae) are discussed, considering also the impacts on the materials. The collected data showed mixed results, especially for intensive water conditions (e.g., dripping, sprinkling, runoff, and immersion), namely, in relation to algae. The main issues in terms of impact on the materials concern the introduction of soluble salts (that might promote stone erosion) and color changes. Discussion on questions related to the environmental impact of nanoparticles, considering their mobility after application and their effects, is also explored.

Carlos Alves, Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez

Chapter 12. Preserving Cultural Heritage Stone: Innovative Consolidant, Superhydrophobic, Self-Cleaning, and Biocidal Products

Abstract

Most products commonly employed in the restoration and conservation of cultural heritage stone have not been specifically developed to preserve such elements. In addition, they are plagued by limited performance and structural drawbacks such as low adhesion, poor penetration, and cracking. Another disadvantage is the requirement for most products to be dissolved in volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which produce environmental and human health risks in their use. An innovative sol–gel route for preserving cultural heritage stonework has been developed and is discussed herein. Specifically, a surfactant-assisted sol–gel synthesis produces, in situ on the stonework, crack-free nanomaterials to be used as long-term consolidants. Additionally, hydrophobic, water-repellent, self-cleaning, and biocidal properties can be incorporated into the product by innovative chemical modifications of the proposed synthesis route.

Rafael Zarzuela, Manuel Luna, Luis A.M. Carrascosa, Maria J. Mosquera

Chapter 13. Antimicrobial Properties of Nanomaterials Used to Control Microbial Colonization of Stone Substrata

Abstract

Nanoparticle-based materials are applied in the conservation of cultural heritage for their consolidating and self-cleaning abilities. Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been found to possess inherent antimicrobial activity, which has stimulated their application in the control of microbial colonization of stone and other mineral materials. A literature survey shows diverse testing procedures and limited research on the antimicrobial effectiveness of nanomaterials under real conditions. Most research reports laboratory-scale studies, employing either mono- or dual species (two organisms) assays over short-term incubation of days or weeks. Antimicrobial effectiveness is often assessed using microbiological, microscopy-based methods and surface colorimetry. There is a potential adverse ecotoxicological impact of NPs after release from treated surfaces. This chapter covers the antimicrobial properties of NPs and their limitations and advantages for application on built cultural heritage.

B. O. Ortega-Morales, M. M. Reyes-Estebanez, C. C. Gaylarde, J. C. Camacho-Chab, P. Sanmartín, M. J. Chan-Bacab, C. A. Granados-Echegoyen, J. E. Pereañez-Sacarias

Chapter 14. Advanced and Novel Methodology for Scientific Support on Decision-Making for Stone Cleaning

Abstract

The configuration of assessment criteria, methodology compilation, and the strategic planning of cleaning interventions applied on architectural surfaces of monuments are discussed in this chapter. This is accomplished by the use of an integrated decision-making system to assess cleaning interventions on stone architectural surfaces that present the characteristic decay pattern of black crusts. The system was developed by the incorporation of a fuzzy logic model into GIS enabling strategic planning through constant response in relation to the cleaning performance in a pointed spatial entity and environmental conditions. The developed, advanced, and novel methodology for scientific support on stone cleaning was demonstrated in practice on marble surfaces of a historic building in Athens, Greece.

E. T. Delegou, I. Ntoutsi, C. T. Kiranoudis, J. Sayas, A. Moropoulou

Backmatter

Titel: Advanced Materials for the Conservation of Stone
herausgegeben von: Ph.D. Majid Hosseini
Ph.D. Ioannis Karapanagiotis
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-72260-3
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72259-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72260-3

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