11. Advanced Simulation Technologies for Removal of Water Fluoride

This study shows how fluoride can be removed from drinking water using a lot of techniques. For instance, membrane separation process, ion exchange, adsorption procedures, coagulation-precipitation and the numerically technique magneto-hydrodynamics model. The problem is taken into consideration for two-dimensional planer parallel flow in the magneto-hydrodynamics model. The behaviour of finely dispersed impurities contaminants is illustrated using the drift–diffusion approximation. Because of the high establishment and maintenance cost, membrane and ion exchange techniques are not so common. In India, two more methods are frequently used. The Nalgonda method is one of well-known approaches widely employed in underdeveloped nations, such as India, Kenya, Senegal and Tanzania, for DE fluoridating water. The adsorption technique is widely employed, produces positive results and is undoubtedly a more appealing approach for fluoride removal in the form of cost, simplicity of concept and operation among the several ways for DE fluoridating water. Environmental Protection Agency data show that fluoride is a contaminant that encourages pollution in public drinking water and can be harmful to human health. As per World Health Organization and Water Conservation Agency, maximum pollution of fluoride that has few negative effects has been set at 1.5 mg fluoride per litre. Fluoride can be found both naturally and chemically, however leading sources of fluoride in the human body are pesticides, drinking water, and dental products. Fluoride can influence the human body in a variety of ways, including metabolic and nutritional problems. Fluoride has a number of negative health effects on humans, including dental effects, musculoskeletal effects such as bone fractures and skeletal fluorosis, reproductive and development effects, neurobehavioral and neurotoxicity effects, endocrine effects, as well as some effects on the kidneys and immune system.