All-solid-state formation of titania nanotube arrays and their application in photoelectrochemical water splitting

The present work demonstrates for the first time the facile fabrication of TiO₂ nanotube arrays (TNTAs) by a fluoride-free solid-state anodization process using LiClO₄ containing solid polymeric electrolyte. The resulting nanotubes were tested for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The elimination of liquid electrolytes in electrochemical anodization constitutes a paradigm shift for the formation of nanoporous and nanotubular metal oxides. Our results open a new area of research that uses the distinctive properties of solid polymer electrolytes to achieve targeted doping and nano-morphologies. Characterization of the grown TNTAs indicated solid state anodized TNTAs to consist purely of the anatase phase of titania. The solid-state anodization process provides several advantages over conventional liquid electrolytes such as easy handling and processing, better charge transport, environmentally benign chemicals and methodology. Photoelectrochemical water splitting experiments were performed which confirmed the viability of TNTAs grown by the new solid-state process for photocatalytic applications.