Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Wireless Personal Communications 2/2019

17.05.2019

An Extremely Safe Low-SAR Antenna with Study of Its Electromagnetic Biological Effects on Human Head

verfasst von: Amirhossein Nazeri, A. Abdolali, M. Mehdi

Erschienen in: Wireless Personal Communications | Ausgabe 2/2019

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

In this paper, a new low-Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) antenna is proposed for the sake of safe communication in all situations. The proposed antenna involves a Microstrip patch antenna and a metallic casing loop which leads to SAR reduction. The structure operates at 0.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz which produces 0.52 W/kg and 0.25 W/kg SAR value on the human head, respectively. Then, in order to guarantee the antenna safety feature, the experiments are carried out when the human wear an earring. The impact of metallic earrings in different sizes on SAR distribution is investigated. Also, the antenna orientation and rotation effect is considered in detail. It is concluded that the change of Antenna position or use of metallic earrings makes an extremely significant impact on SAR value. But, the results of the presented antenna demonstrate that the produced SAR value in all positions, do not exceed the safe rate. It makes the antenna a suitable candidate for employing in most telecommunication applications.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Faruque, M. R. I., Islam, M. T., & Misran, N. (2011). Analysis of electromagnetic absorption in mobile phones using metamaterials. Electromagnetics, 31, 215–232.CrossRef Faruque, M. R. I., Islam, M. T., & Misran, N. (2011). Analysis of electromagnetic absorption in mobile phones using metamaterials. Electromagnetics, 31, 215–232.CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Anderson, V. (2003). Comparisons of peak SAR levels in concentric sphere head models of children and adults for irradiation by a dipole at 900 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 48, 3263.CrossRef Anderson, V. (2003). Comparisons of peak SAR levels in concentric sphere head models of children and adults for irradiation by a dipole at 900 MHz. Physics in Medicine and Biology, 48, 3263.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat W. H. Organization, “Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones,” October 2014. W. H. Organization, “Electromagnetic fields and public health: mobile phones,” October 2014.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Khurana, V. G., Teo, C., Kundi, M., Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2009). Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surgical Neurology, 72, 205–214.CrossRef Khurana, V. G., Teo, C., Kundi, M., Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2009). Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Surgical Neurology, 72, 205–214.CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Frei, P., et al. (2011). Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: Update of Danish cohort study. BMJ, 343, d638. Frei, P., et al. (2011). Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: Update of Danish cohort study. BMJ, 343, d638.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat IEEE Std C95.1-2005. (2006). Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. In IEEE standard. IEEE Std C95.1-2005. (2006). Safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. In IEEE standard.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang, T., et al. (2008). Cellular-phone and hearing-aid interaction: An antenna solution. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50(3), 51–65.CrossRef Yang, T., et al. (2008). Cellular-phone and hearing-aid interaction: An antenna solution. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 50(3), 51–65.CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz—Amendment 1: Specifies Ceiling Limits for Induced and Contact Current, Clarifies Distinctions between Localized Exposure and Spatial Peak Power Density. IEEE Std C95.1a-2010, pp. C19, 2010. IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz—Amendment 1: Specifies Ceiling Limits for Induced and Contact Current, Clarifies Distinctions between Localized Exposure and Spatial Peak Power Density. IEEE Std C95.1a-2010, pp. C19, 2010.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Anguera, J., Andujar, A., Huynh, M. C., Orlenius, C., & Puente, C. (2013). Advances in antenna technology for wireless handheld devices. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 27–34.CrossRef Anguera, J., Andujar, A., Huynh, M. C., Orlenius, C., & Puente, C. (2013). Advances in antenna technology for wireless handheld devices. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 27–34.CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Behari, J. (2010). Biological responses of mobile phone frequency exposure. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 959–981. Behari, J. (2010). Biological responses of mobile phone frequency exposure. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 48, 959–981.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Fung, L., Leung, S., & Chan, K. (2002). An investigation of the SAR reduction methods in mobile phone applications. In IEEE international symposium on electromagnetic compatibility, 2002 (pp. 656–661). Fung, L., Leung, S., & Chan, K. (2002). An investigation of the SAR reduction methods in mobile phone applications. In IEEE international symposium on electromagnetic compatibility, 2002 (pp. 656–661).
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirata, A., Sugiyama, H., & Fujiwara, O. (2009). Estimation of core temperature elevation in humans and animals for whole-body averaged SAR. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 99, 53–70.CrossRef Hirata, A., Sugiyama, H., & Fujiwara, O. (2009). Estimation of core temperature elevation in humans and animals for whole-body averaged SAR. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 99, 53–70.CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Whittow, W., Panagamuwa, C. J., Edwards, R., & Vardaxoglou, J. C. (2007). Specific absorption rate in the human head due to circular metallic circular disks at 1800 MHz. In Antenna and Propagation Conference (pp 277–280). Whittow, W., Panagamuwa, C. J., Edwards, R., & Vardaxoglou, J. C. (2007). Specific absorption rate in the human head due to circular metallic circular disks at 1800 MHz. In Antenna and Propagation Conference (pp 277–280).
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Nikolovski, M., Munteanu, I., Cassara, A. M., & Weiland, T. (2014). Impact of ring and circular disks on the SAR distribution due to mobile phone exposure. In Antenna and Propagation Conference UK, November 2014. Nikolovski, M., Munteanu, I., Cassara, A. M., & Weiland, T. (2014). Impact of ring and circular disks on the SAR distribution due to mobile phone exposure. In Antenna and Propagation Conference UK, November 2014.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Fayos-Fernandes, J., Arranz-Faz, C., Martinez Gonzalez, A., & Sanchez-Hernandez, D. (2006). Effect of pierced metallic objects on SAR distributions at 900 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics, 27, 337–353.CrossRef Fayos-Fernandes, J., Arranz-Faz, C., Martinez Gonzalez, A., & Sanchez-Hernandez, D. (2006). Effect of pierced metallic objects on SAR distributions at 900 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics, 27, 337–353.CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tay, R., Balzano, Q., & Kuster, N. (1998). Dipole configurations with strongly improved radiation efficiency for hand-held transceivers. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, 46, 798–806.CrossRef Tay, R., Balzano, Q., & Kuster, N. (1998). Dipole configurations with strongly improved radiation efficiency for hand-held transceivers. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, 46, 798–806.CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Samsuri, N. A., & Flint, J. A. (2008). A study on the effect of loop-like jewelry items worn on human hand on specific absorption rate (SAR) at 1900 MHz. In Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008. LAPC 2008, Loughborough, March 2008 (pp. 297–300). Samsuri, N. A., & Flint, J. A. (2008). A study on the effect of loop-like jewelry items worn on human hand on specific absorption rate (SAR) at 1900 MHz. In Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008. LAPC 2008, Loughborough, March 2008 (pp. 297–300).
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Samsuri, N. A., & Flint, J. (2008). A study on the effect of a metallic ring worn on human fingers using a simple scanable block hand phantom. In Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008. LAPC 2008, Loughborough, March 2008 (pp. 285–288). Samsuri, N. A., & Flint, J. (2008). A study on the effect of a metallic ring worn on human fingers using a simple scanable block hand phantom. In Antennas and Propagation Conference, 2008. LAPC 2008, Loughborough, March 2008 (pp. 285–288).
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Ikeuchi, R., & Hirata, A. (2011). Dipole antenna above EBG substrate for local SAR reduction. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 904–906.CrossRef Ikeuchi, R., & Hirata, A. (2011). Dipole antenna above EBG substrate for local SAR reduction. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 10, 904–906.CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kusuma, H., Sheta, A. F., Elshafley, I., Siddiqui, Z., Alkanhal, M. A., Aldosari, S., et al. (2011). A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 112, 23–40.CrossRef Kusuma, H., Sheta, A. F., Elshafley, I., Siddiqui, Z., Alkanhal, M. A., Aldosari, S., et al. (2011). A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 112, 23–40.CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamalaveni, A., & Madhan, M. G. (2016). A compact TRM antenna with high impedance surface for SAR reduction at 1800 MHz. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ), 70(9), 1192–1198.CrossRef Kamalaveni, A., & Madhan, M. G. (2016). A compact TRM antenna with high impedance surface for SAR reduction at 1800 MHz. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ), 70(9), 1192–1198.CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsai, C.-L., Chen, K., & Yang, C. (2015). Implantable wideband low-SAR antenna with C-shaped coupled ground. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 14, 1594–1597.CrossRef Tsai, C.-L., Chen, K., & Yang, C. (2015). Implantable wideband low-SAR antenna with C-shaped coupled ground. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 14, 1594–1597.CrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowell, C. R., & Murch, R. D. (1997). A capacitively loaded PIFA for compact mobile telephone handsets. IEEE Transactions On Antennas Propagation, 45(5), 837–842.CrossRef Rowell, C. R., & Murch, R. D. (1997). A capacitively loaded PIFA for compact mobile telephone handsets. IEEE Transactions On Antennas Propagation, 45(5), 837–842.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat il Kwak, S., et al. (2017). Design of PIFA with metamaterials for body-SAR reduction in wearable applications. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 59(1), 297–300.CrossRef il Kwak, S., et al. (2017). Design of PIFA with metamaterials for body-SAR reduction in wearable applications. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 59(1), 297–300.CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Karthik, V., & Rao, T. R. (2017). Investigations on SAR and thermal effects of a body wearable microstrip antenna. Wireless Personal Communications, 96(3), 3385–3401.CrossRef Karthik, V., & Rao, T. R. (2017). Investigations on SAR and thermal effects of a body wearable microstrip antenna. Wireless Personal Communications, 96(3), 3385–3401.CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Kumar, Vivek, & Gupta, Bharat. (2017). Design aspects of body-worn UWB antenna for body-centric communication: A review. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 5865–5895.CrossRef Kumar, Vivek, & Gupta, Bharat. (2017). Design aspects of body-worn UWB antenna for body-centric communication: A review. Wireless Personal Communications, 97(4), 5865–5895.CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gabriel, S., Lau, R. W., & Gabriel, C. (1996). The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 41(11), 2251. Gabriel, S., Lau, R. W., & Gabriel, C. (1996). The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz. Physics in Medicine & Biology, 41(11), 2251.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Hossain, M. I., Faruque, M. R. I., & Islam, M. T. (2015). A comparative study of electromagnetic absorption of PIFA and helical antenna in the human head, theory and applications of applied electromagnetics (pp. 167–174). Springer: Cham. Hossain, M. I., Faruque, M. R. I., & Islam, M. T. (2015). A comparative study of electromagnetic absorption of PIFA and helical antenna in the human head, theory and applications of applied electromagnetics (pp. 167–174). Springer: Cham.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang, Z. H., et al. (2014). A compact, low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna for wearable medical body-area network devices. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(8), 4021–4030.CrossRef Jiang, Z. H., et al. (2014). A compact, low-profile metasurface-enabled antenna for wearable medical body-area network devices. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 62(8), 4021–4030.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Islam, M. T., et al. (2015). Development of high gain multiband antenna with center offset copper strip based periodic structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(7), 1608–1614.CrossRef Islam, M. T., et al. (2015). Development of high gain multiband antenna with center offset copper strip based periodic structure. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(7), 1608–1614.CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Kusuma, A. H., et al. (2011). A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 112, 23–40.CrossRef Kusuma, A. H., et al. (2011). A new low SAR antenna structure for wireless handset applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 112, 23–40.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
An Extremely Safe Low-SAR Antenna with Study of Its Electromagnetic Biological Effects on Human Head
verfasst von
Amirhossein Nazeri
A. Abdolali
M. Mehdi
Publikationsdatum
17.05.2019
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Wireless Personal Communications / Ausgabe 2/2019
Print ISSN: 0929-6212
Elektronische ISSN: 1572-834X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06621-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2019

Wireless Personal Communications 2/2019 Zur Ausgabe

Neuer Inhalt