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Erschienen in:
Introduction: Innovative Reflections on Land Take Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

4. Approaches to Green Infrastructure and Ecological Preservation: Two Case Studies

verfasst von : Benedetta Giudice

Erschienen in: Planning and Design Perspectives for Land Take Containment

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This chapter explores the concept of GI with specific reference to two case studies in France and Italy. The French case study is the former Rhône-Alpes Region, with particular regard to the cities of Grenoble and Lyon. The Italian case studies are instead the Piedmont Region, with an analysis of some local experiences. These two Regions, which border one another, have similar multifaceted landscape assets. In this chapter, the topic of GI will be developed by highlighting the pros and cons of each experimentation. On the one hand, the Rhône-Alpes Region has opted for a GI project at different scales (from the SRCE to the plot scale), while the Piedmont Region has various GI projects not directly related to one to another.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Optimising Land Use: Insights from French and Italian Planning Experiences
Nächstes Kapitel Ecological Planning
Fußnoten
1
The reference is to the Rhône-Alpes Region, prior to the promulgation of Loi NOTRe, because the original SRCE was developed within the context of Rhône-Alpes and not Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. The region of Auvergne, indeed, has developed a different SRCE in 2015. Later, in April 2020, the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Region has approved its SRADDET (see Sect. 4.1.3 for a brief overview).
 
2
The Region has identified 302 geomorphological landscape units, gathered in 7 families, which corresponds to the increasing degree of human occupation in the territory, but they do not have a hierarchical value. These families are natural landscapes, natural landscapes for free time and leisure, agricultural landscapes, rural and heritage landscapes, emerging landscapes, landscapes marked by great settlements, urban and periurban landscapes (Alexis 2005).
 
3
Regarding metropolisation process, recent research (such as Halbert et al. 2012) on European urban systems analysed and categorised the different characteristics of Grenoble and Lyon metropolises and included them in two different typologies: Grenoble is indeed identified as an academic metropole (the only one in France), while Lyon is an economic metropole (together with Marseille, Nice, Strasbourg and Toulouse).
 
4
This experience was developed by the Organisme d’Étude et d’aménagement d’Aire Métropolitaine (OREAM) of Lyon-St-Étienne-Grenoble. It was the first time that planning activities in the agglomeration of Lyon were connected to its urban region and the near ones.
 
5
In the entire regional territory, there are 40 SCoTs approved.
 
6
This plan involved 115 municipalities.
 
7
Indeed, despite the high percentage of natural coverage (78%), between 2005 and 2015, there has been an increase of 465 ha of urbanised areas and a decrease of 567 ha of agricultural surfaces.
 
8
In this perspective, an interesting example is represented by the landscape of Grenoble’s faubourgs (literally, the suburbs). They are the result of the urban expansion of the nineteenth and twentieth century that accompanied industrial development. They represent spontaneous housing zones developed along roads.
 
9
Previous wide-area plans date back to 1978 (SDAU) and 1992 (SD).
 
10
To be mentioned, the departmental experience of the Réseau Écologique Départemental de l’Isère (REDI) in 2001 which takes the cue from the Swiss ecological network and, at the regional scale, the implementation of the Directive Territoriale d’Aménagement (DTA) of the Lyonnaise area with the introduction concept of Infrastructures Vertes et Bleues (IVB). The first experience’s methodology relies on theoretical modelling of the landscape structure, remarkable habitats and corridors. The collection of on-site data has been useful to develop a map of ecological networks of the Isère department that identifies localisation of fauna and information on possible obstacles. The experience of Lyonnaise IVB, instead, is a notable precursor of Grenelle dispositions as they intended to integrate the objectives of biodiversity preservation, landscape quality and liveability into planning tools.
 
11
Regions applied different methodologies to build the structure of TVB. To see a comparative analysis of these methodologies, see Amsallem et al. 2018.
 
12
The reference is to the SRCE of Rhône-Alpes, since both SCoTs have been approved before the approbation of the SRADDET.
 
13
This concept indicates the potential areas suitable for development.
 
14
The logic behind this choice is the already mentioned concept of inverser le regard.
 
15
These elements take the cue from the experience of DTA.
 
16
The elements of the green armour and their objectives are specified in the document of orientations and objectives (DOO), starting from the orientations given by DTA.
 
17
These areas include unalterable sites, sites of landscape interest, zones with high biodiversity value (Znieff – Zones Naturelles d’Intérêt Écologique, Faunistique et Floristique, they are constituted by the terrestrial, river and marine spaces). Znieff areas are divided into two categories: type 1 and type 2. The first type includes generally limited areas characterised by the presence of species and remarkable environments that are very sensitive to transformations; instead, type 2 is constituted by large natural environments that have been poorly subjected to modifications and offer significant biological potential.
 
18
Since the 1990s, the concept of Trame Verte, now incorporated into the national legislation, has been the subject of a specific approach in the Grand Lyon area. Thus, through the creation of the Ecology Mission, the then urban community has initiated a relevant work to identify environmental stakes. The Urban Ecology Charter, integrating the notion of the green thread, was adopted in 1992 and revised in 1997. Ten generic themes were identified: urban territories, periurban territories, water, waste, air, noise, energy, risks, observation and information. The Charter’s action plan was updated in the framework of the Agenda 21 approach in 2005 and then in a new version of the Charter in 2011. With similar TVB objectives, the ecological dimension of these spaces was already considered, even if the environments and how they function were not made explicit. Moreover, unlike today, the blue element was not clearly expressed, but watercourses were an integral part of the approach.
 
19
This discourse was already present in the 1990s, when the metropolitan area of Lyon, the municipalities and the Rhône Departmental Council gathered to construct a policy of Projets Nature. With local stakeholders’ participation (e.g. farmers and nature conservation associations), 11 projects had come into being in 10 years. Currently, they are 14 covering more than 15.000 hectares.
 
20
Its boundaries correspond more or less to the current Metropolis.
 
21
These proposed urban projects represent just a small selection of all the projects in Lyon. To have a look at all the projects insisting in the city of Lyon, see https://​www.​grandlyon.​com/​projets/​projets-urbains.​html
 
22
Recently, both urban parks have undergone important renewal interventions. Parc Blandan was originally a military zone. Some of the military buildings have been restored and refunctionalised (e.g. in university campuses), while others have been demolished as their structure was in a poor state of conservation.
 
23
The Perrache railway station is currently undergoing a general retrofitting project that will provide a sense of continuity between public spaces.
 
24
This ZAC includes the realisation of the neighbourhood of Sainte-Blandine, the banks of the Saône river, the headquarters of the new region of Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and the new museum of the Confluence.
 
25
The masterplan of this second zone was entrusted to the group of architects of Herzog & de Meuron and Michel Desvigne.
 
26
Through the programme “Climat, énergie et infrastructures durables”, the association of WWF France has engaged itself at the local scale to accompany cities in the transition to a more sustainable future. Together with the Metropolis of Grand Lyon, they signed an agreement of partnership for five years.
 
27
This plan is based on the ten principles of sustainability of WWF “One Planet Living”, to reinvent cities in the current framework of limited natural resources.
 
28
It was first assigned to Claude Vasconi and after to the architect Christian de Portzamparc.
 
29
The Corona Verde project connects through a green belt the system of Corona di Delitiae delle Residenze Reali, the Residences of the Royal House of Savoy in the city of Turin and in the neighbouring municipalities, built between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. This system is inscribed in the WHL of UNESCO.
 
30
The first edition was published in 2013 and it represented only an orientative document. Instead, the second edition, differently from the first one, was approved by the Regional Council in 2015.
 
31
Under the scientific coordination of prof. Carlo Alberto Barbieri.
 
32
Occupation des sols et développement durable du territoire sur l’arc méditerranéen.
 
33
Agenzia Nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile.
 
34
See Voghera and Giudice (2019) to have an overview on other methodologies based upon the definition of specific indicators.
 
35
These experimentations have been tested by the Politecnico di Torino, under the scientific coordination by prof. Angioletta Voghera, in collaboration with local authorities.
 
Literatur
Bobroff J (2011) La Caserne de Bonne a Grenoble: projet emblématique d’un developpement durable à la francaise. PUCA, Paris
Boino P (2007) Lyon: le territoire comme facteur de métropolisation. In: Motte A (ed) Les agglomérations françaises face aux défis métropolitains. Anthropos, Paris, pp 42–61
Giudice B (2017) Caratteri e criticità delle misure sul consumo di suolo in Piemonte. In: Arcidiacono A, Di Simine D, Oliva F, Ronchi S, Salata S (eds) La dimensione europea del consumo di suolo e le politiche nazionali. Rapporto CRCS 2017. INU Edizioni, Roma, pp 144–148
Halbert L, Cicille P, Rozenblat C (2012) Quelles métropoles en Europe? Des villes en réseau, Travaux n. 16. La documentation Française, Paris
Ingallina P (2004) Il progetto urbano. Dall’esperienza francese alla realtà italiana. Franco Angeli, Milano
Novarina G, Seigneuret N (eds) (2015) De la technopole à la métropole? L’exemple de Grenoble. Editions Le Moniteur, Paris
Novarina G, Seigneuret N (2016) L’alliance d’une stratégie d’ensemble aux détails de projets d’espaces publics: l’exemple de la métropole lyonnaise. In: Le Bras D, Seigneuret N, Talandier M (eds) Métropoles en chantier. Berger-Levrault, Boulogne Billancourt, pp 185–206
Pinson G (2006) Projets de ville et gouvernance urbaine. Pluralisation des espaces politiques et recomposition d’une capacité d’action collective dans les villes européennes. Revue française de science politique 56(4):619–651CrossRef
Voghera A, La Riccia L (2018) Ecological networks in urban planning: between theoretical approaches and operational measures. In: Calabrò F, Della Spina L, Bevilacqua C (eds) New metropolitan perspectives, Local knowledge and innovation dynamics towards territory attractiveness through the implementation of horizon/E2020/Agenda2030 volume 2. Springer, Cham, pp 672–680
Voghera A, Negrini G, La Riccia L, Guarini S (2017) Reti ecologiche nella pianificazione locale: Esperienze nella Regione Piemonte. Reticula 14:1–9
Metadaten
Titel
Approaches to Green Infrastructure and Ecological Preservation: Two Case Studies
verfasst von
Benedetta Giudice
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Planning and Design Perspectives for Land Take Containment

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-91065-5

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-91066-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91066-2_4