Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2010 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Aquatic Toxicology of Perfluorinated Chemicals

verfasst von : John P. Giesy, Jonathan E. Naile, Jong Seong Khim, Paul D. Jones, John L. Newsted

Erschienen in: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Verlag: Springer New York

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are fluorinated at all of the valence electrons of the carbon atoms in organic molecules, or at least a portion of the molecule is perfluorinated (Fig. 1). All PFCs are synthetic and many have been used in commercially available products or released as byproducts. A partial list of the compounds that are known to have been manufactured and/or released into the environment is given in Table 1. These compounds vary in structure, and thus exhibit different environmental fates and toxicities. Unfortunately, there is presently little information on the chemical–physical properties of most PFCs, and even less toxicity information is available on these compounds.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Nächstes Kapitel Occurrence and Fate of Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment
Literatur
3 M (2003) Environmental and health assessment of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and its salts. Prepared by 3 M Company with J. Moore (Holly house Inc., J. Rodricks and D. Turnbull (Environ Corp) and W. Warren Hicks (Cadmus Group). August 2003.
Ankley GT, Niemi, GJ, Lodge KB, Harris HJ, Beaver DL, Tillitt DE, Schwartz T, Giesy JP, Jones PD, Hagley C (1993) Uptake of planar polychlorinated biphenyls and 2,3,7, 8-substituted polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins by birds nesting in the lower Fox River and Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24:332–344.CrossRef
Ankley GT, Kuehl DW, Kahl MD, Jensen KM, Butterworth BC, Nichols JW (2004) Partial life-cycle toxicity and bioconcentration modeling of perfluorooctanesulfonate in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2745–2755.CrossRef
Barron MG, Hansen JA, Lipton J (2002) Association between contaminant tissue residues and effects in aquatic organisms. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 173:1–37.
Boudreau T, Sibley P, Mabury SA, Muir DCG, Solomon KR (2002) Toxicity of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids of different chain lengths to selected freshwater organisms. Department of Environmental Biology, Masters Thesis, University of Guelph, ON, p. 134.
Boudreau TM, Sibley PK, Mabury SA, Muir DCG, Solomon KR (2003a) Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on Selenastrum capricornutum, Chlorella vulgaris, Lemna gibba, Daphnia magna, and Daphnia pulicaria.Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44:307–313.CrossRef
Boudreau TM, Wilson CJ, Cheong WJ, Sibley PK, Mabury SA, Muir DCG, Solomon KR (2003b) Response of the zooplankton community and environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in aquatic microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2739–2745.CrossRef
Bowerman WW, Best DA, Grubb TG, Zimmerman M, Giesy JP (1998) Trends of contaminants and effects in bald eagles of the Great Lakes Basin. Environ Monitor Assess 53:197–212.CrossRef
CCME (1999) A protocol for the derivation of water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Canadian Environmental Quality Guideline. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Ottawa.
Chapman PM, Fairbrother A, Brown D (1998) Critical evaluation of safety (uncertainty) factors for ecological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:99–108.CrossRef
Condor JM, Hoke RA, De Wolf W, Russell MH, Buck RC (2008) Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 42:995–1003.CrossRef
Desjardins D, Sutherland CA, VanHoven RL, Krueger HO (2001a) PFOS: A 96-hr toxicity test with the freshwater alga (Anabaena flos-aquae). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project Number 454A-110B, EPA Docket AR226-0186.
Desjardins D, Sutherland CA, VanHoven RL, Krueger HO (2001b) PFOS: A 96-hr toxicity test with the marine diatom (Skeletonema costatum). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project Number 454A-113A, EPA Docket AR226-1030a056.
Desjardins D, Sutherland C, VanHoven RL, Krueger HO (2001c) PFOS: A 7-d toxicity test with duckweed (Lemna gibba G3). Wildlife International, Ltd. Project Number 454-111, EPA Docket AR226-1030a054.
Di Toro DM, McGarth JA, Hansen DJ (2000) Technical basis for narcotic chemicals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon criteria. I. Water and tissue. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:1951–1970.CrossRef
Dixon DA (2001) Fluorochemical decomposition process. Theory, modeling, and simulation. WR Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Lab., Pacific Northwest National Lab., Richmond, WA.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000a) PFOS: A 96-hr toxicity test with the freshwater alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project Number 454A-103A, EPA Docket AR226-0085.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000b) PFOS: A 48-hr static acute toxicity test with the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454A-104, EPA Docket AR226-0087.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000c) PFOS: A 96-hr static acute toxicity test with the freshwater mussel (Unio complanatus). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454A-105, EPA Docket AR226-0091.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000d) PFOS: A 96-hr static acute toxicity test with the saltwater mysid (Mysidopsis bahia). Wildlife International, Ltd. Project No. 454A-101, EPA Docket AR226-0095.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000e) PFOS: A 96-hr shell deposition test with the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454A-106, EPA Docket AR226-0089.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000f) PFOS: A semi-static life-cycle toxicity test with the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-109, EPA Docket AR226-0099.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000 g) PFOS: A flow through life-cycle toxicity test with the saltwater mysid (Mysidopsis bahia). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454A-107, EPA Docket AR226-0101.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000 h) PFOS: A 96-hr static acute toxicity test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454-102, EPA Docket AR226-0083.
Drottar KR, Krueger HO (2000i) PFOS: An early life-stage toxicity test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454-108, EPA Docket AR226-0097.
Drottar KR, VanHoven RL, Krueger HO (2001) Perfluorooctanesulfonate, potassium salt (PFOS): A flow-through bioconcentration test with the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454A-134, EPA Docket AR226-1030a042.
Ellefson M (2001a) Solubility of PFOS in natural seawater and an aqueous solution of 3.5% of sodium chloride. 3 M Company, 3 M Environmental Laboratory, Laboratory Project No. E00-1716, EPA Docket AR226-1030a026.
Ellefson M (2001b) Solubility of PFOS in octanol. 3 M Company, 3 M Environmental Laboratory, Laboratory Project No. E00-1716, EPA Docket AR226-1030a027.
Ellefson M (2001c) Solubility of PFOS in water. 3 M Company, 3 M Environmental Laboratory, Laboratory Project No. E00-1716, EPA Docket AR226-1030a025.
Ellefson M (2001d) Soil adsorption/desorption study of potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS). 3 M Company, 3 M Environmental Laboratory, Laboratory Project No. E00-1311, EPA Docket AR226-1030a030.
Fisk AT, Norstrom RJ, Cymbalisty CD, Muir DCG (1998) Dietary accumulation and depuration of hydrophobic organochlorines: Bioaccumulation parameters and their relationship with the octanol/water partition coefficient. Environ Toxicol Chem 17:951–961.CrossRef
Giesy JP, Ludwig JP, Tillitt DE (1994) Dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs and colonial fish-eating water birds. In: Schecter A (ed) Dioxin and health. New York, NY, Plenum Press, pp. 249–307.
Giesy JP, Kannan K (1998) Dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): Implications for risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 28:511–569.CrossRef
Giesy JP, Kannan K (2001) Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 35:1339–1342.CrossRef
Giesy JP, Kannan K (2002) Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 36:146A–152A.CrossRef
Giesy JP, Newsted JL (2001) Selected fluorochemicals in the Decatur Alabama Area. 3 M Report, Project No. 178041. EPA Docket AR226-1030a161.
Gledhill WE, Markley BJ (2000a) Microbial metabolism (biodegradation) studies of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). I. Activated sludge/sediment. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Lab ID Number 290.6120, EPA Docket AR226-1030a034.
Gledhill WE, Markley BJ (2000b) Microbial metabolism (biodegradation) studies of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). II. Aerobic soil biodegradation. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Lab ID Number 290.6120, EPA Docket AR226-1030a035.
Gledhill WE, Markley BJ (2000c) Microbial metabolism (biodegradation) studies of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). III. Anaerobic sludge biodegradation. Springborn Laboratories, Inc., Wareham, MA. Lab ID Number 290.6120, EPA Docket AR226-1030a036.
Goecke-Flora CM, Reo NV (1996) Influence of carbon chain length on the hepatic effects of perfluorinated fatty acids. Chem Res Toxicol 9:689–695.CrossRef
Hanson ML, Sibley PK, Brain RA, Mabury SA, Solomon R (2005) Microcosm evaluation of the toxicity and risk to aquatic macrophytes from perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48:329–337.CrossRef
Hatfield T (2001a) Screening studies on the aqueous photolytic degradation of potassium perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). 3 M Environmental Laboratory, Lab Request No. W2775, St. Paul, MN, EPA Docket AR226-1030a041.
Hatfield T (2001b) Hydrolysis reactions of perfluorooctane SULFONATE (PFOS). 3 M Environmental Laboratory, Lab Request No. W1878. St. Paul, MN, EPA Docket AR226-1030a039.
Hekster FM, Laane RWPM, de Voogt P (2003) Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 179:99–121.CrossRef
Hu W, Jones PD, Upham BL, Trosko JE, Lau C, Giesy JP (2002) Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated compounds in rat liver and dolphin kidney epithelial cell lines in vitro and Sprague-Dawley rats in vivo. Toxicol Sci 68:429–439.CrossRef
Jacobs RL, Nixon WB (1999) Determination of the melting point/melting range of PFOS. Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454C-106. EPA Docket AR226-0045.
Johnson JD, Gibson SJ, Ober RE (1984) Cholestyramine-enhanced fecal elimination of carbon-14 in rats after administration of ammonium [14-C] perfluorooctanoate and potassium [14-C] perfluorooctane sulfonate. Fund Applied Toxicol 4:972–976.CrossRef
Jones PD, Hu W, DeCoen W, Newsted JL, Giesy JP (2003) Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum protein. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:2639–2649.CrossRef
Kannan K, Tao L, Sinclair E, Paskva S, Jude DL, Giesy JP (2005) Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various levels in a Great Lakes food chain. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48:559–566.CrossRef
Kannan K, Franson JC, Bowerman WW, Hansen KJ, Jones PD, Giesy JP (2001b) Perfluorooctane sulfonate in fish-eating water birds including bald eagles and albatrosses. Environ Sci Technol 35: 3065–3070.CrossRef
Kannan K, Koistinen J, Beckmen K, Evans T, Gorzelany JF, Hansen KJ, Jones PD, Helle E, Nyman M, Giesy JP (2001a) Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals. Environ Sci Technol 35:1593–1598.CrossRef
Kleszczynski K, Gardzielewski P, Mulkiewicz E, Stepnowski P, Skladanowski AC (2007) Analysis of structure-cytotoxicity in vitro relationships (SAR) for perfluorinated carboxylic acids. Toxicol In Vitro 21:1206–1211.CrossRef
Kurume Laboratory (2001) Final report, Bioconcentration test of 2-perfluoroalkyl (C=4-14) ethanol [This test was performed using 2-(perfluorooctyl)-ethanol (Test substance number K-1518)] in carp. Kurume Laboratory, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan. EPA Docket AR226-1276.
Kurume Laboratory (2002) Final report, Biodegradation test of salt (Na, K, Li) of perfluoroalkyl (C=4-12) sulfonic acid, test substance number K-1520 (test number 21520). Kurume Laboratory, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan.
Lange CC (2001) The 35-d aerobic biodegradation study of PFOS. Pace Analytical Services, Minneapolis, MN. 3 M Project Number E01-0444. EPA Docket AR226-1030a040.
Langely AE (1990) Effects of perfluoro-n-decanoic acid on respiratory activity of isolated rat liver mitochondria. J Toxicol Environ Health 29:329–336.CrossRef
Lau C, Anitole K, Hodes C, Lai D, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Seed J (2007) Perfluoroalkyl acids: A review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol Sci 99:366–394.CrossRef
Leonards PEG, Zierikzee Y, Brinkman UATh, Cofino WP, van Straalen NM, van Hattum B (1997) The selective dietary accumulation of planar polychlorinated biphenyls in the otter (Lutra lutra). Environ Toxicol Chem 16:1807–1815.
MacDonald MM, Warne AL, Stock NL, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Sibley PK (2004) Toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoate to Chironomus tentans. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2116–2123.CrossRef
Martin JW, Mabury SA, O'Brian PJ (2005) Metabolic products and pathways of fluorotelomer alcohols in isolated rat hepatocytes. Chem Biol Interact 155:165–180.CrossRef
Martin JW, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Muir DCG (2003a) Dietary accumulation of perfluorinated acids in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22:189–195.
Martin JW, Mabury SA, Solomon K, Muir DCG (2003b) Bioconcentration and tissue distribution of perfluorinated acids in rainbow (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Environ Toxicol Chem 22:196–204.
McCarty LS, Mackay D (1993) Enhancing ecotoxicological modeling and assessment. Environ Sci Technol 27:1719–1728.CrossRef
Moody CA, Martin JW, Kwan WC, Muir DCG, Mabury SA (2001) Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of fire-fighting foam into Etobicoke Creek. Environ Sci Technol 36:545–551.CrossRef
Mulkiewicz E, Jastorff B, Skladanowski AC, Kleszczynski K, Stepnowski P (2007) Evaluation of the acute toxicity of perfluorinated carboxylic acids using eukaryotic cell lines, bacteria and enzymatic assays. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 23:279–285.CrossRef
Newsted JL, Beach SA, Gallagher SP, Giesy JP (2008) Acute and chronic effects of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) on the mallard and northern bobwhite quail. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54:535–545.CrossRef
Newsted JL, Coady KK, Beach SA, Butenhoff JL, Gallagher S, Giesy JP (2007) Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on mallard and northern bobwhite quail exposed chronically via the diet. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 23:1–9.CrossRef
NICNAS (2005) Potassium perfluorobutane sulfonate. Report to the National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme, Sydney Australia.
Oakes KD, Sibley PK, Martin JW, MacLean DD, Solomon KR, Mabury SA, Van Der Kraak GJ (2005) Short-term exposures of fish to perfluorooctane sulfonate: Acute effects on fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity, oxidative stress, and circulating sex steroids. Environ Contam Toxicol 24:1172–1181.
Obourn J, Frame SR, Bell RH, Longnecker DS, Elliott GS, Cook J (1997) Mechanisms for the pancreatic oncogenic effects of the peroxisome proliferator wyeth-14,643.Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 145:425–436.CrossRef
OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) (2002) Hazard assessment of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its salts. ENV/JM/RD 17/Final. 21 November, 2002. Paris, p. 362.
Ohmori K, Kudo N, Katayama K, Kawashima Y (2006) Comparison of the toxicokinetics between perfluorocarboxylic acids with different carbon chain length. Toxicol 184:135–140.CrossRef
Olson CT, Anderson ME (1983) The acute toxicity of perfluorooctanoic and perfluorodecanoic acids in male rats and effects on tissue fatty acids. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 70:362–372.CrossRef
Palmer SJ, Krueger HO (2001) PFOS: A frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus(FETAX). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454A-116. EPA Docket AR226-1030a057.
Palmer SJ, Van Hoven RL, Krueger HO (2002a) Perfluorooctanesulfonate, potassium salt (PFOS): A 96-hr static acute toxicity test with the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Wildlife International Ltd. Report No. 454A-145. EPA Docket AR226-1030a044.
Palmer SJ, van Hoven RL, Krueger HO (2002b) Perfluorooctanesulfonate, potassium salt (PFOS): A 96-hr static renewal acute toxicity test with the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus). Wildlife International Ltd. Report No. 454A-146A.
Phillips MM, Dinglasan-Panlilio MJA, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Sibley PK (2007) Fluorotelomer acids are more toxic than perfluorinated acids. Environ Sci Technol 41:7159–7163.CrossRef
RIVM (2001) Guidance document on deriving environmental risk limits in the Netherlands. In: Traas TP (ed) Report No. 601501 012. National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
Robertson JC (1986) Potential for environmental impact of AFA-6 surfactant. Beak Consultants Ltd. Missassauga, Ontario, Canada. EPA Docket AR226-1030a043.
Sargent J, Seffl R (1970) Properties of perfluorinated liquids. Fed Proc 29:1699–1703.
Schaefer EL, Flaggs RS (2000) PFOS: An activated sludge respiration inhibition test. Wildlife International, Ltd., Project No. 454E-101, EPA Docket AR226-0093.
Schnellmann RG, Manning RO (1990) Perfluorooctane sulfonamide: A structurally novel uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Acta 1016:344–348.CrossRef
Sohlenius AK, Andersson K, Bergstrand A, Spydevold O, De Pierre JW (1994) Effects of perfluorooctanoate, a potent peroxisome proliferator in rat, on morris hepatoma 7800C1 cells, a rat cell line. Biochem Biophys 1213:63–74.
Starkov A, Wallace KB (2002) Structural determinants of fluorochemicals-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 66:244–252.CrossRef
Sutherland CA, Krueger HO (2001) PFOS: A 96-hr toxicity test with the freshwater diatom (Navicula pelliculosa). Wildlife International, Ltd., Project Number 454A-112. EPA Docket AR226-1030a055.
Taniyasu S, Kannan K, Horii Y, Hanari N, Yamashita N (2003) A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate and related perfluorinated organic compounds in water, fish, birds, and humans from Japan. Environ Sci Technol 37:2634–2639.CrossRef
Tolls J, Haller M, Graaf ID, Thijssen MATC, Sijm DTHM (1997) Bioconcentration of LAS: Experimental determination and extrapolation to environmental mixtures. Environ Sci Technol 31:3426–3431.CrossRef
Tolls J, Sijm DJHM (1995) A preliminary evaluation of the relationship between bioconcentration and hydrophobicity for surfactants. Environ Toxicol Chem 14:1675–1685.CrossRef
Trosko JE, Rush RJ (1998) Epigenetic toxicology as toxicant-induced changes in signaling leading to altered gap junctional intercellular communication. Toxicol Lett 102/103:71–78.CrossRef
Upham BL, Deocampo ND, Wurl B,Trosko JE (1998) Inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by perfluorinated fatty acids is dependent on the chain length of the fluorinated tail. Int J Cancer 78:491–495.CrossRef
US EPA (1985) Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. PB-85-227049. US Environmental Protection Agency, NTIS, Springfield, VA, USA.
US EPA (1995) Final Water Quality Guidance for the Great Lakes System: Final Rule. Federal Register 60: 15366-15425. US EPA, Washington, DC, USA.
US EPA (2001) Perfluorooctyl sulfonates; proposed significant new use rule. Federal Register 65:62319–62333.
Van Hoven RL, Stenzel JI, Nixon WB (1999) Determination of the vapor pressure of PFOS using the spinning rotor gauge method. Wildlife International, Ltd., Project Number 454C-105. EPA Docket AR226-0048.
Wildlife International Ltd (2001a) PFBS: An activated sludge respiration test. Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454E-102A.
Wildlife International Ltd. (2001b) Perfluorobutane sulfonate, Potassium salt (PFBS): A 48-hour static acute toxicity test with the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-118A.
Wildlife International Ltd (2001c) Perfluorobutane sulfonate, potassium salt (PFBS): A 96-hour static acute toxicity test with the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-115.
Wildlife International Ltd. (2001d) Perfluorobutane sulfonate, Potassium salt (PFBS): A 96-hour static acute toxicity test with bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-114.
Wildlife International Ltd (2001e) PFBS: A 96-hour static acute toxicity test with the freshwater alga (Selenastrum capricornutum). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-129.
Wildlife International Ltd (2001f) PFBS: A 96-hour toxicity test with the saltwater mysid (Mysiodopsis bahia). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-128.
Wildlife International Ltd (2001g) PFBS: A semi-static life-cycle toxicity test with the cladoceran (Daphnia magna). Wildlife International Ltd., Project No. 454A-130.
Yamada T, Taylor PH (2003) Laboratory-scale thermal degradation of perfluoro-octanyl sulfonate and related substances. Environmental Sciences and Engineering Group, University of Dayton, Research Institute, Dayton, OH.
Metadaten
Titel
Aquatic Toxicology of Perfluorinated Chemicals
verfasst von
John P. Giesy
Jonathan E. Naile
Jong Seong Khim
Paul D. Jones
John L. Newsted
Copyright-Jahr
2010
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-1156-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4419-1157-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2010

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1157-5_1