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Erschienen in:
2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
Asynchronous Approvals and the Low Level Presence of Unapproved GM Products in Imports: How “Tolerant” Should Small Countries Be?
verfasst von : Guillaume P. Gruère
Erschienen in: The Coexistence of Genetically Modified, Organic and Conventional Foods
Verlag: Springer New York
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Abstract
This chapter analyzes the economic effects of different implementation options of low level presence policies to cope with asynchronous approval of GM events in the case of small countries. A simple analytical model is developed to identify factors for consideration in the design of regulations and apply it to the case of Vietnam. The model shows that the tolerance level, the delay for LLP approval, the delay for full approval, and the degree of trust in exporter’s regulations are three determinant factors. In the case of Vietnam, the total cost of having a rapid approval for GM events approved in five developed countries is estimated to amount to USD18 million. In the longer term, additional costs for zero tolerance level range from a few USD million to over 50 million per year. These costs need to be compared to the perceived benefits of implementing a zero tolerance policy.