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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Authoritarian Legacy of Twofold Constitutionalism and Its Informal Practices of Politicized Justice in the Former Soviet Republics

verfasst von : Artem Galushko

Erschienen in: Politically Motivated Justice

Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press

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Abstract

This chapter seeks to determine what roles totalitarian legacies and their informal practices of politicized justice played in shaping post-communist constitutional developments in the former Soviet republics. In order to illustrate the impact and functions of the communist authoritarian practices in the former Soviet Union, the chapter proceeds with an analysis of the main differences between trials related to politics (political trials) in Western democracies and in transitional former Soviet republics. I provide a concise overview of each trial by conducting a comparative legal analysis of cases selected from Ukraine, Belarus, Germany and Austria. The concluding section compares roles traditionally played by political trials in established democracies with the roles played by such trials in post-Soviet societies that inherited practices of politicized justice from their communist past. Finally, it offers a list of legal criteria to evaluate future allegations about politically motivated justice.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Origins of Communist Politically Motivated Criminal Justice

Deutsche Welle 2014a.

The Irish Times 2013.

Ibid.

Smale 2013.

Tovrov 2012.

Ibid.

Tovrov 2012.

The Irish Times 2013.

Tovrov 2012.

The Irish Times 2013.

Steininger 2012.

The Irish Times 2013.

Eddy 2014.

Deutsche Welle 2014b.

Ibid.

Bligh 2014.

CNN 2003.

See the Constitution of Germany, das Grundgesetz, available at https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html#p0120. Accessed 26 December 2020.

German Constitutional Court, application to establish the unconstitutionality of the National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD) and to dissolve it, Judgement pursuant to Article 21(2) of the Basic Law (Grundgesetz—GG), Article 93(1) no. 5 GG, § 13 no. 2 and §§ 43 et seq. of the Federal Constitutional Court Act, 17 January 2017, Case No. 2 BvB 1/13 (NPD 2017). Press Release No. 4/2017 of 17 January 2017, 2 BvB 1/13. https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2017/bvg17-004.html. Accessed 26 December 2020.

Ibid.

Theil 2017.

Ibid.

NPD 2017, above no 19. Press Release No. 4/2017 of 17 January 2017, 2 BvB 1/13. https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2017/bvg17-004.html. Accessed 26 December 2020.

Ibid.

See Article 21 (Political Parties), Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (das Grundgesetz), available in English: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/. Accessed 26 December 2020.

Ibid.

Theil 2017.

Ibid.

Theil 2017.

German Constitutional Court, Resolution, Application made by the NPD against Bundestag, Bundesrat and Federal Government Unsuccessful, Press Release No. 15/2013 of 5 March 2013, Order of 20 February 2013, 2 BvE 11/12. https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2013/bvg13-015.html. Accessed 26 December 2020.

Ibid.

The Local 2015.

American Renaissance 2009.

Kern 2011.

American Renaissance 2009.

Gates of Vienna 2009.

Ibid.

Article 13 of the Basic State Law on the General Rights of Citizens. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/1443/Austr_Const_1867.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Accessed 26 December 2020.

Gates of Vienna 2009.

The Local 2015.

Gates of Vienna 2009.

The Local 2015.

Ibid.

Adrian Severin from Romania, Zoran Thaler from Slovenia and Pablo Zalba from Spain.

Shields 2013.

Pop 2012.

Shields 2013.

Pop 2012.

Ibid.

Shields 2013.

Pop 2012.

Ibid.

Shields 2013.

See the reasoning of the Supreme Court of Austria in Ernst Strasser’s case available in German. The Austrian Supreme Court, the case of Ernst Strasser, Judgement pursuant to § 266 Abs 1 Strafprozeßordnung 1975 (StPO), 13 October 2014, Case No. 17Os30/14m (Strasser 2014). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Justiz&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20141013_OGH0002_0170OS00030_14M0000_000. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Shields 2013.

Ibid.

The Austrian Supreme Court, the case of Ernst Strasser, Judgement pursuant to § 266 Abs 1 Strafprozeßordnung 1975 (StPO), 13 October 2014, Case No. 17Os30/14m (Strasser 2014). https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Justiz&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20141013_OGH0002_0170OS00030_14M0000_000. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Ms. Tymoshenko received support of 45.47% of voters (11,593,357 votes), while Viktor Yanukovytch received 48.95% (12,480,335 votes), the OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report, available at www.osce.org/odihr/elections/ukraine/67844. Accessed 27 December 2020.

A national survey conducted by the Razumkov Center in 2013. https://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/poll-one-in-three-ukrainians-thinks-tymoshenko-is-opposition-leader-323938.html. Accessed 27 December 2020.

A statement from 31 January 2013 by Mr. Andrij Bychenko, the Director of Sociological Service of the Razumkov Centre, available at https://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/expert.php?news_id=3867. (link no longer active).

BBC News Europe 2010.

Jurist 2011.

Telegraph 2012.

“Lawyer of former Ukraine PM Yulia Tymoshenko ‘faces criminal charges’” from 21 January 2013, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/21/ukraine-tymoshenko-lawyer-criminal-charges. Accessed 27 December 2020.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Ivashchenko v. Ukraine, 26 October 2012, Case No. 41303/11 (Ivashchenko 2012).

ECtHR, Lutsenko v Ukraine 2012, 3 July 2012, Case No. 6492/11 (Lutsenko 2012).

ECtHR, ‘Makarenko v. Ukraine’, Application No. 622/11.

ECtHR, ‘Korniychuk v. Ukraine’, 30 April 2018, Case No. 10042/11 (Korniychuk 2018).

Herszenhorn 2013.

See the European Parliament resolution of 9 June 2011 on Ukraine. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/document/activities/cont/201106/20110620ATT21953/20110620ATT21953EN.pdf. Accessed 27 December 2020.

See the 2012 Country Report on Human Rights and Practices of the US Department of State released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/#wrapper. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Danish Helsinki Committee for Human Rights 2011.

Tymoshenko 2013, 30 April 2013, Case No. 49872/11. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-119382#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-119382%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

ECtHR, Tymoshenko v. Ukraine no. 2, Application no. 65656/12. The ECtHR’s decided to strike the application out of its list of cases, 16 December 2014, Decision pursuant to Article 39 (friendly settlements). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-150832%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 46, para 209.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 48, para 217.

The Report to the Ukrainian Government on the visit to Ukraine carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 29 November to 6 December 2011 [CPT/Inf (2012) 30], paras 48–49. https://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/ukr/2012-30-inf-eng.htm. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 48, para 215.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83. See a press-release on the judgment in the Case ‘Tymoshenko v. Ukraine’ from 30.04.2013, available at https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng-press/pages/search.aspx?i=003-4343134-5208270. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, pp. 53–54, para 241.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83. Judges Spielmann, Villiger and Nussberger wrote a joint dissenting opinion, in which they argued that Tymoshenko’s ill-treatment constituted a violation of Article 3 ECHR. The joint dissenting opinion in the case ‘Tymoshenko v. Ukraine’, p 72. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-119382#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-119382%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 57, para 258.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), Yeloyev v. Ukraine, 6 February 2009, Case No. 17283/02 (Yeloyev 2009); ECtHR, Doronin v. Ukraine, 19 February 2009, Case No. 16505/02 (Doronin 2009); ECtHR, Solovey and Zozulya v. Ukraine, 27 November 2008, Case Nos. 40774/02 and 4048/03 (Solovey and Zozulya 2008).

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 60, para 278.

ECtHR, Molodorych v. Ukraine, 28 January 2011, Case No. 2161/02 (Molodorych 2009). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22appno%22:[%222161/02%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-101327%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 63, para 292.

Gusinskiy v. Russia, no. 70276/01, § 75, 19 May 2004.

100

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 67, para 300.

101

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, the Joint Concurring Opinion, p. 69.

102

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, the Joint Concurring Opinion, p. 69.

103

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, the Joint Concurring Opinion, p. 69.

104

See the Ukraine Country Report on Human Rights and Practices of the US Department of State released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor on 8 April 2011. https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eur/154456.htm. Accessed 27 December 2020.

105

The Joint Concurring Opinion in Tymoshenko v. Ukraine, p. 70. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-119382#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-119382%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

106

The Press Release from 22 January 2015, ECHR 023 (2015). https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng-press/pages/search.aspx?i=003-4988882-6120225. Accessed 27 December 2020.

107

Malkin and Raziye 2015.

108

109

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx#%7B%22appno%22:[%226492/11%22]%7D. Accessed 27 December 2020.

110

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

111

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76, p. 27, para 65.

112

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

113

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

114

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76, pp. 26–27, para 69.

115

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

116

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

117

ECtHR, Kharchenko v. Ukraine, 10 February 2011, Case No. 40107/02 (Kharchenko 2011), para 98.

118

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76, p. 87, para 31.

119

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

120

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

121

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76, p. 33, para 97.

122

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

123

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

124

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

125

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76.

126

RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty 2013.

127

Office for Democratic Inst. and Human Rights, Org. for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Republic of Belarus Presidential Election, 19 December 2010, OSCE/ODHIR Election Observation Mission Final Report, 4 (22 February, 2011). https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/75713. Accessed 27 December 2020.

128

Parfitt 2010.

129

Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

130

Article 35(2) (b) (Admissibility) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 22 August 2020.

131

Article 35(1) (Admissibility) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 22 August 2020.

132

133

OSCE Trial Monitoring Report, 66-68. In: Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

134

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 27 December 2020.

135

ECtHR, Ladent v. Poland, 18 March 2008, Case No. 11036/03 (Ladent 2008); ECtHR, Ambruszkiewicz v. Poland, 4 May 2006, Case No. 38797/03 (Ambruszkiewicz 2006).

136

Mikalai Statkevich v. Belarus, Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Opinion No. 13/2011, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/WGAD/2011/13 (2011). https://hrlibrary.umn.edu/wgad/13-2011.html. Accessed 27 December 2020.

137

Kharchenko 2011, above n 117.

138

OSCE Trial Monitoring Report, 148–154. In: Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

139

Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 30. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

140

Amnesty International Report, Security, Peace and Order?, p. 11. In: Individual communication in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 30. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

141

Individual communication in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 30. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

142

OSCE Trial Monitoring Report, 159–160. In Individual communication in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

143

Individual communication in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 26. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Individual communication in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

148

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 22 August 2020.

149

Individual communication in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 17, available at https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

150

Ibid.

151

Ibid.

152

OSCE Trial Monitoring Report, 148–154. In Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

153

Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 27, available at https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

154

ECtHR, Ireland v. The United Kingdom, 13 December 1977, Case No. 5310/71 (Ireland v. The United Kingdom 1977), para 162.

155

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 45, para 197.

156

ECtHR, Assenov and Others v. Bulgaria, 28 October 1998, Case No. 24760/94 (Assenov and Others 1998), para 102.

157

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, p. 54, para 234.

158

ECtHR, Tanrıkulu v. Turkey, 8 July 1999, Case no. 23763/94 (Tanrıkulu 1999), para 104.

159

“Even though other suspects testified about the detention conditions and torture by KGB officers, authorities refused to review testimonies and to open an investigation. Article 12 of the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 10 December 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85, says the state “shall ensure that its competent authorities proceed to a prompt and impartial investigation, where there is reasonable ground to believe that an act of torture has been committed…The State did not comply with this obligation in Mr. Statkevich’s case.” In: Individual communication to the United Nations Human Rights Committee in the Case of Mikalai Statkevich against the Republic of Belarus, p. 27, available at https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Statkevich-UNHRC-Petition-FINAL-15-Nov-2013.pdf. (link no longer active).

160

ECtHR, Gusinskiy v Russia, 19 May 2004, Case No. 70276/01 (Gusinsky 2004) para 75.

161

ECtHR, Khodorkovskiy v Russia, 31 May 2011, Case No. 5829/04 (Khodorkovskiy 2011), para 142. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-104983#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-104983%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

162

Khodorkovskiy 2011, above n 161, p. 65, para 260.

163

See the Media Release: Belarusian Politician Mikalai Statkevich Released From Prison, 22 August 2015. https://www.freedom-now.org/news/media-release-belarusian-politician-mikalai-statkevich-released-from-prison/. Accessed 27 December 2020.

164

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 5, p. 2. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

165

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 8, pp. 2–3. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

166

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 8, pp. 2–3. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

167

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 27 December 2020.

168

Petition To: United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Human Rights Council United Nations General Assembly, In the Matter of Andrei Sannikov, Citizen of Belarus v. Government of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Petition-re-Andrei-Sannikov-15.09.11.pdf. (link no longer active).

Charter ’97 2011a.

Ibid.

Kharchenko 2011, above n 117, para 98.

173

174

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 12, p. 30. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 12, p. 3. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

Charter’97 2011b.

Ibid.

Amnesty International: Four Convicted. Petition To: United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Human Rights Council United Nations General Assembly, In the Matter of Andrei Sannikov, Citizen of Belarus v. Government of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Petition-re-Andrei-Sannikov-15.09.11.pdf. (link no longer active).

185

186

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 12, p. 3. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

187

188

189

For instance, when Sannikov and other protestors were arrested, President Lukashenko made a public statement, “That’s enough of that. There won’t be any more silly democracy, muddle-headed democracy in the country.” In Amnesty International Report, Petition To: United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, Human Rights Council United Nations General Assembly, In the Matter of Andrei Sannikov, Citizen of Belarus v. Government of Belarus. https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Petition-re-Andrei-Sannikov-15.09.11.pdf. (link no longer active).

190

Communication addressed to the Government on 9 February 2012 Concerning Andrei Sannikov, Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its sixty-third session, 30 April–4 May 2012, No. 14/2012 (Belarus), para 35, p. 6, available at https://www.freedom-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Sannikov-UNWGAD-Opinion-5.4.12.pdf. (link no longer active).

191

In particular, fundamental freedoms of peaceful assembly and association stipulated under Articles 21 and 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted and opened for signature 16 December 1966 (entered into force 23 March 1976); Article 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), adopted and proclaimed by UN General Assembly Resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948 during the 183rd plenary meeting, and Article 35 and 36 of the Constitution of Belarus, the right to a fair trial under Article 14 of the ICCPR, Articles 10 and 11 of the UDHR and Article 26 of the Constitution of Belarus as well as the freedom of thought and expression under Articles 18 and 19 of the ICCPR and UDHR and Article 33 of the Constitution.

192

In particular, ECtHR Ilgar Mammadov v Azerbaijan, 22 May 2014, Case No. 15172/13; ECtHR, Tymoshenko v Ukraine, 30 April 2013, Case No. 49872/11; ECtHR, Lutsenko v Ukraine, 3 July 2012, Case No. 6492/11; ECtHR, Khodorkovskiy v Russia, 31 May 2011, Case No. 5829/04 and ECtHR, Gusinskiy v Russia, 19 May 2004, Case No. 70276/01.

193

In all cases selected for this book from Belarus and Ukraine (‘Tymoshenko v Ukraine’ App no 49872/1 and ‘Lutsenko v Ukraine’ App no 6492/11 from Ukraine, Mikalai Statkevich and Andrei Sannikov from Belarus), the detained opposition leaders have been detained before or shortly after the beginning of their politicized show trials. Ukrainian and Belarus courts routinely rejected, without giving any specific reasons, the defendants’ applications for measures alternative to detention.

194

Bligh 2014.

195

Khodorkovskiy 2011, above n 161, p. 62, para 251.

196

Khodorkovskiy 2011, above n 161, p. 62, para 251. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx#{%22appno%22:[%225829/04%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001104983%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

197

See, for example, the report prepared by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) on the visit to Ukraine from 29 November to 6 December 2011, which addressed issues of alleged torture and outlined problems related to the provision of medical treatment to then imprisoned leaders of the Ukrainian opposition Ms. Tymoshenko and Mr. Lutsenko. https://rm.coe.int/1680698448. Accessed 27 December 2020.

198

See also the request made by the European Court of Human Rights under Rule 39 of its Rules of Court on 15 March 2012, “indicating to the Ukrainian Government that her medical treatment in an appropriate institutionalised setting should be ensured.” A press-release on the judgment in the Case ‘Tymoshenko v. Ukraine’ d.d. 30 April 2013. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng-press/pages/search.aspx?i=003-4343134-5208270. Accessed 27 December 2020.

199

See the final judgment in the case “Khodorkovskiy v. Russia”, p. 65, para 260, available at https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22tabview%22:[%22document%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-104983%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

200

Ibid.

201

Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, the Joint Concurring Opinion.

202

Lutsenko 2012, above n 76, pp. 26–27, para 69. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx#%7B%22appno%22:[%226492/11%22]%7D. Accessed 27 December 2020.

203

For instance, although the former German President Christian Wulff had to resign from his position as a result of media criticism, which questioned his work ethics, the German court acquitted him of all charges after a long trial. In Tovrov 2014. See also “the Former German President Wulff acquitted on corruption charges,” 27 February 2014, https://www.dw.com/en/former-german-president-wulff-acquitted-on-corruption-charges/a-17460629. Accessed 27 December 2020.

204

For example, the senior Austrian politician Ernst Strasser, whose case was reviewed in this book, was found guilty on charges of bribery and corruption and sentenced to four years in jail, lost the final appeal against his sentence. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court of Austria still reduced Strasser’s sentence to three years. See the reasoning of the Supreme Court of Austria in Ernst Strasser’s case available in German: https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/Dokument.wxe?Abfrage=Justiz&Dokumentnummer=JJT_20141013_OGH0002_0170OS00030_14M0000_000. Accessed 27 December 2020.

205

The best example would be the case of Ilgar Mammadov, whose right to the presumption of innocence guaranteed under Article 6 § 2 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECtHR) was violated when the Prosecutor General and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Azerbaijan issued a press statement, which alleged Mammadov’s guilt before his trial was conducted. See the final judgment ‘Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan’ para 143. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"appno":["15172/13"],"itemid":["001-144124"]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

206

See the Statement from 22 January 2015 by the ECtHR on the friendly settlement and the Ukrainian Government’s declaration in which they admitted that the criminal prosecution of Ms Tymoshenko had been politically motivated and in which they acknowledged a violation of her Convention rights, available at https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-150832%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020. See also Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83.

207

See the Press Release of the European Court of Human Rights from 30.04.2013. Former Prime Minister of Ukraine was arbitrarily detained. http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/webservices/content/pdf/003-4343134-5208270. Accessed 27 December 2020.

208

See Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, the Joint Concurring Opinion by Judges Jungwiert, Nussberger and Potocki.

209

See “Former Minister Now a Prison Librarian”, 18 November 2014. https://www.thelocal.at/20141118/former-minister-now-a-prison-librarian. Accessed 27 December 2020.

210

See Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, para 214. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-119382#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-119382%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

“Government representatives also argued in Tymoshenko’s case that her “cell had been equipped with a supply of hot and cold water, a separate toilet and a washing stand with a tap and had been equipped with central heating…The Government observed that while, according to the general rule, each detainee was provided with access to bathing facilities for thirty minutes once every seven days, the applicant had been permitted to have a shower several times a week.” See Tymoshenko 2013, above n 83, paras 42–44. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-119382#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-119382%22]}. Accessed 27 December 2020.

211

Ismayilova 2016.

212

See the Press-Release “Working Group presents update list of political prisoners in Azerbaijan”, 22 March 2018. https://www.humanrightsclub.net/en/prisoners/2018/707/. Accessed 27 December 2020.

213

See Deutsche Welle 2015.

214

See the Media Release: Belarusian Politician Mikalai Statkevich Released from Prison, 22 August 2015. https://www.freedom-now.org/news/media-release-belarusian-politician-mikalai-statkevich-released-from-prison/. Accessed 27 December 2020.

215

See an example, how the Council of Europe put political pressure on Azerbaijan in the strategic litigation case of ‘Ilgar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan’. In Andreas Zimmermann and Julie-Enni Zastrow. “EJIL: Talk!—Council of Europe’s Committee of Ministers Starts Infringement Proceedings in Mammadov v. Azerbaijan: A Victory for the International Rule of Law?” Accessed 19 February 2018. https://www.ejiltalk.org/council-of-europes-committee-of-ministers-starts-infringement-proceedings-in-mammadov-v-azerbaijan-a-victory-for-the-international-rule-of-law/#more-15857. Accessed 27 December 2020.

216

For example, national courts simply rejected complaints made by Tymoshenko, Lutsenko and Khodorkovskiy.

217

Neshataeva 2013.

218

Remezaite 2017.

219

For example, since the time of its accession to the Council of Europe in 1995, Ukraine has joined the European Social Charter, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

220

See the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 22 August 2020.

221

Malfliet and Parmentier 2010, p. 44.

222

Ibid., p. 45.

223

For example, such sanctions may include suspension of the voting rights of the non-compliant state and even its ultimate expulsion from the Council of Europe.

224

Malfliet and Parmentier 2010, p. 192.

225

Deutsche Welle 2018.

226

Mälksoo and Benedek 2017.

227

Buckley 2017.

228

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), opened for signature 4 November 1950 (entered into force 3 September 1953). https://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html. Accessed 22 August 2020.

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Titel: Authoritarian Legacy of Twofold Constitutionalism and Its Informal Practices of Politicized Justice in the Former Soviet Republics
verfasst von: Artem Galushko
Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press
Buch: Politically Motivated Justice
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-458-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-459-4

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-459-4_3

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