Skip to main content

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

13. Automatic Face Recognition

verfasst von : Francesco Camastra, Alessandro Vinciarelli

Erschienen in: Machine Learning for Audio, Image and Video Analysis

Verlag: Springer London

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

What the reader should know to understand this chapter \(\bullet \) Basic notions of image processing (Chap. 3). \(\bullet \) Support vectors machines and kernel methods (Chap. 9). \(\bullet \) Principal component analysis (Chap. 11).

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
At the time this book is being written, the TorchVision utilities and the features extracted from the XM2VTS dataset are available on the following website: http://pyverif.idiap.ch.
 
2
The diffusion coefficient is a factor of proportionality representing the amount of energy diffusing across a unit area through a unit energy gradient in unit time.
 
3
At the time this book is being written, the informations about past and future FRVT evaluations are available at the following site: www.frvt.org.
 
4
At the time this book is being written the data is available at cost price at the following website: http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Research/VSSP/xm2vtsdb. Feature vectors extracted from the database are available on http://TorchVision.idiap.ch/documentation.php, following the link Examples or Labs.
 
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Adini, Y. Moses, and S. Ullman. Face recognition: the problem of compensating for changes in illumination detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):721–732, 1997. Y. Adini, Y. Moses, and S. Ullman. Face recognition: the problem of compensating for changes in illumination detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19(7):721–732, 1997.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat F.R. Bach and M.I. Jordan. Kernel independent component analysis. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3:1–48, 2002. F.R. Bach and M.I. Jordan. Kernel independent component analysis. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3:1–48, 2002.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat M.S. Bartlett, H.M. Lades, and T. Sejnowski. Independent component representation for face recognition. In Proceedings of SPIE Symposium of Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, pages 528–539, 1998. M.S. Bartlett, H.M. Lades, and T. Sejnowski. Independent component representation for face recognition. In Proceedings of SPIE Symposium of Electronic Imaging: Science and Technology, pages 528–539, 1998.
4.
Zurück zum Zitat M.S. Bartlett, J.R. Movellan, and T. Sejnowski. Face recognition by Independent Component Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13(6):1450–1464, 2002. M.S. Bartlett, J.R. Movellan, and T. Sejnowski. Face recognition by Independent Component Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 13(6):1450–1464, 2002.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat P.N. Belhumeur, J.P. Hespanha, and D.J. Kriegman. Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:711–720, 1997. P.N. Belhumeur, J.P. Hespanha, and D.J. Kriegman. Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:711–720, 1997.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat D.M. Blackburn, J.M. Bone, and P.J. Phillips. FRVT 2000 executive overview. Technical report, www.frvt.org, 2000. D.M. Blackburn, J.M. Bone, and P.J. Phillips. FRVT 2000 executive overview. Technical report, www.frvt.org, 2000.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat D.M. Blackburn, J.M. Bone, and P.J. Phillips. FRVT 2000 evaluation report. Technical report, www.frvt.org, 2001. D.M. Blackburn, J.M. Bone, and P.J. Phillips. FRVT 2000 evaluation report. Technical report, www.frvt.org, 2001.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Burel and D. Carel. Detection and localization of faces on digital images. Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(10):963–967, 1994. G. Burel and D. Carel. Detection and localization of faces on digital images. Pattern Recognition Letters, 15(10):963–967, 1994.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Cardinaux. Face Authentication based on local features and generative models. PhD thesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2005. F. Cardinaux. Face Authentication based on local features and generative models. PhD thesis, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 2005.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Cardinaux, C. Sanderson, and S. Bengio. User authentication via adapted statistical models for face images. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 54(1):361–373, 2006. F. Cardinaux, C. Sanderson, and S. Bengio. User authentication via adapted statistical models for face images. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 54(1):361–373, 2006.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Chen, Belhumeur, and D. Jacobs. In search of illumination variants. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 254–261, 2000. H. Chen, Belhumeur, and D. Jacobs. In search of illumination variants. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 254–261, 2000.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Chetverikov and A. Lerch. Multiresolution face detection. Theoretical Foundations of Computer Vision, 69:131–140, 1993. D. Chetverikov and A. Lerch. Multiresolution face detection. Theoretical Foundations of Computer Vision, 69:131–140, 1993.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat I. Craw, H. Ellis, and J. Lishman. Automatic extraction of face features. Pattern Recognition Letters, 5:183–187, 1987. I. Craw, H. Ellis, and J. Lishman. Automatic extraction of face features. Pattern Recognition Letters, 5:183–187, 1987.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Daugman. Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spacial frequency and orientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters. Journal of Optical Society of America, 2(7), 1985. J. Daugman. Uncertainty relation for resolution in space, spacial frequency and orientation optimized by two-dimensional visual cortical filters. Journal of Optical Society of America, 2(7), 1985.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Etemad and R. Chellappa. Discriminant analysis for recognition of human face images. Journal of Optical Society of America, A14:1724–1733, 1997. K. Etemad and R. Chellappa. Discriminant analysis for recognition of human face images. Journal of Optical Society of America, A14:1724–1733, 1997.
16.
Zurück zum Zitat V. Govindaraju. Locating human faces on photographs. International Journal of Computer Vision, 19(2):129–146, 1996. V. Govindaraju. Locating human faces on photographs. International Journal of Computer Vision, 19(2):129–146, 1996.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat H.P. Graf, E. Cosatto, D. Gibbon, M. Kocheisen, and E. Petajan. Multimodal system for locating heads and faces. In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 88–93, 1996. H.P. Graf, E. Cosatto, D. Gibbon, M. Kocheisen, and E. Petajan. Multimodal system for locating heads and faces. In Proceedings of Second International Conference on Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 88–93, 1996.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Gross and V. Brajovic. An image preprocessing algorithm for illumination invariant face recognition. In Proceedings of International Conference on Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication, pages 254–259, 2004. R. Gross and V. Brajovic. An image preprocessing algorithm for illumination invariant face recognition. In Proceedings of International Conference on Audio and Video Based Biometric Person Authentication, pages 254–259, 2004.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Guo, S.Z. Li, and K. Chan. Face recognition by Support Vector Machines. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 196–201, 2000. G. Guo, S.Z. Li, and K. Chan. Face recognition by Support Vector Machines. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 196–201, 2000.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Z.M. Hafed and M.D. Levine. Face recognition using the Discrete Cosine Transform. International Journal of Computer Vision, 43(3):167–188, 2004. Z.M. Hafed and M.D. Levine. Face recognition using the Discrete Cosine Transform. International Journal of Computer Vision, 43(3):167–188, 2004.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat R.M. Haralick and L.G. Shapiro. Computer and Robot Vision. Prentice-Hall, 2002. R.M. Haralick and L.G. Shapiro. Computer and Robot Vision. Prentice-Hall, 2002.
22.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Heisele, H. Purdy, J. Wu, and T. Poggio. Face recognition: component-based versus global approaches. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 91(1–2):6–21, 2003. B. Heisele, H. Purdy, J. Wu, and T. Poggio. Face recognition: component-based versus global approaches. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 91(1–2):6–21, 2003.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Hjelmas and B.K. Low. Face detection: A survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 83:236–274, 2001. E. Hjelmas and B.K. Low. Face detection: A survey. Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 83:236–274, 2001.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat A.K. Jain, R. Bolle, and S. Pankanti, editors. Biometrics - Personal Identification in Networked Society. Kluwer, 1999. A.K. Jain, R. Bolle, and S. Pankanti, editors. Biometrics - Personal Identification in Networked Society. Kluwer, 1999.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat D.J. Jobson, Z. Rahman, and G.A. Woodell. A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6(3):451–462, 1997. D.J. Jobson, Z. Rahman, and G.A. Woodell. A multiscale retinex for bridging the gap between color images and the human observation of scenes. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6(3):451–462, 1997.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat D.J. Jobson, Z. Rahman, and G.A. Woodell. Properties and performance of a center/surround retinex. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6(3):451–462, 1997. D.J. Jobson, Z. Rahman, and G.A. Woodell. Properties and performance of a center/surround retinex. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 6(3):451–462, 1997.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Jonsson, J. Kittler, Y.P. Li, and J. Matas. Support vector machines for face authentication. Image and Vision Computing, 2002. K. Jonsson, J. Kittler, Y.P. Li, and J. Matas. Support vector machines for face authentication. Image and Vision Computing, 2002.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Kanade. Computer recognition of human faces. Birkhauser, 1973. T. Kanade. Computer recognition of human faces. Birkhauser, 1973.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat M.D. Kelly. Visual identification of people by computer. Technical Report AI-130, Stanford University, 1970. M.D. Kelly. Visual identification of people by computer. Technical Report AI-130, Stanford University, 1970.
30.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Kirby and L. Sirovich. Application of the karhunen-loève procedure for the characterization of human faces. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(1):103–108, 1990. M. Kirby and L. Sirovich. Application of the karhunen-loève procedure for the characterization of human faces. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 12(1):103–108, 1990.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Kotropoulos and I. Pitas. Rule based face detection in frontal views. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pages 2537–2540, 1997. C. Kotropoulos and I. Pitas. Rule based face detection in frontal views. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pages 2537–2540, 1997.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat S.Y. Kung, M.W. Mak, and S.H. Lin. Biometric Authentication - a Machine Learning Approach. Prentice-Hall, 2005. S.Y. Kung, M.W. Mak, and S.H. Lin. Biometric Authentication - a Machine Learning Approach. Prentice-Hall, 2005.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat I.C. Kyong, K.W. Bowyer, and P.J. Flynn. Multiple-nose region matching for 3D face recognition under varying facial expression. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 28(10):1695–1700, 2006. I.C. Kyong, K.W. Bowyer, and P.J. Flynn. Multiple-nose region matching for 3D face recognition under varying facial expression. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 28(10):1695–1700, 2006.
34.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Lades, J. Vorbruggen, J. Buhmann, J. Lange, C.V.D. Malburg, and R. Wurtz. Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture. IEEE Transactions on Computing, 2:300–311, 1993. M. Lades, J. Vorbruggen, J. Buhmann, J. Lange, C.V.D. Malburg, and R. Wurtz. Distortion invariant object recognition in the dynamic link architecture. IEEE Transactions on Computing, 2:300–311, 1993.
35.
Zurück zum Zitat E.H. Land and J.J. McCann. Lightness and retinex theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61:1–11, 1971. E.H. Land and J.J. McCann. Lightness and retinex theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61:1–11, 1971.
36.
Zurück zum Zitat T.K. Leung, M.C. Burl, and P. Perona. Probabilistic affine invariants for recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 678–684, 1998. T.K. Leung, M.C. Burl, and P. Perona. Probabilistic affine invariants for recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 678–684, 1998.
37.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Liu and H. Wechsler. Evolutionary pursuit and its application to face recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22:570–582, 2000. C. Liu and H. Wechsler. Evolutionary pursuit and its application to face recognition. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22:570–582, 2000.
38.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Lu, K.N. Plataniotis, and A.N. Venetsanopoulos. Face recognition using kernel discriminant analysis algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 14(1):117–126, 2003. J. Lu, K.N. Plataniotis, and A.N. Venetsanopoulos. Face recognition using kernel discriminant analysis algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 14(1):117–126, 2003.
39.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Lu, K.N. Plataniotis, and A.N. Venetsanopoulos. Face recognition using LDA-based algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 14(1):195–200, 2003. J. Lu, K.N. Plataniotis, and A.N. Venetsanopoulos. Face recognition using LDA-based algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, 14(1):195–200, 2003.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Marcel and S. Bengio. Improving face verification using skin color information. In Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2002. S. Marcel and S. Bengio. Improving face verification using skin color information. In Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2002.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat A.M. Martinez. Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(6):748–763, 2002. A.M. Martinez. Recognizing imprecisely localized, partially occluded, and expression variant faces from a single sample per class. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(6):748–763, 2002.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat A.M. Martinez and A.C. Kak. PCA versus LDA. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(2):228–233, 2001. A.M. Martinez and A.C. Kak. PCA versus LDA. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(2):228–233, 2001.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Moghaddam and A. Pentland. Probabilistic visual learning for object representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:696–710, 1997. B. Moghaddam and A. Pentland. Probabilistic visual learning for object representation. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 19:696–710, 1997.
44.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Moon and P.J. Phillips. Computational and performance aspects of PCA-based face recognition algorithms. Perception, 30:303–321, 2001. H. Moon and P.J. Phillips. Computational and performance aspects of PCA-based face recognition algorithms. Perception, 30:303–321, 2001.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Osuna, R. Freund, and F. Girosi. Training support vector machines: An application to face detection. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 130–136, 1997. E. Osuna, R. Freund, and F. Girosi. Training support vector machines: An application to face detection. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 130–136, 1997.
46.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Padgett and G. Cottrell. Representing face images for emotion classification. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 1997. C. Padgett and G. Cottrell. Representing face images for emotion classification. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 1997.
47.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Penev and Atick. Local feature analysis: a general statistical theory for object representation. Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 7(3):477–500, 1996. P. Penev and Atick. Local feature analysis: a general statistical theory for object representation. Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 7(3):477–500, 1996.
48.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, and T. Starner. View based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 84–91, 1994. A. Pentland, B. Moghaddam, and T. Starner. View based and modular eigenspaces for face recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 84–91, 1994.
49.
Zurück zum Zitat P.J. Phillips, R.M. McCabe, and R. Chellappa. Biometric image processing and recognition. In Proceedings of European Conference on Signal Processing, 1998. P.J. Phillips, R.M. McCabe, and R. Chellappa. Biometric image processing and recognition. In Proceedings of European Conference on Signal Processing, 1998.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat P.J. Phillips, H. Moon, S.A. Rizvi, and P.J. Rauss. The FERET evaluation methodology for face recognition algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(10):1090–1104, 2000. P.J. Phillips, H. Moon, S.A. Rizvi, and P.J. Rauss. The FERET evaluation methodology for face recognition algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 22(10):1090–1104, 2000.
51.
Zurück zum Zitat P.J. Phillips, H. Wechsler, J. Huang, and P. Rauss. The FERET database and evaluation procedure for face recognition algorithms. Image and Vision Computing, 16(5):296–305, 1998. P.J. Phillips, H. Wechsler, J. Huang, and P. Rauss. The FERET database and evaluation procedure for face recognition algorithms. Image and Vision Computing, 16(5):296–305, 1998.
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Z. Rahman, G. Woodell, and D. Jobson. A comparison of the multiscale retinex with other image enhancement techniques. In Proceedings of IS&T 50th Anniversary Conference, pages 19–23, 1997. Z. Rahman, G. Woodell, and D. Jobson. A comparison of the multiscale retinex with other image enhancement techniques. In Proceedings of IS&T 50th Anniversary Conference, pages 19–23, 1997.
53.
Zurück zum Zitat S.A. Rizvi, P.J. Phillips, and H. Moon. A verification protocol and statistical performance analysis for face recognition algorithms. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 833–838, 1998. S.A. Rizvi, P.J. Phillips, and H. Moon. A verification protocol and statistical performance analysis for face recognition algorithms. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 833–838, 1998.
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Rodriguez, F. Cardinaux, S. Bengio, and J. Mariéthoz. Estimating the quality of face localization for face verification. In Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing, 2004. Y. Rodriguez, F. Cardinaux, S. Bengio, and J. Mariéthoz. Estimating the quality of face localization for face verification. In Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing, 2004.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat D.L. Ruderman. The statistics of natural images. Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 5(4):598–605, 1994. D.L. Ruderman. The statistics of natural images. Network: Computation in Neural Systems, 5(4):598–605, 1994.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Samaria and S. Young. HMM based architecture for face identification. Image and Vision Computing, 3(1):71–86, 1991. F. Samaria and S. Young. HMM based architecture for face identification. Image and Vision Computing, 3(1):71–86, 1991.
57.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Samir, A. Srivastava, and M. Daoudi. Three-dimensional face recognition using shapes of facial curves. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 28(11):1858–1863, 2006. C. Samir, A. Srivastava, and M. Daoudi. Three-dimensional face recognition using shapes of facial curves. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 28(11):1858–1863, 2006.
58.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Sanderson and K.K. Paliwal. Polynomial features for robust face authentication. In Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing, 2002. C. Sanderson and K.K. Paliwal. Polynomial features for robust face authentication. In Proceedings of International Conference on Image Processing, 2002.
59.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Sanderson and K.K. Paliwal. Fast features for face authentication under illumination direction changes. Pattern Recognition Letters, 24:2409–2419, 2003. C. Sanderson and K.K. Paliwal. Fast features for face authentication under illumination direction changes. Pattern Recognition Letters, 24:2409–2419, 2003.
60.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Short, J. Kittler, and J. Messer. A comparison of photometric normalization algorithms for face verification. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 254–259, 2004. J. Short, J. Kittler, and J. Messer. A comparison of photometric normalization algorithms for face verification. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 254–259, 2004.
61.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Sirovich and M. Kirby. Low dimensional procedure for the characterization of human face. Journal of Optical Society of America, 4(3):519–525, 1987. L. Sirovich and M. Kirby. Low dimensional procedure for the characterization of human face. Journal of Optical Society of America, 4(3):519–525, 1987.
62.
Zurück zum Zitat K.-K. Sung and T. Poggio. Example-based learning for view based human face detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(1):39–51, 1998. K.-K. Sung and T. Poggio. Example-based learning for view based human face detection. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(1):39–51, 1998.
63.
Zurück zum Zitat D.L. Swets and J. Weng. Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 18:831–836, 1996. D.L. Swets and J. Weng. Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 18:831–836, 1996.
64.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Turk and A. Pentland. Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):71–86, 1991. M. Turk and A. Pentland. Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 3(1):71–86, 1991.
65.
Zurück zum Zitat M.A. Turk and A. Pentland. Face recognition using eigenfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 3–6, 1991. M.A. Turk and A. Pentland. Face recognition using eigenfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 3–6, 1991.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Wayman, A.K. Jain, D. Maltoni, and D. Maio, editors. Biometric Systems. Springer-Verlag, 2005. J. Wayman, A.K. Jain, D. Maltoni, and D. Maio, editors. Biometric Systems. Springer-Verlag, 2005.
67.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Wilder. Face recognition using transform coding of grayscale projections and the neural tree network. In R.J. Mammone, editor, Artificial Neural Networks with Applications in Speech and Vision, pages 520–536. Chapman Hall, 1994. J. Wilder. Face recognition using transform coding of grayscale projections and the neural tree network. In R.J. Mammone, editor, Artificial Neural Networks with Applications in Speech and Vision, pages 520–536. Chapman Hall, 1994.
68.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Wiskott, J.-M. Fellous, N. Kruger, and C. von der Malsburg. Face recognition by elastic bunch graph matching. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(7):775–779, 1997. L. Wiskott, J.-M. Fellous, N. Kruger, and C. von der Malsburg. Face recognition by elastic bunch graph matching. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 17(7):775–779, 1997.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat H.-M. Yang. Face recognition using kernel methods. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2002. H.-M. Yang. Face recognition using kernel methods. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2002.
70.
Zurück zum Zitat M.H. Yang and T.S. Huang. Human face detection in complex background. Pattern Recognition, 27(1):53–63, 1994. M.H. Yang and T.S. Huang. Human face detection in complex background. Pattern Recognition, 27(1):53–63, 1994.
71.
Zurück zum Zitat M.H. Yang, D. Kriegman, and N. Ahuja. Detecting faces in images: a survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(1):34–58, 2002. M.H. Yang, D. Kriegman, and N. Ahuja. Detecting faces in images: a survey. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 24(1):34–58, 2002.
72.
Zurück zum Zitat W. Zhao, A. Krishnaswamy, R. Chellappa, D. Swets, and J. Weng. Discriminant analysis of principal components for face recognition. In P.J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F.F. Soulie, and T.S. Huang, editors, Face Recognition: from Theory to Applications, pages 73–85. Springer-Verlag, 1998. W. Zhao, A. Krishnaswamy, R. Chellappa, D. Swets, and J. Weng. Discriminant analysis of principal components for face recognition. In P.J. Phillips, V. Bruce, F.F. Soulie, and T.S. Huang, editors, Face Recognition: from Theory to Applications, pages 73–85. Springer-Verlag, 1998.
73.
Zurück zum Zitat W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, P.J. Phillips, and A. Rosenfeld. Face recognition: A literature survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 35(4):399–458, 2003. W. Zhao, R. Chellappa, P.J. Phillips, and A. Rosenfeld. Face recognition: A literature survey. ACM Computing Surveys, 35(4):399–458, 2003.
74.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Zhou and R. Chellappa. Multiple exemplar discriminant analysis for face recognition. In Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pages 191–194, 2004. S. Zhou and R. Chellappa. Multiple exemplar discriminant analysis for face recognition. In Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pages 191–194, 2004.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Zhou, R. Chellappa, and B. Moghaddam. Intra-personal kernel space for face recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 235–240, 2004. S. Zhou, R. Chellappa, and B. Moghaddam. Intra-personal kernel space for face recognition. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pages 235–240, 2004.
Metadaten
Titel
Automatic Face Recognition
verfasst von
Francesco Camastra
Alessandro Vinciarelli
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer London
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6735-8_13

Premium Partner