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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

7. Avarice of Advertising

How Algorithmic Ad Distribution Funds Fake News and Reinforces Racism

verfasst von : Noah Giansiracusa

Erschienen in: How Algorithms Create and Prevent Fake News

Verlag: Apress

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Abstract

When we think of Google supporting the fake news industry, the first thing that comes to mind is how, as described in the previous chapter, it serves up an audience with its various search products. However, there is an entirely separate way—less obvious but extremely influential—that Google supports the fake news industry: financially through ad revenue. The first half of this chapter focuses on the mechanics and scale of Google’s algorithmic ad distribution system, the extent to which it funds fake news organizations, and the reluctant steps Google has taken over the years to curtail this dangerous flow of funds.

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Fußnoten
1
Julia Kollewe, “Google and Facebook bring in one-fifth of global ad revenue,” Guardian, May 1, 2017: https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/may/02/google-and-facebook-bring-in-one-fifth-of-global-ad-revenue.
 
2
Joseph Johnson, “Advertising revenue of Google from 2001 to 2020,” Statista, February 5, 2021: https://www.statista.com/statistics/266249/advertising-revenue-of-google/.
 
3
Brad Adgate, “In A First, Google Ad Revenue Expected To Drop In 2020 Despite Growing Digital Ad Market,” Forbes, June 22, 2020: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bradadgate/2020/06/22/in-a-first-google-ad-revenue-expected-to-drop-in-2020-despite-growing-digital-ad-market/.
 
4
John Koetsier, “30 billion times a day, Google runs an ad (13 million times, it works),” VentureBeat, October 25, 2012: https://venturebeat.com/2012/10/25/30-billion-times-a-day-google-runs-an-ad-13-million-times-it-works/.
 
5
Daniel Stevens, “Report: Google Makes Millions from Fake News,” Campaign for Accountability, October 30, 2017: https://campaignforaccountability.org/report-google-makes-millions-from-fake-news/.
 
6
Julia Love and Kristina Cooke, “Google, Facebook Move to Restrict Ads on Fake News Sites,” Reuters, November 4, 2016: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising/google-facebook-move-to-restrict-ads-on-fake-news-sites-idUSKBN1392MM.
 
8
Philipp Schindler, “Expanded safeguards for advertisers,” Google blog, March 21, 2017: https://blog.google/technology/ads/expanded-safeguards-for-advertisers/.
 
9
“The Quarter Billion Dollar Question: How is Disinformation Gaming Ad Tech?” Global Disinformation Index, September 22, 2019: https://disinformationindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/GDI_Ad-tech_Report_Screen_AW16.pdf.
 
10
This forty percent is less than the seventy percent mentioned above because revenue is based on traffic—and while Google served ads on seventy percent of the sites, some of the highly trafficked ones were served ads by other providers.
 
11
Matt Skibinski, “Special Report: Advertising on Election Misinformation,” NewsGuard, January 14, 2021: https://www.newsguardtech.com/special-report-advertising-on-election-misinformation/.
 
12
Issie Lapowsky, “Google says it’s fighting election lies, but its programmatic ads are funding them,” Protocol, January 14, 2021: https://www.protocol.com/google-programmatic-ads-misinformation.
 
13
Issie Lapowsky, “In a letter to Pichai, top philanthropists slam Google for placing charity ads on disinfo sites,” Protocol, August 13, 2020: https://www.protocol.com/google-ads-charities-disinformation-sites.
 
14
Latanya Sweeney, “Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery,” Communications of the Association of Computing Machinery, Vol. 56 No. 5, 44–54: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2460276.2460278.
 
15
Leon Yin and Aaron Sankin, “Google Ad Portal Equated ‘Black Girls’ with Porn,” Markup, July 23, 2020: https://themarkup.org/google-the-giant/2020/07/23/google-advertising-keywords-black-girls.
 
16
Susan Wojcicki, “Susan Wojcicki: My mid-year update to the YouTube community,” YouTube blog, June 11, 2020: https://blog.youtube/inside-youtube/susan-wojcicki-my-mid-year-update-youtube-community.
 
17
Leon Yin and Aaron Sankin, “Google Blocks Advertisers from Targeting Black Lives Matter YouTube Videos,” Markup, April 9, 2021: https://themarkup.org/google-the-giant/2021/04/09/google-blocks-advertisers-from-targeting-black-lives-matter-youtube-videos.
 
18
Alex Kantrowitz, “Google Allowed Advertisers To Target People Searching Racist Phrases,” BuzzFeed News, September 15, 2017: https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/alexkantrowitz/google-allowed-advertisers-to-target-jewish-parasite-black.
 
19
Julia Angwin, Madeleine Varner, and Ariana Tobin, “Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach ‘Jew Haters’,” ProPublica, September 14, 2017: https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-enabled-advertisers-to-reach-jew-haters.
 
20
Julia Angwin and Terry Parris Jr., “Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race,” ProPublica, October 28, 2016: https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-lets-advertisers-exclude-users-by-race.
 
21
See Footnote 20.
 
22
“Improving Enforcement and Promoting Diversity: Updates to Ads Policies and Tools,” Facebook newsroom, February 8, 2017: https://about.fb.com/news/2017/02/improving-enforcement-and-promoting-diversity-updates-to-ads-policies-and-tools/.
 
23
Julia Angwin, Ariana Tobin, and Madeleine Varner, “Facebook (Still) Letting Housing Advertisers Exclude Users by Race,” ProPublica, November 21, 2017: https://www.propublica.org/article/facebook-advertising-discrimination-housing-race-sex-national-origin.
 
24
Galen Sherwin and Esha Bhandari, “Facebook Settles Civil Rights Cases by Making Sweeping Changes to Its Online Ad Platform,” ACLU blog, March 19, 2019: https://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/womens-rights-workplace/facebook-settles-civil-rights-cases-making-sweeping.
 
25
Tracy Jan and Elizabeth Dwoskin, “HUD is reviewing Twitter’s and Google’s ad practices as part of housing discrimination probe,” Washington Post, March 28, 2019: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/03/28/hud-charges-facebook-with-housing-discrimination/.
 
26
Muhammad Ali et al., “Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Biased Outcomes,” Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, Vol. 3, CSCW, Article 199 (November 2019). ACM, New York, NY: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359301.
 
27
Felix Richter, “Amazon Challenges Ad Duopoly,” Statista, February 21, 2019: https://www.statista.com/chart/17109/us-digital-advertising-market-share/.
 
28
Deepa Seetharaman and Jeff Horwitz, “Facebook Creates Teams to Study Racial Bias, After Previously Limiting Such Efforts,” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 2020: https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-creates-teams-to-study-racial-bias-on-its-platforms-11595362939.
 
29
Kim et al., “The Stealth Media? Groups and Targets behind Divisive Issue Campaigns on Facebook,” Political Communication Vol. 35 Issue 4, July 2018: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2018.1476425.
 
30
Julia Love and Kristina Cooke, “Google, Facebook move to restrict ads on fake news sites,” Reuters, November 14, 2016: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-alphabet-advertising/google-facebook-move-to-restrict-ads-on-fake-news-sites-idUSKBN1392MM.
 
31
Lesley Chiou and Catherine Tucker, “Fake News and Advertising on Social Media: A Study of the Anti-Vaccination Movement,” SSRN, July 6, 2018: https://​doi.​org/​10.​2139/​ssrn.​3209929.
 
32
Satwik Shukla and Tessa Lyons, “Blocking Ads From Pages that Repeatedly Share False News,” Facebook newsroom, August 28, 2017: https://about.fb.com/news/2017/08/blocking-ads-from-pages-that-repeatedly-share-false-news/.
 
33
Cecilia Kang, “Facebook’s Hands-Off Approach to Political Speech Gets Impeachment Test,” New York Times, October 8, 2019: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/technology/facebook-trump-biden-ad.html.
 
34
Elizabeth Culliford, “Warren campaign challenges Facebook ad policy with ‘false’ Zuckerberg ad,” Reuters, October 12, 2019: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-facebook/warren-campaign-challenges-facebook-ad-policy-with-false-zuckerberg-ad-idUSKBN1WR0NU.
 
35
Rob Leathern, “Expanded Transparency and More Controls for Political Ads,” Facebook newsroom, January 9, 2020: https://about.fb.com/news/2020/01/political-ads/.
 
36
Brian Fung, “Trump campaign runs hundreds of misleading Facebook ads warning of Super Bowl censorship,” CNN, January 24, 2020: https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/24/media/trump-super-bowl-facebook-ad/index.html.
 
37
Nathaniel Gleicher, “Labeling State-Controlled Media On Facebook,” Facebook newsroom, June 4, 2020: https://about.fb.com/news/2020/06/labeling-state-controlled-media/.
 
38
Scott Spencer, “An update on our political ads policy,” Google blog, November 20, 2019: https://blog.google/technology/ads/update-our-political-ads-policy/.
 
39
Zeynep Tufekci, “Beware the Smart Campaign,” New York Times, November 16, 2012: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/opinion/beware-the-big-data-campaign.html.
 
Metadaten
Titel
Avarice of Advertising
verfasst von
Noah Giansiracusa
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Verlag
Apress
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7155-1_7

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