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2012 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. Background to Polymers and Composites

verfasst von : Y. Jack Weitsman

Erschienen in: Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites

Verlag: Springer US

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Abstract

In view of their manufacturing process, such as drawing and extrusion for glass fibers and the sheet-like atomic structure of carbon and graphite fibers, these reinforcements are essentially transversely anisotropic about their longitudinal orientation (Hull 1981), in which direction they possess high stiffness and strength. In view of their small diameter, typically 8 μm, it has been possible to determine their longitudinal modulus only, while no direct data are available about their in-plane stiffnesses.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Introduction

Nächstes Kapitel Fluid Ingress Processes, Basic and Preliminaries

It should be noted that a _T(T) is obtained from isothermal creep data, plotted against log t and collected over a wide temperature range. These isothermal plots are then coalesced to form a “master curve” by shifting parallel to the horizontal log t axis. This procedure is not error free. To verify its validity, it is necessary to conduct transient temperature tests and compare the resulting data with computational predictions. For temperatures sufficiently below T _g the shift factor function a _T(T) is given by the Arrhenius expression of the form a _T(T) = A exp (−B/T).

The chemical potential μ, which is conjugate to the fluid concentration m, is a measure of the energy required the increase the concentration while holding other thermodynamic variables constant. Originally introduced by Gibbs, it was defined by means of the Gibbs free energy function G, i.e., \( \mu = \partial G/\partial m \). But other forms of energy can be used.

Adamson MJ (1980) Thermal expansion and swelling of cured epoxy resin used in graphite/epoxy composite materials. J Mater Sci 15(7):1736–1745CrossRef

Aklonis JJ, MacKnight WJ (1983) Introduction to polymer viscoelasticity, 2nd edn. Wiley-Interscience/Wiley, New York, pp 40–53

Bond DA, Smith PA (2006) Modeling the transport of low-molecular-weight penetrants within polymer matrix composites. Appl Mech Rev 59(5):249–268CrossRef

Dammert RM, Maunu SL, Maurer FHJ, Neelov IM, Niemela S, Sundholm F, Wastlund C (1999) Free volume and tacticity in polystyrenes. Macromolecules 32(6):1930–1938CrossRef

Deng Q, Jean YC (1993) Free-volume distributions of an epoxy polymer probed by positron annihilation: pressure dependence. Macromolecules 26(1):30–34CrossRef

Flory PJ (1953) Principles of polymer chemistry. Cornell University Press, Ithaca

Hull D (1981) Introduction to composite materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

McKague EL Jr, Reynolds JD, Halkias JE (1978) Swelling and glass transition relations for epoxy matrix material in humid environments. J Appl Polym Sci 22(6):1643–1654CrossRef

Neumann G, Pierson WJ (1966) Principles of physical oceanography. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs

Struik LCE (1978) Physical aging in amorphous polymers and other materials. Elsevier, New York

Yampolskii YP (2007) Methods for investigation of the free volume in polymers. Russ Chem Rev 76(1):59–78MathSciNetCrossRef

Zhou J, Lucas JP (1999) Hygrothermal effects of epoxy resin. Part I: the nature of water in epoxy. Polymer 40(20):5505–5512CrossRef

Titel: Background to Polymers and Composites
verfasst von: Y. Jack Weitsman
Verlag: Springer US
Buch: Fluid Effects in Polymers and Polymeric Composites
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1058-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4614-1059-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1059-1_2

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