Introduction
Experimental
Materials and sample preparation
Parameter analysis | Size in L, T, R (mm) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|
WPG, ∆m, ASE, leaching | 10 × 25 × 25 | 645 ± 9 |
MOE/MOR/WMLB | 180 × 10 × 10 | 873 ± 23 |
Decay white-rot and brown-rot | 10 × 25 × 25/25 × 15 × 5 | 645 ± 9 |
Decay soft-rot fungi | 100 × 10 × 5 | 624 ± 17 |
Formulation of SorCA solutions
Wood modification
Leaching and anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) analyses
Modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), and work to maximum load in bending (WMLB)
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis
Microscopic observation
Stability observation for the impregnating solution
Decay resistance properties against white-rot, brown-rot, and soft-rot fungi
Results and discussion
Formulation and modification analysis
SorCA (% w/w) | TS (% w/w) | pH | D (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|
10 | 13.72 | 1.75 | 1034 |
20 | 22.12 | 1.62 | 1073 |
30 | 34.59 | 1.51 | 1123 |
55 | 58.00 | 1.11 | 1229 |
Leaching analysis
Dimensional stability analysis
Acidity analysis during leaching
Treatment | Total H+ (mmol) | [H+] leachate (M) | pH |
---|---|---|---|
Untreated | 0.0014 | 4.961E−07 | 6.30 |
Control 140 | 0.0012 | 4.192E−07 | 6.38 |
10% 140 | 0.0976 | 3.399E−05 | 4.47 |
20% 140 | 0.3681 | 0.0001279 | 3.89 |
30% 140 | 0.4365 | 0.0001517 | 3.82 |
55% 140 | 3.2995 | 0.0011465 | 2.94 |
Control 160 | 0.0043 | 1.504E−06 | 5.82 |
10% 160 | 0.0367 | 1.281E−05 | 4.89 |
20% 160 | 0.0631 | 2.191E−05 | 4.66 |
30% 160 | 0.0731 | 2.506E−05 | 4.60 |
55% 160 | 0.3433 | 0.000118 | 3.93 |
Mechanical properties
Treatments | Density (kg/m3) | MOE (N/mm2) | MOR (N/mm2) | WMLB (KN mm2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Untreated | 873 ± 23 | 13988 ± 1680 | 124 ± 12 | 3.15 ± 0.95 |
Control 140 | 840 ± 30 | 13,424 ± 1358 | 115 ± 14 | 1.84 ± 0.47 |
10% 140 | 863 ± 25 | 13,982 ± 1234 | 106 ± 13 | 0.85 ± 0.20 |
20% 140 | 901 ± 30 | 14,106 ± 1133 | 112 ± 15 | 0.88 ± 0.22 |
30% 140 | 947 ± 27 | 15,200 ± 1226 | 106 ± 15 | 0.73 ± 0.21 |
55% 140 | 1091 ± 32 | 16,700 ± 987 | 116 ± 15 | 0.77 ± 0.17 |
Control 160 | 820 ± 30 | 13,476 ± 1106 | 97 ± 14 | 0.89 ± 0.34 |
10% 160 | 835 ± 13 | 12,835 ± 3520 | 81 ± 8 | 0.34 ± 0.52 |
20% 160 | 860 ± 25 | 14,171 ± 1854 | 92 ± 17 | 0.54 ± 0.18 |
30% 160 | 926 ± 31 | 15,206 ± 1478 | 102 ± 12 | 0.63 ± 0.14 |
55% 160 | 1030 ± 38 | 14,653 ± 1379 | 96 ± 9 | 0.54 ± 0.08 |
FTIR analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis
Peak | TG | DTG | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Onset (°C) | Mid (°C) | Inflection (°C) | End (°C) | Mass loss (%) | T (°C) | v (%/min) | |
Stage I | SorCA pure | 192.2 | 221.2 | 230.8 | 253.1 | 34.72 | 230.2 | 7.13 |
Control 140 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Control 160 | 258.0 | 273.8 | 290.0 | 289.6 | 5.88 | 290.0 | 3.88 | |
SorCA 30% 140 | 225.4 | 257.0 | 260.3 | 288.5 | 12.21 | 268.0 | 3.87 | |
SorCA 30% 160 | 232.8 | 231.4 | 236.1 | 230.1 | 1.16 | 270.3 | 3.24 | |
Beech | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
Stage II | SorCA pure | 347.3 | 382.3 | 375.2 | 409.3 | 24.72 | 376.2 | 4.87 |
Control 140 | – | – | 359.1 | – | – | 359.5 | 12.52 | |
Control 160 | – | – | 355.0 | – | – | 355.0 | 11.61 | |
SorCA 30% 140 | 334.4 | 340.6 | 336.6 | 341.2 | 18.05 | 337.9 | 11.66 | |
SorCA 30% 160 | 320.5 | 337.3 | 333.5 | 349.7 | 26.64 | 333.1 | 11.46 | |
Beech | – | – | 356.0 | – | – | 356.0 | 11.56 | |
Total process | SorCA pure | 195.5 | 301.2 | 230.8 | 311.2 | 66.64 | – | – |
Control 140 | 314.8 | 343.9 | 359.1 | 376.1 | 72.12 | – | – | |
Control 160 | 309.4 | 339.2 | 355.0 | 372.3 | 68.16 | – | – | |
SorCA 30% 140 | 324.3 | 325.9 | 336.6 | 343.3 | 53.49 | – | – | |
SorCA 30% 160 | 298.5 | 322.3 | 333.5 | 349.9 | 54.86 | – | – | |
Beech | 307.1 | 337.8 | 356.0 | 374.2 | 67.93 | – | – |
Microscopic observation
Stability test of SorCA impregnating solution
SorCA (aq) | pH initial | pH after 4 months |
---|---|---|
10% | 1.75 | 2.22 |
20% | 1.62 | 1.73 |
30% | 1.51 | 1.56 |
55% | 1.11 | 0.95 |
Decay test against white-rot, brown-rot, and soft-rotting microfungi
Samplea | T (°C) | MC (%)b | MLD (%)b | x-valuec | Classd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SorCA 10% | 140 | 107.83 ± 5.40 | 30.91 ± 2.01 | 0.649 | Slightly durable |
160 | 81.29 ± 3.94 | 16.26 ± 1.29 | 0.341 | Moderately durable | |
SorCA 20% | 140 | 117.25 ± 15.50 | 25.29 ± 3.45 | 0.531 | Moderately durable |
160 | 54.83 ± 5.55 | 7.56 ± 1.31 | 0.159 | Durable | |
SorCA 30% | 140 | 73.28 ± 7.43 | 6.48 ± 1.06 | 0.136 | Very durable |
160 | 52.43 ± 5.67 | 4.40 ± 0.48 | 0.092 | Very durable | |
SorCA 55% | 140 | 76.56 ± 1.91 | 9.81 ± 0.75 | 0.206 | Durable |
160 | 46.33 ± 6.57 | 2.36 ± 0.65 | 0.049 | Very durable | |
Control | 140 | 66.05 ± 11.27 | 48.56 ± 6.77 | 1.020 | Not durable |
160 | 82.69 ± 18 | 43.76 ± 3.99 | 0.919 | Not durable | |
Virulence | 79.45 ± 30.48 | 47.62 ± 5.96 | 1.000 | Not durable |
Samplea | WLLb (%) | Fungus | N | MC (%)c | MLD (%)c | x-valued | Classe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SorCA 30% Beech 140 °C | 0.55 ± 0.13 | Trametes versicolor | 20 | 40 ± 6 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 0.02 | Very durable |
SorCA 30% Beech 160 °C | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 20 | 53 ± 6 | 1.69 ± 0.67 | 0.04 | Very durable | |
Control medium | 1.41 ± 0.13 | 20 | 156 ± 48 | 56.20 ± 5.52 | 1.33 | Not durable | |
Virulence | 1.40 ± 0.14 | 9 | 84 ± 20 | 42.14 ± 5.43 | 1 | Not durable | |
SorCA 30% Beech 140 °C | 0.85 ± 1.31 | Coniophora puteana | 19 | 40 ± 5 | 0.74 ± 1.69 | 0.02 | Very durable |
SorCA 30% Beech 160 °C | 0.92 ± 0.31 | 20 | 47 ± 9 | 1.38 ± 0.65 | 0.03 | Very durable | |
Control medium | 1.38 ± 0.13 | 16 | 115 ± 53 | 55.53 ± 9.24 | 1.3 | Not durable | |
Virulence | 1.40 ± 0.10 | 9 | 125 ± 54 | 43.70 ± 5.29 | 1 | Not durable |
Samplea | N | WPG 103 °C (%)b | ∆m (%)b | WLL (%)b | MC (%)b | MLs (%)b | x-valuec | Classd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SorCA 30% 160 | 14 | 62.71 ± 2.41 | 44.67 ± 2.12 | 0.22 ± 0.07 | 51 ± 1 | 0.46 ± 0.12 | 0.02 | Very durable |
SorCA 30% 140 | 14 | 61.21 ± 6.46 | 55.47 ± 6.07 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | 60 ± 4 | 2.86 ± 0.43 | 0.13 | Durable |
Beech 160 °C | 15 | – | − 1.85 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.16 | 124 ± 12 | 26.70 ± 3.44 | 1.20 | Not durable |
Beech 140 °C | 15 | – | − 0.65 ± 0.15 | 0.87 ± 0.25 | 136 ± 7 | 26.21 ± 2.36 | 1.14 | Not durable |
Untreated Beech | 30 | – | – | 1.38 ± 0.49 | 133 ± 6 | 23.71 ± 3.22 | 1.00 | Not durable |