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2011 | Buch

Introduction to Bio-Medical CMOS IC Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Bio-Medical CMOS ICs

herausgegeben von: Hoi-Jun Yoo, Chris van Hoof

Verlag: Springer US

Buchreihe : Integrated Circuits and Systems

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

This book is based on a graduate course entitled, Ubiquitous Healthcare Circuits and Systems, that was given by one of the editors at his university. It includes an introduction and overview to the field of biomedical ICs and provides information on the current trends in research. The material focuses on the design of biomedical ICs rather than focusing on how to use prepared ICs.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction to Bio-Medical CMOS IC
Abstract
Living a healthy life without threatening or debilitating illness is our primary hope and the medical systems and services continue to strive to guarantee it. Nevertheless, in developed countries, the per capita cost of care keeps rising and this is a threat to sustained healthcare. Recently, many promising technological advances in IT are about to change our concept about healthcare, as well as the provision of medical cares. For example, the telemedicine, e-hospital, and ubiquitous healthcare are enabled by emerging wireless broadband communication technology. While initially becoming main-stream for portable devices such as note book computers and smart phones, wireless communication is evolving towards wearable solutions and even implantable solutions are being introduced. Such healthcare devices rely on WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) and BSN (Body Sensor Network). Before the advent of these technologies, healthcare provided centralized care (at the doctor’s office or at the hospital) which came with a penalty in cost and time. With the help of IT technology and the deployment of wearable healthcare, people are largely breaking free from these limitations and will be able to monitor their health condition anywhere and at any time while being able to get the expert’s help whenever needed. This will enable a more individualized and more proactive healthcare, and these new concepts and systems are expected to change our daily lives as well as medical profession and its industry. “E-Healthcare” or “U-Healthcare” is a recent term for healthcare supported by information and communication technology in general, and by small personal wireless monitoring devices in particular. An important emerging example is remote and continuous wireless vital signs monitoring. The combination of two technologies, ultra-low power sensor technology and ultra-low power wireless communication technology, enables long-term continuous monitoring and feedback to medical professionals wherever needed.
Hoi-Jun Yoo, Chris van Hoof

Vital Signal Sensing and Processing

Frontmatter
Chapter 2. Introduction to Bioelectricity
Abstract
It can be said that the use of electricity by biological systems as a signal between the nerves and muscles was first discovered in 1789 in a frog leg when the Italian physicist Luigi Galvani touched an exposed sciatic nerve with a charged metal scalpel and observed the dead frog’s leg flex as if it were alive. This finding provided the basis for the current understanding that electrical energy is the impetus behind muscle movement and also the driving force in other systems. This work was reported in the Proceedings of the Bologna Academy in 1791. At that time, Galvani believed that the muscular contractions were due to electrical energy emanating from the animal. However, Allesandro Volta was convinced that the electricity in Galvani’s experiments originated from the presence of the dissimilar metals. Both of these interpretations represent the two different aspects of electrical potential in biological system, the action potential and the steady source of electrical potential [1, 2].
Yong Jeong
Chapter 3. Biomedical Electrodes For Biopotential Monitoring and Electrostimulation
Abstract
Biomedical electrodes are used in various forms in a wide range of biomedical applications including
(i) the detection of bio-electric events such as the electrocardiogram (E.C.G.)
(ii) the application of therapeutic impulses to the body e.g. cardiac pacing and defibrillation and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (T.E.N.S.)
(iii) the application of electrical potentials in order to facilitate the transdermal delivery of ionized molecules for local and systemic therapeutic effect (iontophoresis) and
(iv) the a.c. impedance characterization of body tissues.
Eric McAdams
Chapter 4. Readout Circuits
Abstract
Biopotential signals are routinely monitored in current medical practice for diagnostics of several different disorders. Commonly, patients are connected to a bulky and mains powered instrument, which reduces their mobility and creates discomfort. This limits the acquisition time, prevents the continuous monitoring of patients, and affects the diagnostics of the illness. Therefore, there is a growing demand for low-power and small-size biopotential acquisition systems [1–5].
R. Firat Yazicioglu
Chapter 5. Low-Power ADCs for Bio-Medical Applications
Abstract
In this chapter, recent innovations reducing power consumption in A/D converters will be discussed. Indeed, in many applications the function performing a conversion from the analog continuous-time domain to the discrete-time digital domain takes a large proportion of the power consumption. Especially for biomedical systems an aggressive reduction in power consumption of all blocks including A/D converters opens up a window for higher performance and more versatile solutions.
J. Craninckx, G. Van der Plas
Chapter 6. Low Power Bio-Medical DSP
Abstract
Many micro-watt power processors have been proposed to improve the processing efficiency for the possible application to Bio Signal Processing [1–5]. Figure 6.1 denotes the energy of recent low power (energy) processors, indicating the trend of the processor’s energy efficiency. The first group is the general purposed processor [1–3, 5]. They have developed for low power operation. Yet, they still require the long operating time, which is the important factor of the energy consumption. Thus, the application specific processor rather than general purpose processor has been developed [4]. Even though it consumes more power than the general purposed processors, the operating time can be reduced remarkably due to the dedicated hardware and instructions. Thus, if the application is clearly defined such as the Bio Signal Processing, it becomes very attractive to improve the energy efficiency.
Hyejung Kim, Hoi-Jun Yoo

Bio-Medical Wireless Communication

Frontmatter
Chapter 7. Short Distance Wireless Communications
Abstract
Since the publication of the first biomedical swallowable telemetry device in 1957, an immense evolution has taken place in biomedical monitoring, stimulation and instrumentation, that would have been impossible without the use of wireless information transmission. The first section gives an overview of wireless methods for transmitting information to and from biomedical implants, followed by a practical introduction on analog and digital modulation methods, in a historical perspective. Next, methods are presented briefly for compressing the amount of transmitted information, as well as rendering the transmitted information more error-resistant. Being a design hurdle in many biomedical telemetry designs, the trade-off between antenna sizing and carrier selection is discussed. Finally, an overview is given of several published or commercial biomedical telemetry applications, with a focus on wireless transmission.
Robert Puers, Jef Thoné
Chapter 8. Bio-Medical Application of WBAN: Trends and Examples
Abstract
Many national health services struggle in the face of financial resource constraints and shortages of skilled labor. The cost of healthcare delivery is steadily on an upward trend. US health care spending is estimated at approximately 16% of the GDP [1]. This upward trend is expected to continue, with projections that the healthcare share of the GDP reaches 19.5% by 2017. Health care spending in other OECD countries is projected to consume up to 16% of GDP. As a result, the pressure on healthcare systems to step up efforts in cost containment and efficiency improvement keeps growing. Consensus about the main determinants of expenditure is not complete but revolves generally around cost drivers such as rising income and patient expectations; demographic change, in particular the aging of population; and new technologies.
Julien Penders, Chris van Hoof, Bert Gyselinckx
Chapter 9. Body Channel Communication for Energy-Efficient BAN
Abstract
Recent advances in semiconductor technologies and computing systems have led to the proliferation of mobile and portable electronic devices opening the ubiquitous mobile computing environment. A wearable computing technology is an example for the user to facilely place such devices around the human body. The wearable electronic devices (e.g., wrist-type computers, earphones, video eyeglasses, and head-mounted displays) and sensors offer potentials for wide range of applications from the health management to ambient intelligence [1–2]. Since such devices are distributed on the human body, a body area network (BAN) can provide the connectivity between each wearable device with the communication range of the human body, corresponding to 1–2 m. Moreover, it should get powered by a very small battery in order to minimize its physical size and get connected through simple interfaces for the convenience of the use. Since the wearer utilizes wearable electronic devices and sensors continuously anytime and anywhere, the devices require a low power data transceiver employing energy-efficient communication schemes and also the high data rate operation needs for exchanging multimedia data such as audio or video over BANs.
Seong-Jun Song, Hoi-Jun Yoo

Examples of Bio-Medical ICs

Frontmatter
Chapter 10. Wearable Healthcare System
Abstract
With the world aging, chronic diseases are becoming the major causes of death around the world. For example, according to US National Center for Health Statistics, major chronic disease such as heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus account for 35.6% of death in US in the year 2005 [1] (Fig. 10.1). An important perspective of the chronic diseases is that the sooner they are detected, the better prognoses the patients will have. However, asymptomatic or intermittent properties of many chronic problems lead to difficulties: therefore, long-term continuous health monitoring is essential in detecting and treating with the diseases [2, 3].
Jerald Yoo, Hoi-Jun Yoo
Chapter 11. Digital Hearing Aid and Cochlear Implant
Abstract
Approximately 70 million individuals worldwide suffer from hearing loss, which makes it the most common sensory disorder in the world [1–3]. There are estimated 28 million individuals with hearing loss in the United States. Hearing loss affects 17 in 1,000 children under the age of 18, with the incidence increasing with age. Approximately 314 in 1,000 people over the age of 65 have hearing loss, and 40–50% of people 75 and older have hearing loss.
Sunyoung Kim, Hoi-Jun Yoo
Chapter 12. Cardiac Rhythm Management IC’s
Abstract
Cardiac rhythm management devices can be grouped into two broad categories: pacemakers and implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD’s). These devices, over the last decades, have continued to grow in capability and complexity, and provide therapy for a wide range of cardiac rhythm disorders. The devices themselves are only one important part of the entire system, which includes device, leads, programmer, and the patient. This chapter will provide some background about the need for these devices, their function in the system, and details on their internal electrical design, focusing on the integrated circuits.
Erno Klaassen
Chapter 13. Neurostimulation Design from an Energy and Information Transfer Perspective
Abstract
Neurostimulation—defined as electrical charge delivery for the purpose of affecting the behavior of nervous tissue—is one of the fastest growing applications in biomedical engineering. In the United States alone, neurostimulation products represented a $628 million market in 2006 with an expected annual growth rate of 20% [1]. Example applications include neurostimulation for pain control, incontinence, hearing loss, epilepsy and essential tremor. Even more exciting for engineers, researchers and venture capitalists are the nascent and under-developed applications of neurostimulation—particularly neurostimulation to restore function lost to neurological diseases or injury. At the heart of any such system is a circuit which drives neural tissue with electricity. An example radiograph showing the key elements of a neuromodulation system is shown in Fig. 13.1 these elements include the energy source, neurostimulation circuitry, mechanical packaging and stimulating electrodes. All neuromodulation systems have these general elements.
David A. Dinsmoor, Robert W. Hocken Jr, Wesley A. Santa, Jalpa S. Shah, Larry Tyler, Timothy J. Denison
Chapter 14. Artificial Retina IC
Abstract
Artificial retina or, in general, artificial vision, is a prosthesis device to regain vision for the blind. The similar sensory prosthesis device is an artificial cochlea, which has been successfully developed and widely used in many deaf patients in the worldwide to regain sound. Now in the world, a number of research and development on artificial reina [17] are progressing and commercial products will be produced commercially in the near future.
Jun Ohta
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Bio-Medical CMOS ICs
herausgegeben von
Hoi-Jun Yoo
Chris van Hoof
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer US
Electronic ISBN
978-1-4419-6597-4
Print ISBN
978-1-4419-6596-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6597-4

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