nach oben

Erschienen in:

2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Biomass for Industrial and District Heating

verfasst von : Isabel Malico

Erschienen in: Forest Bioenergy

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The industrial sector, the world’s largest energy consuming end-user, is a major greenhouse gas emitter. It heavily relies on fossil fuels, with only a small contribution from renewables, and of these, only biomass (mainly primary solid biofuels) is not marginal at a global scale. Several factors contribute to the limited adoption of renewables within the industry. The sector’s extraordinary diversity and complexity make a one-size-fits-all solution impossible. Industrial energy consumption varies significantly among different sub-sectors and even within each sub-sector, depending on production composition and industrial processes. Energy-intensive industries typically consume substantial amounts of process heat, while non-energy-intensive ones tend to rely more on electricity. Given the importance of energy-intensive industrial sub-sectors, finding solutions to decarbonise process heat is crucial. Process heat encompasses various applications, technologies, energy sources, temperatures and delivery methods. There is substantial demand for high-temperature process heat (>500 °C), with only a limited number of renewable energy options available, including bioenergy. Bioenergy holds the potential to contribute to the decarbonisation of industry but requires tailored solutions for each sub-sector and context. This chapter presents key commercially available biomass heat production systems, which vary in configuration, technologies and scale, with similarities to district heating systems, also discussed.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Biomass for Domestic Heat

Nächstes Kapitel Biomass for Power Production and Cogeneration

Note that these figures exclude the non-energy use of fossil fuels (for example, the fuels used as feedstocks to make products such as plastics and chemicals or bitumen used as road surface).

OECD stands for Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

In 2020, these three sectors accounted for almost 60% of the world industrial energy consumption and more than 70% of the industrial CO₂ emissions [33]. The emissions from industrial processes are included in this value, which for some industrial processes (e.g., cement and lime production) are important [34].

IEA (2022) Energy statistics data browser. https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser. Accessed 8 May 2023

Paltsev S, Morris J, Kheshgi H, Herzog H (2021) Hard-to-abate sectors: the role of industrial carbon capture and storage (CCS) in emission mitigation. Appl Energy 300:117322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117322CrossRef

Kesicki F, Yanagisawa A (2015) Modelling the potential for industrial energy efficiency in IEA’s world energy outlook. Energ Effi 8:155–169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-014-9273-7CrossRef

Malico I, Nepomuceno Pereira R, Gonçalves AC, Sousa AMO (2019) Current status and future perspectives for energy production from solid biomass in the European industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 112:960–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.022CrossRef

Seyboth K, Beurskens L, Langniss O, Sims REH (2008) Recognising the potential for renewable energy heating and cooling. Energy Policy 36:2460–2463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.046CrossRef

European Commission (2016) Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. An EU strategy on heating and cooling. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

Union E (2018) Directive (EU) 2018/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Off J Eur Union L328:82–209

Tilia, TU Wien, IREES, et al (2022) District heating and cooling in the European Union. Overview of markets and regulatory frameworks under the revised Renewable Energy Directive. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

Trinomics, Öko-Institut, DTU (2022) Policy support for heating and cooling decarbonisation: roadmap. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

10.

TU Wien, e-think, Fraunhofer ISI, et al (2022) Renewable space heating under the revised Renewable Energy Directive: ENER/C1/2018 494: final report. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium

11.

Eurostat (2023) Eurostat database. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/data/database. Accessed 18 Jul 2023

12.

Fraunhofer ISI, Fraunhofer ISE, IRESS, et al (2016) Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020–2030) heating/cooling fuel deployment (fossil/renewables). Work package 1: final energy consumption for the year 2012. European Commission

13.

Chan Y, Kantamaneni R, Allington M (2015) Study on energy efficiency and energy saving potential in industry and on possible policy mechanisms. ICF Consulting Limited, London, UK

14.

Fleiter T, Elsland R, Rehfeldt M, et al (2017) Profile of heating and cooling demand in 2015. Heat Roadmap Europe

15.

Taibi E, Gielen D, Bazilian M (2012) The potential for renewable energy in industrial applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16:735–744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.08.039CrossRef

16.

Berglin N, Berntsson T (1998) CHP in the pulp industry using black liquor gasification: thermodynamic analysis. Appl Therm Eng 18:947–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(98)00038-6CrossRef

17.

Jönsson J, Algehed J (2010) Pathways to a sustainable European kraft pulp industry: trade-offs between economy and CO₂ emissions for different technologies and system solutions. Appl Therm Eng 30:2315–2325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2010.01.025CrossRef

18.

Suhr M, Klein G, Kourti I et al (2015) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of pulp, paper and board. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

19.

Stubdrup KR, Karlis P, Roudier S, Sancho LD (2016) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of wood-based panels. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

20.

U.S. Department of Energy, Industrial Heating Equipment Association (2004) Improving process heating system performance. A sourcebook for industry. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.

21.

Suopajärvi H, Umeki K, Mousa E et al (2018) Use of biomass in integrated steelmaking—status quo, future needs and comparison to other low-CO₂ steel production technologies. Appl Energy 213:384–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.060CrossRef

22.

Danish Energy Agency (2022) Technology data for industrial process heat. Danish Energy Agency

23.

US EIA (2018) Manufacturing energy consumption survey (MECS). https://www.eia.gov/consumption/manufacturing/. Accessed 20 Aug 2023

24.

Lovegrove K, Alexander D, Bader R, et al (2019) Renewable energy options for industrial process heat. Australian Renewable Energy Agency, O’Connor

25.

Pardo N, Moya JA (2013) Prospective scenarios on energy efficiency and CO₂ emissions in the European iron and steel industry. Energy 54:113–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2013.03.015CrossRef

26.

He K, Wang L (2017) A review of energy use and energy-efficient technologies for the iron and steel industry. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 70:1022–1039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.007CrossRef

27.

Worrell E, Phylipsen D, Einstein D, Martin N (2000) Energy use and energy intensity of the U.S. chemical industry. University of California, Berkeley, CA

28.

Saygin D, Patel MK, Worrell E et al (2011) Potential of best practice technology to improve energy efficiency in the global chemical and petrochemical sector. Energy 36:5779–5790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.05.019CrossRef

29.

Madlool NA, Saidur R, Hossain MS, Rahim NA (2011) A critical review on energy use and savings in the cement industries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:2042–2060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.01.005CrossRef

30.

Usón AA, López-Sabirón AM, Ferreira G, Sastresa EL (2013) Uses of alternative fuels and raw materials in the cement industry as sustainable waste management options. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 23:242–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.02.024CrossRef

31.

Fleiter T, Fehrenbach D, Worrell E, Eichhammer W (2012) Energy efficiency in the German pulp and paper industry—a model-based assessment of saving potentials. Energy 40:84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.02.025CrossRef

32.

Lipiäinen S, Kuparinen K, Sermyagina E, Vakkilainen E (2022) Pulp and paper industry in energy transition: towards energy-efficient and low carbon operation in Finland and Sweden. Sustain Prod Consumption 29:421–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.10.029CrossRef

33.

IEA (2022) World energy outlook 2022. International Energy Agency, Paris

34.

Cui D, Deng Z, Liu Z (2019) China’s non-fossil fuel CO₂ emissions from industrial processes. Appl Energy 254:113537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113537CrossRef

35.

Lenz V, Szarka N, Jordan M, Thrän D (2020) Status and perspectives of biomass use for industrial process heat for industrialized countries. Chem Eng Technol 43:1469–1484. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202000077CrossRef

36.

Saygin D, Gielen DJ, Draeck M et al (2014) Assessment of the technical and economic potentials of biomass use for the production of steam, chemicals and polymers. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 40:1153–1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.114CrossRef

37.

Olsson O, Schipfer F (2021) Decarbonizing industrial process heat: the role of biomass. IEA

38.

Nussbaumer T (2003) Combustion and co-combustion of biomass: fundamentals, technologies, and primary measures for emission reduction. Energy Fuels 17:1510–1521. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef030031qCrossRef

39.

Demirbas A (2005) Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues. Prog Energy Combust Sci 31:171–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.02.002CrossRef

40.

van Loo S, Koppejan J (2008) The handbook of biomass combustion and co-firing. Earthscan, London; Sterling, VA

41.

EIPPCB (2007) Reference document on best available techniques in the production of polymers. EIPPCB, Seville

42.

EIPPCB (2007) Reference document on best available techniques for the manufacture of large volume inorganic chemicals - ammonia, acids and fertilisers. EIPPCB, Seville

43.

Brinkmann T, Giner Santonja G, Schorcht F et al (2014) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of chlor-alkali. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

44.

Barthe P, Chaugny M, Roudier S, Delgado Sancho L (2015) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the refining of mineral oil and gas industrial emissions. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

45.

Falcke H, Holbrook S, Clenahan I, et al (2017) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of large volume organic chemicals. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

46.

Giner Santonja G, Karlis P, Stubdrup KR et al (2019) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the food, drink and milk industries. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

47.

Remus R, Aguado-Monsonet MA, Roudier S, Sancho L (2013) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for iron and steel production. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

48.

Mousa E, Wang C, Riesbeck J, Larsson M (2016) Biomass applications in iron and steel industry: an overview of challenges and opportunities. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 65:1247–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.07.061CrossRef

49.

Cusano G, Rodrigo Gonzalo M, Farrell F et al (2017) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the non-ferrous metals industries. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

50.

EIPPCB (2007) Reference document on best available techniques in the ceramic manufacturing industry. EIPPCB, Seville

51.

Scalet BM, Garcia Muñoz M, Sissa AQ et al (2013) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the manufacture of glass. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

52.

Schorcht F, Kourti I, Scalet BM et al (2013) Best available techniques (BAT) reference document for the production of cement, lime and magnesium oxide. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

53.

Mikulčić H, Klemeš JJ, Vujanović M et al (2016) Reducing greenhouse gasses emissions by fostering the deployment of alternative raw materials and energy sources in the cleaner cement manufacturing process. J Clean Prod 136:119–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.145CrossRef

54.

Pinto RGD, Szklo AS, Rathmann R (2018) CO₂ emissions mitigation strategy in the Brazilian iron and steel sector–from structural to intensity effects. Energy Policy 114:380–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.11.040CrossRef

55.

Nepomuceno Pereira R, Malico I, Mesquita P, et al (2017) Energy use of cork residues in the Portuguese cork industry. In: Proceedings of the 12th conference on sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems—SDEWES 2017. SDEWES Center, Dubrovnik; Croatia

56.

Beauchemin PA, Tampier M (2008) Emissions from wood-fired combustion equipment. Envirochem Services Inc., North Vancouver, B. C.

57.

Yin C, Rosendahl LA, Kær SK (2008) Grate-firing of biomass for heat and power production. Prog Energy Combust Sci 34:725–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2008.05.002CrossRef

58.

Energy and Environmental Analysis, Eastern Research Group (2007) Biomass combined heat and power catalog of technologies. Environmental Protection Agency, U. S

59.

Mladenović R, Dakić D, Erić A et al (2009) The boiler concept for combustion of large soya straw bales. Energy 34:715–723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.003CrossRef

60.

Koornneef J, Junginger M, Faaij A (2007) Development of fluidized bed combustion—an overview of trends, performance and cost. Prog Energy Combust Sci 33:19–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2006.07.001CrossRef

61.

Scala F (2013) Fluidized bed technologies for near-zero emission combustion and gasification. Woodhead Publishing, cambridge, UK

62.

Bayham SC, Breault R, Monazam E (2016) Particulate solid attrition in CFB systems—an assessment for emerging technologies. Powder Technol 302:42–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2016.08.016CrossRef

63.

Leckner B (2016) Developments in fluidized bed conversion of solid fuels. Therm Sci 20:1–18. https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI150703135LCrossRef

64.

Kleinhans U, Wieland C, Frandsen FJ, Spliethoff H (2018) Ash formation and deposition in coal and biomass fired combustion systems: progress and challenges in the field of ash particle sticking and rebound behavior. Prog Energy Combust Sci 68:65–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2018.02.001CrossRef

65.

Obernberger I (2009) Reached developments of biomass combustion technologies and future outlook. In: Proceedings of the 17th European biomass conference. Hamburg, Germany, pp 20–37

66.

Saidur R, Abdelaziz EA, Demirbas A et al (2011) A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:2262–2289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015CrossRef

67.

da Costa TP, Quinteiro P, Tarelho LA da C, et al (2018) Environmental impacts of forest biomass-to-energy conversion technologies: grate furnace versus fluidised bed furnace. J Clean Prod 171:153–162.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.287

68.

de Souza-Santos ML (2004) Solid fuels combustion and gasification. Modeling, simulation, and equipment operations. Marcel Dekker, New York, NY

69.

Peterson D, Haase S (2009) Market assessment of biomass gasification and combustion technology for small- and medium-scale applications. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO

70.

Göransson K, Söderlind U, He J, Zhang W (2011) Review of syngas production via biomass DFBGs. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:482–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.032CrossRef

71.

Thomson R, Kwong P, Ahmad E, Nigam KDP (2020) Clean syngas from small commercial biomass gasifiers; a review of gasifier development, recent advances and performance evaluation. Int J Hydrogen Energy 45:21087–21111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.160CrossRef

72.

Hanchate N, Ramani S, Mathpati CS, Dalvi VH (2021) Biomass gasification using dual fluidized bed gasification systems: a review. J Clean Prod 280:123148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123148CrossRef

73.

Bain RL, Broer K (2011) Gasification. In: Brown RC (ed) Thermochemical processing of biomass. Conversion into fuels, chemicals and power. Wiley, Chichester, pp 47–77

74.

Sansaniwal SK, Pal K, Rosen MA, Tyagi SK (2017) Recent advances in the development of biomass gasification technology: a comprehensive review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72:363–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.038CrossRef

75.

Dimpl E (2011) Small-scale electricity generation from biomass. Experience with small-scale technologies for basic energy supply. Part I: biomass gasification, 2nd ed. GIZ Hera, Eschborn

76.

Schmid JC, Benedikt F, Fuchs J et al (2021) Syngas for biorefineries from thermochemical gasification of lignocellulosic fuels and residues—5 years’ experience with an advanced dual fluidized bed gasifier design. Biomass Conv Bioref 11:2405–2442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00486-2CrossRef

77.

Karl J, Pröll T (2018) Steam gasification of biomass in dual fluidized bed gasifiers: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 98:64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.09.010CrossRef

78.

Claude V, Courson C, Köhler M, Lambert SD (2016) Overview and essentials of biomass gasification technologies and their catalytic cleaning methods. Energy Fuels 30:8791–8814. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01642CrossRef

79.

IRENA (2015) A background paper to “renewable energy in manufacturing”. IRENA, Abu Dhabi

80.

Podschelne C, Ciolkosz D (2013) Residential wood heat in the Northeast. In: Jacobson M, Ciolkosz D (eds) Wood-based energy in the northern forests. Springer, New York, New York, NY, pp 111–124

81.

Hansson J, Berndes G, Johnsson F, Kjärstad J (2009) Co-firing biomass with coal for electricity generation—an assessment of the potential in EU27. Energy Policy 37:1444–1455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.12.007CrossRef

82.

Khorshidi Z, Ho MT, Wiley DE (2014) The impact of biomass quality and quantity on the performance and economics of co-firing plants with and without CO₂ capture. Int J Greenhouse Gas Control 21:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2013.12.011CrossRef

83.

Roni MS, Chowdhury S, Mamun S et al (2017) Biomass co-firing technology with policies, challenges, and opportunities: a global review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 78:1089–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.023CrossRef

84.

Demirbaş A (2003) Sustainable cofiring of biomass with coal. Energy Convers Manage 44:1465–1479CrossRef

85.

Sahu SG, Chakraborty N, Sarkar P (2014) Coal–biomass co-combustion: an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 39:575–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.106CrossRef

86.

Rahman A, Rasul MG, Khan MMK, Sharma S (2015) Recent development on the uses of alternative fuels in cement manufacturing process. Fuel 145:84–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.12.029CrossRef

87.

Pardo N, Vatopoulos K, Krook-Riekkola A, Moya JA (2012) Heat and cooling demand and market perspective. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg

88.

Babich A, Senk D (2013) Biomass use in the steel industry: back to the future? Stahl Eisen 133:57–67

89.

Suopajärvi H, Pongrácz E, Fabritius T (2013) The potential of using biomass-based reducing agents in the blast furnace: a review of thermochemical conversion technologies and assessments related to sustainability. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 25:511–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.05.005CrossRef

90.

Lake A, Rezaie B, Beyerlein S (2017) Review of district heating and cooling systems for a sustainable future. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 67:417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.061CrossRef

91.

Werner S (2017) International review of district heating and cooling. Energy 137:617–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.045CrossRef

92.

Ericsson K, Werner S (2016) The introduction and expansion of biomass use in Swedish district heating systems. Biomass Bioenerg 94:57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.08.011CrossRef

Titel: Biomass for Industrial and District Heating
verfasst von: Isabel Malico
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Forest Bioenergy
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-48223-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-48224-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48224-3_9

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"