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2011 | Buch

Understanding TwitterTM Use among Parliament Representatives: A Genre Analysis Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Electronic Participation

Third IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, ePart 2011, Delft, The Netherlands, August 29 – September 1, 2011. Proceedings

herausgegeben von: Efthimios Tambouris, Ann Macintosh, Hans de Bruijn

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Conference on Electronic Participation, ePart 2011, held in Delft, The Netherlands, in August/September 2011. The 26 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on appreciation of social media; visualizing arguments; understanding eParticipation; eParticipation initiatiaves and country studies; participation and eServices; and innovative technologies.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Appreciation of Social Media

Understanding TwitterTM Use among Parliament Representatives: A Genre Analysis
Abstract
This article examines parliament representatives’ Twitter- contributions (tweets). First, the genre of communication approach is introduced to identify common characteristics and communication patterns. Second, the findings are analysed using various eDemocracy models and deliberative standards to identify to what extent these tweets could be characterized as part of a deliberative discussion. The tweets are mainly dominated by five communication purposes; providing links to information sources for other Twitter users, to inform about the representative’s ongoing activities, to express views on topical issues, introducing non-political (private) content and participating in online discussions with other parliament representatives. Other less frequent communication patterns include tweets attracting attention to the representative’s own blogs, requests for input from readers and finally discussions with citizens. The analysed tweets generally did not meet deliberative standards and are dominated by politicians disseminating information and discussing with other parliament representatives. We conclude by arguing that the parliament representatives’ Twitter use is linked to the Liberal Democracy model, where the main purpose is to disseminate information to electors, and provide information on ongoing activities to the audience.
Øystein Sæbø
Left and Right in the Blogosphere: Ideological Differences in Online Campaigning
Abstract
This article investigates the usage of blogs in electoral campaigns in Sweden, a country characterized by strong political parties and a party centered form of representative democracy. The central argument is that blogs are utilized in different ways by different parties. The empirical analysis based on a survey among over 600 blogging politicians indicates a vast difference in uptake and usage of blogs between the right- and left wing politicians. The results indicate that ideological positions towards individualism and collectivism matters for the practice of blogging.
Joachim Åström, Martin Karlsson
Social Media and Political Participation: Are Facebook, Twitter and YouTube Democratizing Our Political Systems?
Abstract
Abstract. This paper presents the results of a literature review in regard to Social Media and participation. Besides that, to understand the meaning and impact of Social Media on elections, we show field results from the 2010 and 2011 elections in the Netherlands. There are several challenges when it comes to engaging people in party politics. The current findings in literature show us that previous efforts to shape public participation with prior Internet tools did not meet expectations. With Social Media this could change, because participation seems to be the key concept that explains the difference between ‘old’ web and ‘new’ Social Media. In the Netherlands, Social Media did not significantly influence voting behaviour during the local elections (2010/2011). But, during the national elections (2010), politicians with higher Social Media engagement got relatively more votes within most political parties. In conclusion, we propose a future research agenda to study how political parties could benefit from Social Media to reinvent and improve the way they work with their members and volunteers.
Robin Effing, Jos van Hillegersberg, Theo Huibers
Combining Social and Government Open Data for Participatory Decision-Making
Abstract
In the last years, several research endeavors were launched aiming at involving popular social media platforms in electronic participation. These early endeavors seem to present some essential limitations related mainly to scalability and uptake. In order to avoid these limitations, we introduce a two-phased approach for supporting participatory decision-making based on the integration and analysis of social and government open data. The proposed approach is based on the literature related to the analysis of massive amounts of social data for future events prediction. In this paper we also present a Web data driven architecture for the implementation of the proposed approach. The architecture is based on the use of linked data paradigm as a layer that will enable integration of data from different sources. We anticipate that the proposed approach will (i) allow decision makers to understand and predict public opinion and reaction about specific decisions; and (ii) enable citizens to inadvertently contribute in decision-making.
Evangelos Kalampokis, Michael Hausenblas, Konstantinos Tarabanis
Extracting Semantic Knowledge from Twitter
Abstract
Twitter is the second largest social network after Facebook and currently 140 millions Tweets are posted on average each day. Tweets are messages with a maximum number of 140 characters and cover all imaginable stories ranging from simple activity updates over news coverage to opinions on arbitrary topics. In this work we argue that Twitter is a valuable data source for e-Participation related projects and describe other domains were Twitter has already been used. We then focus on our own semantic-analysis framework based on our previously introduced Semantic Patterns concept. In order to highlight the benefits of semantic knowledge extraction for Twitter related e-Participation projects, we apply the presented technique to Tweets covering the protests in Egypt starting at January 25 th and resulting in the ousting of Hosni Mubarak on February 11 th 2011. Based on these results and the lessons learned from previous knowledge extraction tasks, we identify key requirements for extracting semantic knowledge from Twitter.
Peter Teufl, Stefan Kraxberger

Visualising Arguments

Argument Visualization for eParticipation: Towards a Research Agenda and Prototype Tool
Abstract
This paper describes research that aims to develop an argument visualization tool and associated method for supporting eParticipation and online deliberation. Based on the state-of-the-art in the field of computer-supported argument visualization, the tool will support the work of relevant eParticipation actors by enabling them to navigate through arguments contained in relevant consultation and policy documents. This tool will form the core of our investigation into the mediating role that large, Web-based argument maps can play in eParticipation scenarios. In particular, we intend to investigate the method and practice of how various eParticipation actors use the tool in the policy-making process. To this end, this paper sets out a clear research agenda for research at the intersection of eParticipation and computer-supported argument visualization.
Neil Benn, Ann Macintosh
Evaluation of an Argument Visualisation Platform by Experts and Policy Makers
Abstract
Argument visualisation (AV) tools enable structured debates around issues, positions and arguments. These tools have the potential to substantially improve transparency e.g. by enabling understanding complex legislation and debating. In this paper we present the results of the evaluation of an AV platform by experts and policy makers. The results suggest the potential of such tools is large particularly for understanding complex legislation and debates. The results indicate an AV tool can be also potentially used for massive deliberations when however usability is further improved. They further suggest an AV tool seems particularly relevant to the analysis and policy formation stages of policy making, where identification, elaboration and presentation of complex topics are needed. In this paper we employed a mature AV tool and concentrate on evaluating general aspects of such platforms hence we believe the results can also apply to other AV platforms.
Efthimios Tambouris, Efpraxia Dalakiouridou, Eleni Panopoulou, Konstantinos Tarabanis
ArgVis: Structuring Political Deliberations Using Innovative Visualisation Technologies
Abstract
Argumentation, having its roots back to ancient years, is used in many aspects of everyday life, such as law, politics, education and decision making. Argument Visualisation Tools serve the need of visualizing natural language’s argumentations, targeting in the elimination of the traditional community sites’ disadvantages such as the lack of expressiveness. This paper presents ArgVis, an argument visualization tool, which drives the development of structured dialogues in an uncomplicated manner, without demanding from the users to hold any special technical or argumentation skills. ArgVis structures argumentations in interactive graphs that comprise: Issues, Positions, Arguments and Counterarguments. One of ArgVis’ innovations relies on the ability to integrate information with relevant, user-generated content from similar tools and sites by exporting data in a machine-readable format using the SIOC ontology.
Areti Karamanou, Nikolaos Loutas, Konstantinos Tarabanis

Understanding eParticipation

eParticipation Research: A Longitudinal Overview
Abstract
This paper provides an update of the existing eParticipation research state of the art, and a longitudinal analysis of the development of the eParticipation field based on a shared framework of analysis. Drawing on a literature search covering the period from April 2006 to March 2011 included, 123 articles are identified, analysed and classified within the categories of eParticipation actors, activities, contextual factors, effects, and evaluation. Findings show that the field has a high level of dynamism, as focuses on eParticipation activities, contextual factors and effects have shifted in time, sometimes in counterintuitive directions. Drawing on the analysis, the conclusion section provides inputs for a research agenda. These include the need to move beyond a technological perspective, and encouraging the ongoing shift of research focus from government to citizens and other stakeholders.
Rony Medaglia
Power and Participation in Digital Late Modernity: Towards a Network Logic
Abstract
Through theories of mediatization it is commonly understood that political institutions and participatory practices adapt to the logics of mass media. Today the overall media and communication landscape is becoming digitalized. Technological processes of digitalization evolve in tandem with socio-cultural processes of reflexivity and individualization in late modernity. Thus politics and participation will be adapting to an increasingly digitalized and individualized media and communication landscape. This is a theoretical paper with an aim to critically analyze how contemporary media and communication landscape will influence practices of participation. Through the concept of network logic it is argued that users are disciplined into responsive and reflexive communication and practices of constant updating. As a result of this political participation will be more expressive and increasingly centered around identity negotiation.
Jakob Svensson
Inform-Consult-Empower: A Three-Tiered Approach to eParticipation
Abstract
While most existing eParticipation projects have embraced the need for citizen engagement to achieve effective democracy, as of yet only limited success has been achieved. This lack of success stems from many challenges and barriers: in some cases, it is a lack of interest in policy issues and low levels of trust in politicians; in others, it is a lack of vision or awareness about the benefits of citizens participation inside the policy-modelling process. This paper describes a three-tiered approach to eParticipation based on a multi-stream policy-making model with three levels of participation: Inform, Consult, Empower. This approach focuses on the level of participation by the user: what are the goals of participation at each of these levels and how do each of these levels of participation relate to current policy-modelling practices. The Puzzled by Policy project will adopt and implement the Inform-Consult-Empower approach, which shows how the social complexity barriers, political culture barriers, technological barriers and organizational structure barriers can be reduced in order to provide effective participation. A use case of how this model will be used to engage Spanish citizens with immigration policy is presented.
Deirdre Lee, Nikolaos Loutas, Elena Sánchez-Nielsen, Esen Mogulkoc, Oli Lacigova
Design Thinking and Participation: Lessons Learned from Three Case Studies
Abstract
This paper examines how design thinking and serious games approaches can be used to support participation through the analysis of three case studies. Indeed we will analyze these approaches in three different contexts: (i) a state-owned multi-utilities company; (ii) a political party; (iii) an information system strategic committee. Our analysis framework relies on the concepts of “perceived usefulness” and “perceived ease of use” and we will use it to discuss the lessons learned. Our main finding is that these approaches really contributing in making complex and abstract matters more “tangible” and thus understandable.
Olivier Glassey, Jean-Henry Morin, Patrick Genoud, Giorgio Pauletto
Reference Framework for E-participation Projects
Abstract
Accommodating the various requirements from distinct perspectives in e-participation calls for a holistic engineering approach for e-participation systems analysis and design. This paper presents research results towards a reference framework for e-participation projects. An analysis of procedural models for e-participation and enterprise architectures in the context of e-participation shows that a holistic approach is necessary. A sophisticated and holistic engineering approach for e-participation in the form of a reference framework is seen as a solution to support e-participation projects development and implementation. The reference framework consists of different concepts supporting each other: dimensions that build the scope of an e-participation project, a domain meta model, a procedural reference model, and a library with requirements, reference models and building blocks for e-participation.
Sabrina Scherer, Maria A. Wimmer

eParticipation Initiatives and Country Studies

Measure to Improve: A Study of eParticipation in Frontrunner Dutch Municipalities
Abstract
eParticipation is still in its early phases of development, in which government organizations undertake many experiments. There is no systematic overview of these experiments, which inhibits learning from each other. Measuring and benchmarking eParticipation provide the opportunity to inspire new developments by sharing best practices. This paper presents the development of a measurement instrument that is subsequently used to investigate eParticipation in frontrunner Dutch municipalities. This instrument combines factors related to the role of citizens, the type of media deployed, and the organization of the municipality. Using these factors to measure eParticipation in seventeen municipalities we found a large focus on traditional media forms usually supporting informative and consultative practices for policy development. This study, however, has been largely limited to measuring the type of ICT that is used to facilitate eParticipation. Therefore, we recommend extending it with measurements that give insight into the actual use, effectiveness, and the inclusion of citizens’ input in policy making.
Anne Fleur van Veenstra, Marijn Janssen, Andreas Boon
Direct Democracy Catalysed by Resident-to-Resident Online Deliberation
Abstract
In the context of local civic governance, much of the interest in e-Participation concerns the extent to which online media might overcome the limitations of geography and scale, and so allow local interests to be better represented in institutionally driven participatory processes at national or regional level. In contrast, this study investigates the online deliberations of a local, geographically bounded community in a series of mailing lists that had originated from their own initiative and self-organisation. The interactions we observe challenges assumptions of democratic deliberation as mainly policy debate between citizens and government, or of lobbying administrative government. It also proposes a broader conception of the role of online deliberation in local governance, where instrumental decision-making and developing consensus is frequently over privileged in research.
Rean van der Merwe, Anthony Meehan
Knowledge as Power on the Internet
Abstract
In this study we explore how knowledge produced on the Internet can reflect objectivist or subjectivist views. These different views shape participation dynamics in the knowledge production process in ways that are bound up with power. To explore these issues, we conducted a comparative case study of websites under the Development Gateway, an initiative launched by the World Bank in 2001. We examined how objective knowledge is associated with tightly controlled processes of knowledge production dominated by an elite that limits electronic participation, while subjective knowledge is associated with processes characterized by more inclusiveness, polyvocality and (qualified) egalitarianism.
Zelinna Pablo, Cynthia Hardy
Revisiting the Conceptualisation of e-Campaigning: Putting Campaign Back in e-Campaigning Research
Abstract
As political parties’ and candidates’ e-Campaigning has become increasingly complex and sophisticated, scholars accordingly devise conceptual frameworks to understand and describe this social phenomenon. Yet, there is little scholarly debate concerning the varying conceptualisations of political parties’ or candidates’ utilisation of e-Campaigning. A review of existing e-Campaigning conceptualisations reveals three major limitations: namely, lack of academic rigour, a technologically deterministic orientation of e-Campaigning practices, and variation in the coverage of e-Campaigning practices. Potentially, these limitations might impede the comparability of e-Campaigning studies over time and across countries. In response, this research paper proposes a conceptual, practice-based framework that builds on the existing research. This paper then uses empirical data from a New Zealand political party to illustrate the application of the proposed framework.
Hugo Gong, Miriam Lips, Mary Tate
An Overview Assessment of ePetitioning Tools in the English Local Government
Abstract
According to legislation introduced in 2009, all English local authorities were expected to implement an online petitioning facility by the end of 2010. This mandate offers a unique opportunity to assess the impact of a national eParticipation policy at such scale focusing on a particular engagement tool. A web content analysis methodology was used to collect data from the 353 English local government websites. Different variables measuring the implementation of this initiative were explored, including evidence of other eParticipation activities such as online consultations. The data were then cross-examined with institutional background factors such as political affiliation of the leading party. The study results question whether the legislation actually achieved its purpose since they indicate apparent efforts of minimum institutional compliance and low actual use of ePetitions. Among others, population density and previous experience with eParticipation were positively correlated with the implementation effort and actual use of those systems.
Panagiotis Panagiotopoulos, Christopher Moody, Tony Elliman
Questão Pública: First Voting Advice Application in Latin America
Abstract
Questão Pública was a Voting Advice Application website set up for the 2010 Senate elections in Brazil. Promoted by a consortium of Brazilian and international NGOs as well as universities, Questão Pública was not only a research but also a political initiative. The consortium understood Questão Pública as a complementary tool to reinforce transparency and accountability during an election campaign. The paper presents a description of this experience, of candidate and user response resps wellas a discussion of the main features of the Voting Advice Application. We furthermore report on technical aspects, the questionnaire, and the diffusion activities the consortium undertook to convince candidates to participate as well as to attract users.
Alejandra Marzuca, Uwe Serdült, Yanina Welp
iLeger: A Web Based Application for Participative Elections
Abstract
iLeger is a Web Application that seeks to concentrate, in a single place, the stakeholders in a political election allowing multi-directional and structured communication between them. Using a citizen and candidate centered approach; iLeger supports collaborative interaction with the purpose of fostering communication, deliberation and participation. This paper aims at presenting the main functionalities of this Web application, as well as the results from a case study about the Portuguese Presidential Elections held in 2011.
Artur Afonso Sousa, Pedro Agante, Luís Borges Gouveia

Participation and eServices

One for All, All for One – Performing Citizen Driven Development of Public E-Services
Abstract
The notion of citizen driven development of public e-services has been vivid for a number of years in eGovernment research, practice and policies. A variety of expectations are coupled with the idea of citizens participating in the development process; ranging from, roughly outlined, more efficient services (economic gain and customer satisfaction) and enhanced democracy (deliberation and empowerment). There are less conceptual analyses resting on a critical stance analysing how this notion is translated in practical settings, leaving a gap in between for practitioners to solve. This paper presents explorative work made in a Swedish authority, setting out to understand their structure, and the available methods used, in relation to the concept. The results show that besides difficulties in creating systematic work processes, what surfaces is the complex task of estimation.
Katarina L. Gidlund
Talking about Public Service Processes
Abstract
Many discussions enforce the need to encourage Society’s involvement and participation in public issues. This paper moves towards the idea that the use of conversations about public services encourages closer ties between Society and Government. It presents a tool to support discussion and share of information about public service processes. The tool also enables the use of information obtained from conversations to identify service improvements.
Bruna Diirr, Renata Araujo, Claudia Cappelli
Innovation and Evolution of Services: Role of Initiatives
Abstract
This paper discusses the role of initiatives in dynamic collaborative processes of services innovation and evolution in the organizational context of an enterprise. The research is based on the current state of the art on modeling initiatives and services and studies phenomena of innovation and evolution for supporting services. Within our approach, we propose definitions for the key concepts related to modeling processes of services innovation and evolution, and define their main characteristics, stakeholders and roles. Furthermore, we introduce our services-oriented approach for initiatives management and show how it could be used for the process of services innovation through knowledge actionalizing. This theoretical founding is then discussed from the implementation viewpoint: we introduce a trans-disciplinary collaboration platform, Cross-Pollination Space, and briefly describe its framework. We conclude with the scope of current work and identify some context limitations of this research and reposition them as perspectives for our future work.
Anastasiya Yurchyshyna, Abdelaziz Khadraoui, Wanda Opprecht, Michel Léonard

Innovative Technologies

Citizen Engagement with Information Aggregation Markets
Abstract
Participatory governance entails converting citizens from passive users of administrative decisions into active participants of political procedures. Public institutions and organizations can benefit from methods and tools able to aggregate and interpret information dispersed among citizens. In this paper we explore the use of Information Aggregation Markets (IAMs) for citizen engagement. We identify the benefits of IAMs and explain how markets can be used to aggregate citizens’ opinions and views on policy issues. Furthermore we report on two real life cases where we deployed IAMs to assist the decision making processes of public organizations. The positive feedback from participants and decision makers provides empirical evidence on the benefits of IAMs as a method for engaging citizens in public policy decision making.
Efthimios Bothos, Dimitris Apostolou, Gregoris Mentzas
Towards a Structured Online Consultation Tool
Abstract
The Structured Online Consultation tool (SCT) is a component tool in the IMPACT Project which is used to construct and present detailed surveys that solicit feedback from the public concerning issues in public policy. The tool is underwritten by a computational model of argumentation, incorporating fine-grained, interconnected argumentation schemes. While the public responds to easy to understand questions, the answers can be assimilated into a structured framework for analytic purposes, supporting automated reasoning about arguments.
Adam Wyner, Katie Atkinson, Trevor Bench-Capon
A Review of Opinion Mining Methods for Analyzing Citizens’ Contributions in Public Policy Debate
Abstract
Electronic Participation (eParticipation), both in its traditional form and in its emerging Web 2.0 based form, results in the production of large quantities of textual contributions of citizens concerning government policies and decisions under formation, which contain valuable relevant opinions and knowledge of the society, however are exploited to a limited only extent. It is of critical importance to analyze these contributions in order to extract the opinions and knowledge they contain in a cost-efficient way. This paper reviews a wide range of opinion mining methods, which have been developed for analyzing commercial product opinions and reviews posted on the Web, as to the capabilities they can offer for meeting the above challenges. The review has revealed the great potential of these methods for the analysis of textual citizens’ contributions in public policy debates, both for assessing contributors’ general attitudes-sentiments (positive, negative or neutral) towards the policy/decision under discussion, and also for extracting the main issues they raise (e.g. negative and positive aspects and effects, implementation barriers, improvement suggestions) and the corresponding attitudes-sentiments. Based on the conclusions of this review a basic framework for the use of opinion mining methods in eParticipation has been formulated.
Manolis Maragoudakis, Euripidis Loukis, Yannis Charalabidis
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Electronic Participation
herausgegeben von
Efthimios Tambouris
Ann Macintosh
Hans de Bruijn
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-23333-3
Print ISBN
978-3-642-23332-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23333-3

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