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2013 | Buch

A Collaborative Framework between a Scheduling System and a Holonic Manufacturing Execution System Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi Agent Manufacturing and Robotics

herausgegeben von: Theodor Borangiu, Andre Thomas, Damien Trentesaux

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Studies in Computational Intelligence

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik" , Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

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Über dieses Buch

The book covers four research domains representing a trend for modern manufacturing control: Holonic and Multi-agent technologies for industrial systems; Intelligent Product and Product-driven Automation; Service Orientation of Enterprise’s strategic and technical processes; and Distributed Intelligent Automation Systems. These evolution lines have in common concepts related to service orientation derived from the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) paradigm.

The service-oriented multi-agent systems approach discussed in the book is characterized by the use of a set of distributed autonomous and cooperative agents, embedded in smart components that use the SOA principles, being oriented by offer and request of services, in order to fulfil production systems and value chain goals.

A new integrated vision combining emergent technologies is offered, to create control structures with distributed intelligence supporting the vertical and horizontal enterprise integration and running in truly distributed and global working environments.

The service value creation model at enterprise level consists into using Service Component Architectures for business process applications, based on entities which handle services. In this componentization view, a service is a piece of software encapsulating the business/control logic or resource functionality of an entity that exhibits an individual competence and responds to a specific request to fulfil a local (product) or global (batch) objective.

The service value creation model at enterprise level consists into using Service Component Architectures for business process applications, based on entities which handle services. In this componentization view, a service is a piece of software encapsulating the business/control logic or resource functionality of an entity that exhibits an individual competence and responds to a specific request to fulfil a local (product) or global (batch) objective.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Holonic and Multi-agent Systems for Manufacturing

Frontmatter
A Collaborative Framework between a Scheduling System and a Holonic Manufacturing Execution System
Abstract
This paper presents developments on a collaborative framework between a centralized manufacturing scheduling system (SS) and a decentralized manufacturing execution system (MES). The paper intends to integrate such systems with the aim of reducing the existing gap between detailed manufacturing scheduling systems and lower level systems, like MESs. Moreover, the framework exploits the benefits of each specialized technology and complements their capabilities in order to collaborate at runtime. The SS is based on constraint programming (CP) technology, while the holonic MES or HMES implements the PROSA reference architecture and applies the delegate multi-agent system pattern (D-MAS). The scheduling system generates a good quality schedule, which execution is performed by the HMES. In turn, the HMES requires services from the SS in order to update the schedule. The paper also shows the impact that disruptive events have on the execution performance. Experimental results have shown a trade-off between efficiency and stability metrics.
Juan M. Novas, Jan Van Belle, Bart Saint Germain, Paul Valckenaers
Manufacturing Service Bus Integration Model for Highly Flexible and Scalable Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
Today’s economy, driven by aggressive marketing campaigns, shows an appetite for new, on demand products and services. The life span of a given product type becomes in these conditions shorter and shorter. To remain competitive, manufacturing enterprises need to keep up with these dynamic market variations, by always adjusting the offer according to competition. On top of this, the poor economic conditions add additional pressure on optimization and efficiency in order to cut costs and maximize profit. Enterprises have understood that "time to market" becomes a decisive factor that separates successful enterprises from lagers. This time to market can be shortened only by increasing flexibility in the manufacturing process. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework for manufacturing integration, which matches plant floor solutions with business systems and suppliers. This solution focuses on achieving flexibility by enabling a low coupling design of the entire enterprise system through leveraging of Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and Manufacturing Service Bus (MSB) as best practices. The paper presents the integration between an upper layer ESB-based business system with a distributed HMES system based on MSB, built using JADE multi agent platform, event triggered communication and dynamic business rules. The combination of ESB at business layer and MSB at HMES layer forms a solid yet agile architecture for loose coupled, standard based manufacturing systems. Experimental results show the distribution of messages transmitted through the ESB and MSB for a certain product batch size and number of resources, proving that two-layered bus architectures offer several advantages in structuring the information flow through the buses.
Cristina Morariu, Octavian Morariu, Theodor Borangiu, Silviu Raileanu
Towards Self-organized Service-Oriented Multi-agent Systems
Abstract
The demand for large-scale systems running in complex and even chaotic environments requires the consideration of new paradigms and technologies that provide flexibility, robustness, agility and responsiveness. Multi-agents systems is pointed out as a suitable approach to address this challenge by offering an alternative way to design control systems, based on the decentralization of control functions over distributed autonomous and cooperative entities. However, in spite of their enormous potential, they usually lack some aspects related to interoperability, optimization in decentralized structures and truly self-adaptation. This paper discusses a new perspective to engineer adaptive complex systems considering a 3-layer framework integrating several complementary paradigms and technologies. In a first step, it suggests the integration of multi-agent systems with service-oriented architectures to overcome the limitations of interoperability and smooth migration, followed by the use of technology enablers, such as cloud computing and wireless sensor networks, to provide a ubiquitous and reconfigurable environment. Finally, the resulted service-oriented multi-agent system should be enhanced with biologically inspired techniques, namely self-organization, to reach a truly robust, agile and adaptive system.
Paulo Leitão
HAPBA - A BDI Agent Based Solution for Holonic Manufacturing Execution Systems
Abstract
BDI reasoning mechanism is a well known AI inference approach. Even so, its use in solving the deliberative phase of holonic agents within Holonic Manufacturing Execution Systems still raises open problems. This paper presents the main issues on applying the BDI mechanism in a new holonic structure named HAPBA, which is an instantiation of PROSA reference architecture. The appropriate Petri net models are presented, allowing the analysis of the holonic scheme performance.
Carlos Pascal, Doru Panescu
Modelling and Measuring After-Sales Service Delivery Processes
Abstract
Companies have realized that complementing industrial goods with the provision of value added services can be an important lever to prosper on those markets affected by weak demand, hard competition and decreasing margins. However, the increasing role of industrial services in the strategic plans and the economics of companies pose new relevant organisational and management challenges. A fundamental requirement lies in designing suitable processes and performance indicators to help companies in monitoring their current and future results and the critical trends of the beneath processes. The goal of the paper is to propose a methodology for mapping and measuring service delivery processes. An industrial case study is also reported as an example of the applicability of the methodology.
Elena Legnani, Sergio Cavalieri, Paolo Gaiardelli
Unified Framework for Self-organizing Manufacturing Systems Design
Abstract
The paper analyses the similarities between different categories of manufacturing systems having in common the property of self-organization and a multi-agent architecture. As a novelty, the paper proposes a methodology to aid engineers in the design and control of Fractal Multi-Agent Systems (FMAS) for manufacturing applications. The methodology offers a conceptual framework and a series of steps to follow to find proper mechanisms that will promote elements which, by actively interacting among them, lead to better performance.
Radu Dobrescu, Gheorghe Florea

Intelligent Products and Product Driven Manufacturing

Frontmatter
Intelligent Products in the Supply Chain - 10 Years on
Abstract
Ten years ago the intelligent product model was introduced as a means of motivating a supply chain in which product or orders were central as opposed to the organizations that stored or delivered them. This notion of a physical product influencing its own movement through the supply chain was enabled by the evolution of low cost RFID systems which promised low cost connection between physical goods and networked information environments. In 2002 the notion of product intelligence was regarded as a useful but rather esoteric construct. However, in the intervening ten years there have been a number of technological advances coupled with an increasingly challenged business environment which make the prospects for intelligent product deployment seem more likely. This paper reviews a number of these developments and assesses their impact on the intelligent product approach.
Duncan McFarlane, Vaggelis Giannikas, Alex C. Y. Wong, Mark Harrison
Assessment of EPCIS Standard for Interoperable Tracking in the Supply Chain
Abstract
With increasing globalization and loosely-coupled business relations between different companies, the importance of information exchange standards is increasing. GS1’s Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS) is currently one of the main standards proposed for inter-organizational data exchange for track and trace purposes in the supply chain. However, despite its strong industrial background and maturity, EPCIS is not yet used as a global standard for trace and track applications. This paper attempts to analyze why EPCIS has not been universally adopted as a global data-exchange standard for track and trace by analyzing three application areas where the use of EPCIS should provide substantial benefits. The results of this analysis should provide useful insights into the challenges of introducing new, global standards and guidelines for similar initiatives in the future.
Kary Främling, Sagar Parmar, Ville Hinkka, Jaakko Tätilä, Dirk Rodgers
Product-Driven Control: Concept, Literature Review and Future Trends
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the concept of ”product-driven control”. First, this concept is introduced and the expected advantages and the problems to be solved are described. A brief but representative state of the art is presented. Several product-driven control applications in different domains are also used to illustrate the concept. This paper concludes with a set of challenging prospects.
Damien Trentesaux, André Thomas
Physical Internet Foundations
Abstract
This paper provides insights into the foundations of the Physical Internet that has been introduced as a solution to the Global Logistics Sustainability Grand Challenge [1-2]. The Challenge sets as its goal to improve, by an order of magnitude, the economic, environmental and social efficiency and sustainability of the way physical objects are moved, stored, realized, supplied and used across the world. The paper introduces a formal definition of the Physical Internet as an open global logistics system founded on physical, digital and operational interconnectivity through encapsulation, interfaces and protocols. It is a perpetually evolving system driven by technological, infrastructural and business innovation. In line with the proposed definition, this chapter explains and provides insights into eight foundations of the Physical Internet: a means for logistics efficiency and sustainability, universal interconnectivity, encapsulation, standard smart interfaces, standard coordination protocols, logistics web enabler, an open global logistics system, and driven by innovation.
Benoit Montreuil, Russell D. Meller, Eric Ballot
Evolution of a Flexible Manufacturing System: From Communicating to Autonomous Product
Abstract
Production activity control of industrial systems was evolving in two separate directions for the past decade, double evolution which seems contradictory at first. First, a deeper integration of all the actors in the industrial system occurs, from the raw materials suppliers up to the customer service department dealing with customers’ rising demands. This is known as the concept of ”supply chain”, generally international as the market is globalized. The second evolution is due to an increasing need for flexibility and reactivity, on one hand to answer to an increasingly varied demand, and on the other hand to have a better reaction to the disruptions appearing in the increasingly complex manufacturing systems. These evolutions imply a deep modification of the structure of these manufacturing systems, progressively mutating from an hierarchical organization - where the decisions are taken level by level, top to bottom, each level communicating its decisions to lower levels - to a networked organization, each node of this network being to some extent more or less an autonomous decision centre. This control concept is very attractive, as it enables to significantly increase the control’s robustness by considering modelling uncertainties and disruptions. However, very few academic papers deal with a detailed example of highly intelligent products in a context of product-driven systems. This paper intends to show the evolution of a flexible manufacturing system, from a data oriented perspective to a product driven one.
F. Gamboa Quintanilla, O. Cardin, P. Castagna
An Approach to Data Mining for Product-driven Systems
Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to highlight some new product-driven system issues. Several effective options have been proposed that allow products or objects to react to environmental modifications, especially in the manufacturing and logistics contexts considered in the current study. At present, bio-inspired approaches are particularly promising. These new methods allow products to respond to the information that they collect. This is why techniques that facilitate the exploitation and organization of data are necessary. The main objective of this chapter is addressed in the second section, where we highlight why learning machines may be viewed as a new way of transforming data into useful knowledge.
Philippe Thomas, André Thomas

Service Orientation in Manufacturing Management Control

Frontmatter
Complex Manufacturing and Service Enterprise Systems: Modeling and Computational Framework
Abstract
This work comes as a contribution to the efforts that are undergoing within engineering systems community to account for the increased complexity of today’s manufacturing or service systems. These systems are becoming more and more complicated due to the increase in the number of elements, interconnections within the system, and necessary integration with other systems. Moreover, through the emphasis on self-organization and considering the multi-stakeholders context and objectives, these systems are crossing the line towards complexity. There is a need for developing a framework to be used in modeling, analysis, and integration of systems that operate in uncertain environments, in which characteristics such as adaptation, self-organization and evolution, or in other words behavior prediction, need to be addressed. The proposed complex enterprise systems framework combines knowledge coming from complex systems science and systems engineering domains, and uses computational intelligence and agent-based systems simulation methodologies. The approach requires computational experience in manipulating large amounts of data and building large-scale simulation models. A significant result to be made possible by this research is that systems may no longer have a fixed, life-cycle long, design based on identified requirements; systems will be engineered to evolve and adapt as needed during the operational phase, while respecting their operational environment constraints.
Radu F. Babiceanu
Service-Oriented Process Control with Grafchart and the Devices Profile for Web Services
Abstract
To fulfil increasing requirements within the manufacturing sector, highly flexible and adaptable automation systems are needed. It is desirable to have one integrated approach that stretches from the process planning phase, through the implementation phase and all the way to the phase for execution of the process control logics. One promising approach is to use the concepts of service-oriented architectures within automation, here referred to as SOA-AT. As service technology, DPWS has proved to be the most suitable for realizing service based communication on device level. The paper shows how Grafchart, a graphical language aimed for sequential control applications, can support the development of DPWS applications, and how Grafchart can be used for process modelling and execution in the planning and execution phase. This constitutes a unique framework for the development and execution of SOA applications in accordance with the requirements for automatic control tasks. The paper also presents an industry-related experimental setup in which the SOA-AT concepts are demonstrated through the use of Grafchart.
Alfred Theorin, Lisa Ollinger, Charlotta Johnsson
A Service Science Knowledge Environment in the Cloud
Abstract
This paper presents the prototype of a knowledge sharing environment dedicated to Service Science development and dissemination. This proposed concept model of the Service Science Knowledge Environment (SS-KE) can be developed on three directions, i.e. research, education and business alliances. The paper emphasize the way in which value co-creation can profit from semantic-driven social software, taking into consideration the case of educational services delivered in the cloud. It approaches conception and development of an open, collaborative, interactive environment to gather around universities, industry, governmental agencies and European institutions in order to foster service innovation by means of a) information, b) proves and c) technological transfer of the research results aiming at developing sustainable service systems solutions. In this respect, a specification proposal for a collaborative service process based on co-creation of value between educational service providers and consumers is presented. As current ICT state-of-the-art allows creating new services and business services connected to the traditional manufacturing and business domains, the paper presents a perspective on manufacturing servitization processes. In the Internet of Services (IoS) perspective, the proposed approach delivers a vision on using cloud to help research and education to become global by improving front-end applications for educational services, such that technology would encourage individual learning, make learning global at the same time and enable global collaboration both in education and research.
Monica Dragoicea, Theodor Borangiu
Extraction of Automation System Engineering Knowledge for Mapping Plant and Simulation Interfaces
Abstract
Design and integration of industrial automation systems require cooperation of different engineering disciplines and various engineering tools during both design-time and runtime. The scope of this chapter is to bridge the gap between the design-time description and the runtime integration in a semi-automated way. Furthermore, this chapter focuses on the problem of the integration of legacy systems with limited access to original engineering data. It is assumed that an interface between a real industrial system and software automation tools is OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) and we propose to derive the plant knowledge from the OPC UA tag list. Since it is not possible to solve this task in general, we require the tag list to adopt the naming convention defined by the international standard IEC 81346, which is widespread in large-scale systems. This tag list is parsed and the engineering knowledge is derived and stored in the Engineering Knowledge Base. Consequently, the plant knowledge is mapped to knowledge related to software automation tools, such as simulations. The proposed methodology is evaluated on a real-life example dealing with a laboratory tank model.
Petr Novák, Martin Melik-Merkumians, Michael Steinegger, Thomas Moser, Radek Šindelář, Alois Zoitl
Vertical Integration of Decision-Relevant Production Information into IT Systems of Manufacturing Companies
Abstract
Today’s global competition and rising prizes for resources force manufacturing companies to integrate and make use of various IT systems in their production environment. Those IT systems need to be directly connected with the manufacturing plants to optimize the value added chain in all levels of the enterprise. The connection, that should be flexible, needs to be done in increasingly shorter time, resulting in fixed communication structures. Such inadequate connection of the business (strategic) and technical (operation) levels increases the planning and implementation effort dramatically due to shortened reconfiguration tasks. This paper examines a flexible communication architecture approach for a vertical integration of production process-relevant data, i.e., for closing the gap between the business and technical levels. The approach enables the transfer of information in form of key performance indicators. The key performance indicators will support decision-making processes in the manufacturing companies. To prove the feasibility of the vertical integration approach a prototype is implemented and evaluated in the SmartFactory KL.
Tobias Gerber, Hans-Christian Bosch, Charlotta Johnsson
Obstacle Avoidance for Trajectory Tracking Control of Wheeled Mobile Robots
Abstract
The wheeled mobile robots used in the flexible manufacturing systems act in an environment with static and dynamic obstacles. This paper proposes a new control method for the wheeled mobile robots movement in the presence of static and dynamic obstacles. The dynamic model used for steering and obstacle avoidance is the differential equations system. The environment is the commonly used laser range finder (LRF) system. The obstacle avoidance control is solved using the trajectory tracking control. The sliding mode control approach is used for the trajectory tracking problem. The effectiveness of the proposed local navigational system in an unknown environment with static and moving objects, corresponding to flexible manufacturing system, is proved through simulation results.
Răzvan Şolea, Daniela Cristina Cernega

Distributed Intelligence for Sustainable Manufacturing

Frontmatter
Simulation Modelling of Energy Dynamics in Discrete Manufacturing Systems
Abstract
There is a rapidly growing need to understand and manage the energy consumed in discrete manufacturing systems. In order to enable more accurate and detailed energy consumption estimation, several recent studies have focused on energy consumption dynamics of specific manufacturing processes and associated equipment. However in discrete manufacturing systems consisting of multiple machines, energy consumption of individual machines can be expected to be influenced by the higher-level production control systems and its associated policies. This paper presents a simulation model that integrates the machine-level energy control policies together with production control policies to develop a holistic approach to characterize energy dynamics in discrete manufacturing systems. Results from an exploratory study indicate that production control policies can significantly influence the amount of energy wasted in manufacturing systems.
Vittaldas V. Prabhu, Hyun Woo Jeon, Marco Taisch
A Framework for Distributed Intelligent Automation Systems Developments
Abstract
This chapter proposes a simple and pragmatic framework that has been developed for classifying and analyzing developments in distributed automation and information systems – especially those that have been labelled intelligent systems for different reasons. The framework dissects the different stages in the standard feedback process and assesses distribution in terms of the level of granularity of the organization that is being considered. The framework has been found to be useful in comparing and assessing different distributed industrial control paradigms and also for examining common features of different development projects – especially those that might be sourced from different sectors or domains.
Duncan McFarlane, Ajith Parlikad, Andy Neely, Alan Thorne
Review of Industrial Applications of Multi-agent Technologies
Abstract
The intention of the manuscript is to give the overview of alternative control approaches that have been applied in industrial automation domain for more than two decades. Apart from more traditional centralized and hierarchical approaches the discussed ones are built on distributed, autonomous and intelligent entities that provide and consume services in networked environments. The key drivers have been holonic concept, multi-agent systems and recently service-oriented architectures. The talk discusses the major benefits as well as prevailing roadblocks hindering the widespread exploitation and deployment in real factories. It reviews the principle methodologies, architectures, tools and either pilot trials or commercially successful applications of industrial agent systems with major focus on achievements of the Rockwell Automation company.
Pavel Vrba
Reconfiguration of Machining Transfer Lines
Abstract
In this chapter, we introduce a new optimization problem that aims at minimizing the reconfiguration cost of a transfer line. A line has to be reconfigured if a new product must be produced by an existing line or any changes in product characteristics occur. In such cases, new operations have to be integrated on existing equipment while some previously assigned operations are deleted. Since transfer lines consist of a sequence of unit head machines, their reconfiguration is not an easy issue because of numerous constraints on compatibility between old and new operations to be taken into account. Therefore, a compromise between introducing new equipment and reusing old one should be found. In this chapter, a Mixed Integer Program is proposed for solving this problem with objective to minimize the cost of the final line configuration. An illustrative example is presented.
Fatme Makssoud, Olga Battaïa, Alexandre Dolgui
Knowledge-Based Technologies for Future Factory Engineering and Control
Abstract
Knowledge-based Automation has been a major trend in factory engineering and control research over the last years. In this paper, the main challenges addressed by knowledge-based production systems are identified and the state of the art in supporting factory engineering and control with knowledge-based technologies is investigated. The paper concludes with a discussion of white spots in the research landscape. While there is comprehensive research on applying knowledge-based technology to individual problems such as disruption detection or reactive production planning, the interaction and dependencies between those solutions is less well investigated – although a combined solution is inevitable for addressing real world challenges.
Christoph Legat, Steffen Lamparter, Birgit Vogel-Heuser
Human-Robot Natural Interaction with Collision Avoidance in Manufacturing Operations
Abstract
The paper discusses a new method of tracking and controlling robots that interact with humans (natural interaction) to provide assistance services in manufacturing tasks. Using depth sensors the robots are able to assist the human operator and to avoid collisions. Natural interaction is implemented using a depth sensor which monitors the activity outside and inside the robot system workspace. The sensor extracts depth data from the environment and then uses the processing power of a workstation in order to detect both humans and robot arms. This is done by detecting skeletons which represent the position and posture of the humans and manipulators. Using skeleton tracking, a software agent is able to monitor the movements of the human operators and robotic arms and to detect possible collisions in order to stop the robot motion at the right time. Also the agent can interpret the posture (or full body gesture) of the human operator in order to send basic commands to the robot.
Florin D. Anton, Silvia Anton, Theodor Borangiu
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Service Orientation in Holonic and Multi Agent Manufacturing and Robotics
herausgegeben von
Theodor Borangiu
Andre Thomas
Damien Trentesaux
Copyright-Jahr
2013
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN
978-3-642-35852-4
Print ISBN
978-3-642-35851-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35852-4

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