Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

75. Building Fire Risk Analysis

verfasst von : Brian J. Meacham, David Charters, Peter Johnson, Matthew Salisbury

Erschienen in: SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Verlag: Springer New York

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Building Fire Risk Analysis provides insight into how to enhance the design, construction and management of our built environment. Fire safety, as a concept, branches into all manner of fields. It can affect a building’s design & appearance, its capital and ongoing costs, its day-to-day functionality and above all the community or business it serves – in the event of a fire. Understanding risk is fundamental for consultants, approval organizations, Fire Brigades, insurers and regulators. Fire risk is embedded within codes and guidance – where decisions have been made about what is reasonable and practicable for buildings based on their size and use. This chapter explores what risk is and how it may be understood for future decision making throughout the fire safety industry. Risk herein is defined as the possibility of an unwanted outcome in an uncertain situation. Three key factors are: loss or harm of something; the event(s) that causes loss; and, the likelihood it will occur. The unwanted outcome generally affects life safety, property, business continuity, heritage, the environment, or a combination of these. The reality of our built environment, both now and in the future, is that unwanted outcomes are subject to a variety of active, passive and managerial systems which all contribute to improving safety and reducing risk. Risk assessment allows these systems to be fairly understood and the best decisions made to address the needs required.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Vorheriges Kapitel Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability
Nächstes Kapitel Uncertainty
Literatur
1.
B.J. Meacham, “A Process for Identifying, Characterizing, and Incorporating Risk Concepts into Performance-Based Building and Fire Regulations Development,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Clark University, Worcester, MA (2000).
2.
N.C. Rassmussen, “The Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment Techniques to Energy Technologies,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 195–206 (1990).
3.
P.C. Stern and H.V. Fineburg (eds.), Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1996).
4.
B.J. Meacham, “Understanding Risk: Quantification, Perceptions and Characterization,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 14, 3, pp. 199–227 (2004).CrossRef
5.
B.J. Meacham, “Incorporating Risk Concepts into Performance-Based Building and Fire Regulation Development,” in Safety Engineering and Risk Analysis, SERA Volume 9 (J.L. Boccio, ed.), American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, pp. 63–70 (1999).
6.
B.J. Meacham, “Application of a Decision-Support Tool for Comparing and Ranking Risk Factors for Incorporation into Performance-Based Building Regulations,” in Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD (2000).
7.
B.J. Meacham and R.L.P. Custer, “Performance-Based Fire Safety Engineering: An Introduction of Basic Concepts,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 7, 2, pp. 35–54 (1995).CrossRef
8.
R.L.P. Custer and B.J. Meacham, Introduction to Performance-Based Fire Safety, NFPA, Quincy, MA (1997).
9.
B.J. Meacham, “Assessment of the Technological Requirements for Realization of Performance-Based Fire Safety Design in the United States: Final Report,” NIST GCR 98-763, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD (1998).
10.
Society of Fire Protection Engineers, SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection Analysis and Design of Buildings, SFPE and NFPA, Quincy, MA (2000).
11.
R.L. Keeney and H. Raiffa, Decisions with Multiple Objectives: Preferences and Value Tradeoffs, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1976).MATH
12.
R.L. Keeney, “Formal Analysis Including Value Judgments and Public Risk,” Toxic Substances Journal, 3, 1, pp. 8–22 (1981).
13.
R.T. Clemen, Making Hard Decisions: An Introduction to Decision Analysis, Duxbury Press, Pacific Grove, CA (1996).
14.
R. Schwing and W. Albers (eds.), Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe Is Safe Enough?, Plenum, New York (1980).
15.
E. Crouch and R. Wilson, Risk/Benefit Analysis, Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, MA (1982).
16.
R. Wilson, “Commentary: Risks and Their Acceptability,” Science, Technology and Human Values, 9, 2, pp. 11–22 (1984).
17.
D.J. Alesch and W.J. Petak, The Politics and Economics of Earthquake Hazard Mitigation: Unreinforced Masonry Buildings in Southern California, Institute on Environment and Behavior, University of Colorado, Boulder (1986).
18.
S. Kelman, “Cost-Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 129–137 (1990).
19.
S. Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1993).
20.
T. O. Tengs et al., “Five Hundred Life-Saving Interventions and Their Cost-Effectiveness,” Risk Analysis, 15, 3, pp. 369–390 (1995).CrossRef
21.
W.K. Viscusi and J.E. Aldy, “The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates Throughout the World,” Related Publication 03-2, AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies (Jan. 2003).
22.
H. Kunreuther and R.J. Roth, Sr., Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance Against Natural Disasters in the United States, Joseph Henry Press, Washington, DC (1998).
23.
P.R. Kleindorfer and H.C. Kunreuther, “The Complementary Roles of Mitigation and Insurance in Managing Catastrophic Risks,” Risk Analysis, 19, 4, pp. 727–738 (1999).
24.
Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York (1985).
25.
Health Facilities Note, HFN 09, “Fire Safety—Cost or Benefit?” Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London, UK (1995).
26.
S.E. Magnusson, H. Franzich, and K. Harada, “Fire Safety Design Based on Calculations: Uncertainty Analysis and Safety Verification,” Report 3078, Lund University, Lund, Sweden (1995).
27.
S.E. Magnusson, H. Frantzich, K. Harada. “Fire Safety Design Based on Calculations: Uncertainty Analysis and Safety Verification,” Fire Safety Journal, 27: 305–334, 1996.CrossRef
28.
H. Frantzich, “Uncertainty and Risk Analysis in Fire Safety Engineering,” Report LUTVDG/(TVBB-1016), Lund University, Lund, Sweden (1998).
29.
D.A. Charters et al., “Assessment of the Probabilities That Staff and/or Patients Will Detect Fires in Hospitals,” Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium of Fire Safety Science, Melbourne, Australia (1997).
30.
D.A. Charters, “Quantified Assessment of Hospital Fire Risks,” Proceedings of Interflam’96, InterScience Communications, Cambridge, UK (1996).
31.
N. Groner, “A Critique of Event Modeling as Applied to Human Reliability and a Suggested Alternative,” in Proceedings of the SFPE Symposium on Risk, Uncertainty and Reliability in Fire Protection Engineering, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, pp. 190–199 (1999).
32.
R.E. Britter, “The Evaluation of Technical Models Used for Major-Accident Hazard Installations,” EUR 14774EN, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium (1993).
33.
C. Hohenemser, R. Kasperson, and R.W. Kates, “Causal Structure,” in Perilous Progress: Managing the Hazards of Technology (Kates, Hohenemser, and Kasperson, eds.), Westview Press, Boulder, CO, pp. 25–42 (1985).
34.
M.C. White et al., “A Quantitative Estimate of Leukemia Mortality Associated with Occupational Exposure to Benzene,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 165–180 (1990).
35.
B.N. Ames, R. Magow, and L.S. Gold, “Ranking Possible Carcinogenic Hazards,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 76–99 (1990).
36.
D. Hattis and D. Kennedy, “Assessing Risks from Health Hazards: An Imperfect Science,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 156–163 (1990).
37.
B.D. Goldstein, Issues in Risk Assessment, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1993).
38.
C.T. Petito and B.D. Beck, “Evaluation of Evidence of Nonlinearities in the Dose-Response Curve for Arsenic Carcinogenesis,” Trace Substances in Environmental Health, 24, pp. 143–176 (1990).
39.
F.P. Lees, Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Butterworths, London (1980).
40.
R.L. Keeney et al., “Assessing the Risk of an LNG Terminal,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 207–217 (1990).
41.
G. Apostolakis, “Fire Risk Assessment and Management in Nuclear Power Plants,” Fire Science and Technology, 13, Supplement, pp. 12–39 (1993).
42.
Y.Y. Haimes, Risk Modeling, Assessment, and Management, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1998).MATH
43.
Proceedings of the SFPE Symposium on Risk, Uncertainty and Reliability in Fire Protection Engineering and Joint SFPE/UMD/Clark University Workshop on Encouraging the Use of Risk Concepts in Performance-Based Building and Fire Regulation Development, SFPE, Bethesda, MD (1999).
44.
NFPA 550, Guide to the Fire Safety Concepts Tree, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2002 edition.
45.
J.M. Watts, Jr., “Systems Approach to Fire-Safe Building Design,” in Fire Protection Handbook, 20th ed. (A.E. Cote et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 1-157–1-170 (2008).
46.
Random House, The Random House College Dictionary, Random House, Inc., New York (1980).
47.
J.R. Hall, Jr., “Probability Concepts,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd ed. (P.J. DiNenno et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 1-182–1-192 (2002).
48.
G. Apostolakis, “Probability and Risk Assessment: The Subjectivistic Viewpoint and Some Suggestions,” Nuclear Safety, 19, 3, pp. 305–315 (1978).
49.
M.J. Karter, Jr., “1996 U.S. Fire Loss,” NFPA Journal, 91, 5, pp. 77–83 (1997).
50.
M. Fontana, J.P. Favre, and C. Fetz, “A Survey of 40,000 Building Fires in Switzerland,” Fire Safety Journal, 32, 2, pp. 137–159 (1999).CrossRef
51.
J. Rahikainen and O. Keski-Rahkonen, “Determination of Ignition Frequency of Fire in Different Premises in Finland,” Fire Engineers Journal, 58, 197, pp. 33–37 (1998).
52.
J.R. Hall, Jr., The U.S. Fire Problem Overview Report—Leading Causes and Other Patterns and Trends, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (1998).
53.
Fire in the United States, 10th Edition, 1986–1995, National Fire Center, United States Fire Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Emmitsburg, MD (1998).
54.
Fire Safety Engineering in Buildings, British Standards Institute, DD 240: Parts 1 and 2 (1997).
55.
Fire Code Reform Centre, Fire Engineering Guidelines, Sydney, Australia (1996).
56.
D. Charters, C. Sherwood and E. Warren, (2012), “A Study of the nature of fire risks in tall buildings,” Proceedings, 9th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and fire Safety Design Methods. SFPE, Bethesda, MD.
57.
Y. Kobayashi and H. Nozaki, (2005), “A Statistical Method to Evaluate Fire Risks in Non-Residential Buildings in Japan,” Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium, China, International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp. 341-352
58.
J. Taveau (2010), “Risk assessment and land-use planning regulations in France following the AZF disaster,” Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Volume 23, issue 6, November 2010, pp. 813–823
59.
K. Tillander (2004). Utilisation of statistics to assess fire risk in buildings, VTT Publications 537, VTT, Espoo, Finland.
60.
M. Tsujimoto (2006), “Death risk by building fires in Japan and its usage,” Fire Science and Technology, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 63–68CrossRef
61.
F.R. Farmer, “Siting Criteria—A New Approach,” IAEA Symposium on the Containment and Siting of Nuclear Power Reactors, IAEA SM-89/34, Vienna, Austria (Apr. 3–7, 1967).
62.
D.P. Fernandes-Russell, “Societal Risk Estimates from Historical Data for UK and Worldwide Events,” Research Report No. 3, Environmental Risk Assessment Unit, University of East Anglia, UK (1987).
63.
D. Charters, M. Salisbury, and S. Wu, “The Development of Risk-Informed Performance-Based Codes,” Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Luxembourg (2004).
64.
F.R. Allen, A.R. Garlick, M.R. Hayns, and A.R. Taig, The Management of Risk to Society from Potential Accidents, Elsevier Applied Science, London (1992).
65.
D.A. Charters, Fire Safety Assessment of Bus Transportation, AEA Technology, Warrington, UK, C437/037 (1992).
66.
D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases,” Science, 185, pp. 1124–1131 (1974).CrossRef
67.
W.W. Lowrance, Of Acceptable Risk, William Kaufmann, Inc., Los Altos, CA (1976).
68.
B. Fischhoff et al., Acceptable Risk, Cambridge University Press, New York (1981).
69.
P. Slovic, “Perception of Risk,” Science, 236, pp. 280–285 (1987).CrossRef
70.
V.T. Covello et al. (eds.), Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Decision Making, Plenum Press, New York (1987).
71.
M.G. Morgan and M. Henrion, Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis, Cambridge Press, Cambridge, UK (1990).CrossRef
72.
S.O. Funtowicz and J.R. Ravetz, “Three Types of Risk Assessment and the Emergence of Post-Normal Science,” in Social Theories of Risk (Krimsky and Golding, eds.), Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 251–274 (1992).
73.
D. Hattis and D.E. Burmaster, “Assessment of Variability and Uncertainty Distributions for Practical Risk Analysis,” Risk Analysis, 14, 5, pp. 713–730 (1994).CrossRef
74.
F.O. Hoffman and J.S. Hammonds, “Propagation of Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: The Need to Distinguish Between Uncertainty Due to Lack of Knowledge and Uncertainty Due to Variability,” Risk Analysis, 14, 5, pp. 707–712 (1994).CrossRef
75.
M.W. Merkhofer, A Comparative Evaluation of Quantitative Decision-Making Approaches, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA (1983).
76.
M.W. Merkhofer, “Comparative Analysis of Formal Decision-Making Approaches,” in Risk Evaluation and Management (V.T. Covello et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 183–220 (1986).
77.
D.E. Bell, H. Raiffa, and A. Tversky (eds.), Decision Making: Descriptive, Normative, and Prescriptive Interactions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1988).MATH
78.
D. Hattis and E. Anderson, “What Should Be the Implications of Uncertainty, Variability, and Inherent Biases/Conservatism for Risk Management Decision Making?” Paper presented at Second Workshop on When and How Can You Specify a Probability Distribution if You Don’t Know Much, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (1997).
79.
J.L. Casti, Searching for Certainty: What Scientists Can Know About the Future, William Morrow and Company, New York (1990).
80.
V. Brannigan et al., “Risk Models Involving Human Decisions: Intentional Uncertainty and the Need for Regulation,” Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, pp. 252–262 (1998).
81.
V.M. Brannigan and C. Smidts, “Performance-Based Fire Safety Regulation Under Intentional Uncertainty,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Human Behavior in Fire, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland, pp. 411–420 (1998).
82.
J.R. Benjamin and C.A. Cornell, Probabilities, Statistics, and Decision for Civil Engineers, McGraw-Hill, New York (1970).
83.
D. Von Winterfeldt and W. Edwards, Decision Analysis and Behavioral Research, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1986).
84.
G.S. Omenn et al., Risk Assessment and Risk Management in Regulatory Decision-Making, Presidential/Congressional Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management, Final Report, Volume 2, Washington, DC (1997).
85.
K.A. Notarianni and P. Fischbeck, “Dealing with Uncertainty to Improve Regulations,” in Proceedings of the 1999 Conference on Fire Design in the 21st Century, SFPE and WPI, Worcester, MA (1999).
86.
K.A. Notarianni, “The Role of Uncertainty in Improving Fire Protection Regulations,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA (2000).
87.
D.A. Lucht, “Public Policy and Performance-Based Engineering,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD (1997).
88.
B.J. Meacham, “Identifying and Addressing Uncertainty in Fire Protection Engineering,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Fire Research and Engineering, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, pp. 238–251 (1998).
89.
Albrecht, C. A risk-informed and performance-based life safety concept in case of fire, PhD thesis, TU Braunschweig, ISBN 978-3-89288-202-2, 2012.
90.
Albrecht, C., Hosser, D., “A Response Surface Methodology for Probabilistic Life Safety Analysis using Advanced Fire Engineering Tools.” Fire Safety Science 10: 1059–1072, 2011.CrossRef
91.
M. Siemon, C. Albrecht and D. Hosser, “Considerations for the development of a quantitative life safety design concept using performance based fire engineering methods’,” Proceedings of the 9th International SFPE-Conference on Performance- Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, USA, 2012.
92.
P. Lancaster and K. Salkauskas, “Surfaces generated by moving least squares methods,” Mathematics of Computation, 37(155):141–158, 1981.MathSciNetMATHCrossRef
93.
T. Most and C. Bucher, “New concepts for Moving least squares: An interpolating non-singular weighting function and weighted nodal least squares,” Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, 32:461–470, 2008.MATHCrossRef
94.
A.M. Hasofer, V.R. Beck, and I.D. Bennetts, Risk Analysis in Building Fire Safety Engineering, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, England, 2007, p 87.
95.
C. Bucher, “Adaptive sampling-an iterative fast Monte Carlo procedure,” Structural Safety, 5(2):119–126, 1988.CrossRef
96.
D. Yung, Principles of Fire Risk Assessment in Buildings, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England, 2008.CrossRef
97.
G. Ramachandran and D. Charters, Quantitative Risk Assessment in Fire Safety, Spon Press, London, England (2011)
98.
BS7974, Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of buildings. Code of practice. Technical report, British Standards Institution (BSI), 2001.
99.
C. Albrecht and D. Hosser, “A risk-informed framework for performance-based structural fire protection according to the Eurocode fire parts,” Proceedings, Interflam 9, Interscience Communications, Ltd, UK, 2010.
100.
V.R. Beck, “Cost-Effective Fire Safety and Protection Design Requirements for Buildings,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of New South Wales, Australia (1986).
101.
V.R. Beck, “A Cost-Effective Decision-Making Model for Building Fire Safety and Protection,” Fire Safety Journal, 12, pp. 121–138 (1987).CrossRef
102.
V.R. Beck, “Performance-Based Fire Engineering Design and Its Application in Australia,” in Fire Safety Science—Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, IAFSS, Bethesda, MD, pp. 23–40 (1997).
103.
V.R. Beck and D. Yung, “A Cost-Effective Risk Assessment Model for Evaluating Fire Safety and Protection in Canadian Apartment Buildings,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 2, 3, pp. 65–74 (1990).CrossRef
104.
D. Yung, G.V. Hadjisophocleous, and H. Takeda, “Comparative Risk Assessments of 3-Storey Wood-Frame and Masonry Construction Office Buildings,” in Proceedings of Interflam’93, Interscience Communications Ltd., London, pp. 499–508 (1993).
105.
V.R. Beck and S.L. Poon, “Results from a Cost-Effective Decision-Making Model for Building Fire Safety and Protection,” Fire Safety Journal, 13, pp. 197–210 (1988).CrossRef
106.
V.R. Beck and D. Yung, “A Cost-Effective Risk Assessment Model for Evaluating Fire Safety and Protection in Canadian Apartment Buildings,” International Fire Protection Engineering Institute, 5th Conference, Ottawa, Canada (1989).
107.
V.R. Beck and D. Yung, “A Risk-Cost Assessment Model for Evaluating Fire Risks and Protection in Apartment Buildings,” in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Fire Engineering for Buildings and Structures, The Institution of Engineers, Melbourne, Australia (1989).
108.
I. Thomas, D.W. Weinert, and B. Ashe, “Quantified Levels of Risk to Life Safety in Deemed-to-Satisfy Apartment Buildings,” in 8th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, IAFSS, Beijing, China (Sept. 2005).
109.
J. Gaskin and D. Yung, “Canadian and U.S.A. Fire Statistics for Use in the Risk-Cost Assessment Model,” IRC Internal Report No. 637, National Research Council, Ottawa, Canada (1993).
110.
H. Takeda and D. Yung, “Simplified Fire Growth Models for Risk-Cost Assessment in Apartment Buildings,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 4, 2, pp. 53–66 (1992).CrossRef
111.
G.V. Hadjisophocleous and D. Yung, “A Model for Calculating the Probabilities of Smoke Hazard from Fires in Multi-Storey Buildings,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 4, 2, pp. 67–80 (1992).CrossRef
112.
G.V. Hadjisophocleous and D. Yung, “Parametric Study of the NRCC Fire Risk-Cost Assessment Model for Apartment and Office Buildings,” Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, IAFSS, Bethesda, MD, pp. 829–840 (1994).
113.
R.W. Bukowski, F.B. Clarke, J.R. Hall, Jr., and S.W. Stiefel, Fire Risk Assessment Method: Description of Methodology, National Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA (1990).
114.
J.R. Hall, Jr., “Product Fire Risk,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd ed. (P.J. DiNenno et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 5-143–5-152 (2002).
115.
J. Fraser-Mitchell, “An Object-Oriented Simulation (CRISP II) for Fire Risk Assessment,” in Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium, IAFSS, Bethesda, MD, pp. 793–803 (1994).
116.
J. Fraser-Mitchell, “Risk Assessment of Factors Related to Fire Protection in Dwellings,” in Fire Safety Science: Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium, IAFSS, Bethesda, MD, pp. 631–642 (1997).
117.
Bjorn Karlsson, Iceland Fire Authority, Reykjavik, Iceland; Bodvar Tomasson, Linuhonnun Consulting Engineers, Reykjavik, Iceland. B. Karlsson, and B. Tomasson, “Repeatability Tests of a Fire Risk Index Method for Multi-Storey Apartment Buildings,” 8th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, IAFSS, Beijing, China (Sept. 2005).
118.
G. Hadjisophocleous and Z. Fu, “Development and Case Study of a Risk Assessment Model CUrisk for Building Fires,” 8th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, IAFSS, Beijing, China (Sept. 2005).
119.
D.A. Charters and D. Berry, “Application of Quantified Fire Risk Assessment in the Design of Buildings,” Proceedings of Interflam ‘99, Interscience Communications Ltd., London (1999).
120.
D. Charters and S. Wu, “The Application of ‘Simplified’ Quantitative Fire Risk Assessment to Major Transport Infrastructure,” SFPE Symposium on Risk, New Orleans (2002).
121.
D. Charters, J. Paveley, and F.B. Steffensen, “Quantified Fire Risk Assessment in the Design of a Major Multi-Occupancy Building,” in Proceedings of Interflam 2001, Interscience Communications Ltd, Edinburgh, UK (2001).
122.
D. Charters, “What Does Quantified Fire Risk Assessment Need to do to Become an Integral Part of Design Decision-Making,” SFPE International Conference on Performance Based Codes, San Francisco (2000).
123.
System Safety Program Requirements, Military Standard 882C, U.S. Department of Defense, Washington, DC (1993).
124.
Preparation Guide for U.S. Department of Energy Nonreactor Nuclear Facility Safety Analysis Reports, DOE-STD-3009-94, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC (1994).
125.
International Code Council Performance Code for Buildings and Facilities, International Code Council, Falls Church, VA (2012).
126.
B.J. Meacham, “Application of a Decision-Support Tool for Comparing and Ranking Risk Factors for Incorporation into Performance-Based Building Regulations,” Proceedings, 3rd International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, 2000, pp. 59–70.
127.
B.J. Meacham, “Identifying and Regulating for Multiple Levels of Performance,” in Proceedings of the International Council for Building Research and Innovation, World Congress—Wellington, NZ, CIB, the Netherlands (Apr. 2001).
128.
B.J. Meacham, “Performance-Based Building Regulatory Systems: Structure, Hierarchy and Linkages,” Journal of the Structural Engineering Society of New Zealand, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 37–51, 2004.
129.
R.W. Fitzgerald, “An Engineering Method for Building Fire Safety Analysis,” Fire Safety Journal, 9, 2, pp. 233–243 (1985).CrossRef
130.
R.W. Fitzgerald, “An Engineering Method for Translating Fire Science into Building Design,” in Proceedings of the CIB W14 International Symposium and Workshops, Engineering Fire Safety in the Process of Design: Demonstrating Equivalency, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland (1993b).
131.
R.W. Fitzgerald, Building Fire Performance Analysis, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, 2004.CrossRef
132.
Fitzgerald, R.W. and Meacham, B.J., Fire Performance Analysis of Buildings, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, in development, target publication May 2016.
133.
R.W. Fitzgerald, R.C. Richards, and C.L. Beyler, “Fire Analysis of the Polar Icebreaker Replacement Design,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 3, 4, pp. 137–150 (1991).CrossRef
134.
Society of Fire Protection Engineers, SFPE Engineering Guide: Fire Risk Assessment, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, MD (Nov. 2006).
135.
John Hall Jr. and A. Sekizawa, “Revisiting Our 1991 Paper on Fire Risk Assessment,” Fire Technology, 46, pp 789–901, (2010).
136.
NFPA 551, Guide for the Evaluation of Fire Risk Assessments, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, 2004 edition.
137.
BS 7974-7, “Part 7—Probabilistic Risk Assessment,” Code on the Application of Fire Safety Engineering Principles to the Design of Buildings, British Standards Institute, London, UK (2003).
138.
ISO/PDTS 16732, Fire Safety Engineering—Guidance on Fire Risk Assessment, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Geneva, Switzerland (2004).
139.
D. Rasbash, G. Ramachandran, B. Kandola, J. Watts and M. Law, Evaluation of Fire Safety, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England, 2004.CrossRef
140.
B.J. Meacham, “Extreme Event Mitigation Through Risk-Informed Performance-Based Analysis and Design,” in Extreme Event Mitigation in Buildings: Analysis and Design (B.J. Meacham and M.A. Johann, eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, Chapter 2 (Apr. 2006).
141.
142.
C. Wade, G. Baker, K. Frank, A. Robbins, R. Harrison, M. Spearpoint, and C. Fleischmann. B-RISK User Guide and Technical Manual, BRANZ Study Report 282, BRANZ Ltd, Porirua, New Zealand (2013).
143.
C.A. Wade. BRANZFIRE Technical Reference Guide (revised), BRANZ Ltd, Porirua, New Zealand (2004).
V. Babrauskas, “Ensuring the Public’s Right to Adequate Fire Safety Under Performance-Based Building Codes,” in Proceedings of the 1998 Pacific Rim Conference and Second International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, ICBO and SFPE, Whittier, CA, pp. 239–247 (1998).
M.S. Baram, Alternatives to Regulation: Managing Risks to Health, Safety and the Environment, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA (1982).
V. Beck et al., Fire Safety and Engineering Project Report, The Warren Center for Advanced Engineering, Sydney, Australia (1989).
V.R. Beck et al., “Microeconomic Reform: Fire Regulation,” National Building Fire Safety Systems Code, in Building Regulation Review Task Force, Department of Industry Technology and Commerce, Canberra, Australia, p. 165 (1991).
M. Belsham, “Probable Cause,” Fire Risk Management, p. 41–46, February 2009.
V.M. Brannigan and A. Kilpatrick, “Performance-Based Codes: Reengineering the Regulatory System,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, pp. 139–149 (1997).
H.S. Brown and R.L. Goble, “The Role of Scientists in Risk Assessment,” Risk: Issues in Health and Safety, 1, 4, pp. 283–311 (1990).
D. Canter (ed.), Fires and Human Behavior, 2nd ed., Fulton Publishers, Ltd., London (1990).
R.E. Cheit, Setting Safety Standards: Regulation in the Public and Private Sectors, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA (1990).
G.Q. Chu, T. Chen, Z.H Sun, and J.H. Sun, “Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Evacuees in Building Fires,” Building and Environment, 42:1283–1290, 2007.
G. Chu, J. Sun, “Decision analysis on fire safety design based on evaluating building fire risk to life,” Safety Science, doi:10.​1016/​j.​ssci.​2007.​06.​011, Volume 46, Issue 7, Pages 1125–1136 (2008).
V.T. Covello et al. (eds.), The Analysis of Actual versus Perceived Risks, Plenum Press, New York (1983).
V.T. Covello et al. (eds.), Risk Evaluation and Management, Plenum Press, New York (1986).
V.T. Covello and M.W. Merkhofer, Risk Assessment Methods: Approaches for Assessing Health & Environmental Risks, Plenum Press, New York (1993).CrossRef
V.T. Covello and J. Mumpower, “Risk Analysis and Risk Management: A Historical Perspective,” in Risk Evaluation and Management (V.T. Covello et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 519–540 (1986).
R.E. Donnelly, “Implications of De Minimis Risk Concepts for OSHA,” in De Minimis Risk (C. Whipple, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 95–99 (1987).
R.F. Fahy, “Building Fire Simulation Model. An Overview,” Fire Safety Journal, 9, pp. 189–203 (1985).CrossRef
A. Finkel, “Comparing Risks Thoughtfully,” Risk: Health, Safety & Environment, 7, 4, pp. 325–359 (1996).
B. Fischhoff, “Acceptable Risk: A Conceptual Proposal,” Risk: Health, Safety & Environment, 5, 1, pp. 1–28 (1994).
B. Fischhoff, “Public Values in Risk Research,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 545, pp. 75–84 (1996).CrossRef
B. Fischhoff, “Ranking Risks,” Risk: Health, Safety & Environment, 6, 3, pp. 191–202 (1996).
B. Fischhoff, P. Slovic, and S. Lichtenstein, “Lay Foibles and Expert Fables in Judgements About Risk,” The American Statistician, 36, 3, pp. 240–255 (1982).CrossRef
R.W. Fitzgerald, “Thoughts on Building Codes, Design Standards, and Performance Evaluations for Fire,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE, Bethesda, MD, pp. 127–137 (1997).
H. Frantzich. Uncertainty and Risk Analysis in Fire Safety Engineering. PhD thesis, Lund University Sweden, Department of Fire Safety Engineering, 1998.
W. Freudenburg, “Perceived Risk, Real Risk: Social Science and the Art of PRA,” Science, 242, pp. 44–49 (1988).CrossRef
S.O. Funtowicz and J.R. Ravetz, “Three Types of Risk Assessment,” in Risk Analysis in the Private Sector (Whipple and Covello, eds.), Plenum Press, New York (1985).
B.J. Garrick and W.C. Gekler (eds.), The Analysis, Communication and Perception of Risk, Plenum Press, New York (1991).
T.S. Glickman and M. Gough (eds.), Readings in Risk, Resources for the Future, Washington, DC (1990).
J.D. Graham et al. “Science and Analysis: Roles in Risk and Decision Making,” in Risk Evaluation and Management (V.T. Covello et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 503–518 (1986).
J.R. Hall, Jr., “Societal Issues in Performance-Based Fire Safety Design,” in Proceedings of the Workshop on Performance-Based Fire Safety Design, the Society of Fire Protection Engineers and the Centre for Environmental and Risk Engineering, Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia (1997).
J.R. Hall, Jr., “Using Data for Public Education Planning and Decision Making,” in Fire Protection Handbook, 20th ed. (A.E. Cote et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 5-103–5-118 (2008).
J.R. Hall, Jr., and A.E. Cote, “An Overview of the Fire Problem and Fire Protection,” in Fire Protection Handbook, 20th ed. (A.E. Cote et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 3-3–3-30 (2008).
J. R. Hall Jr. and A. Sekizawa, “Fire risk analysis: General conceptual framework for describing models,” Fire Technology, Volume 27, Issue 1, pp 33–53 (1991).
Y. Hasemi, “Wooden 3-Storey Apartment Building Shake and Burn Test Report,” Building Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan (1992).
Health and Safety Executive, The Tolerability of Risk from Nuclear Power Stations, HMSO, London (1988).
S. Hostikka and O. Keski-Rahkonen, “Probabilistic Simulation of Fire Scenarios,” Nuclear Engineering and Design, 224:301–311, 2003.CrossRef
S. Hostikka, Development of fire simulation models for radiative heat transfer and probabilistic risk assessment. PhD thesis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2008.
House Committee on Science, Unlocking Our Future: Toward A New National Science Policy, Washington, DC (1998).
D.W. Hubbard, The Failure of Risk Management: Why It’s Broken and How to fix It, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2009.
C.R. Jennings, “Socioeconomic Characteristics and Their Relationship to Fire Incidence: A Review of the Literature,” Fire Technology, 35, 1, pp. 7–34 (1999).CrossRef
X. Jing and H. Chongfu, “Fire risk analysis of residential buildings based on scenario clusters and its application in fire risk management,” Fire Safety Journal, Special Issue on Spatial Analytical Approaches in Urban Fire Management, doi:10.​1016/​j.​firesaf.​2013.​09.​022, Volume 62, Part A, Pages 72–78 (2013)
S.N. Jonkman, P.H.A.J.M. van Gelder, and J.K. Vrijling, “An Overview of Quantitative Risk Measures for Loss of Life and Economic Damage,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99, 1, pp. 1–30 (2003).
D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, “The Psychology of Preferences,” Scientific American, 246, 1, pp. 162–173 (1982).CrossRef
R.E. Kasperson, “Acceptability of Human Risk,” Environmental Health Perspectives, 52, pp. 15–20 (1983).CrossRef
R.E. Kasperson, “Six Propositions for Public Participation and Their Relevance for Risk Communication,” Risk Analysis, 6, 3, pp. 275–281 (1986).CrossRef
R.E. Kasperson, “The Social Amplification of Risk: Progress in Developing an Integrative Framework,” Social Theories of Risk (Krimsky and Golding, eds.), Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 153–178 (1992).
R. Kasperson, D. Golding, and S. Tuler, “Social Distrust as a Factor in Siting Hazardous Facilities and Communicating Risks,” Journal of Social Issues, 48, 4, pp. 167–187 (1992).CrossRef
R.E. Kasperson and J.X. Kasperson, “Determining the Acceptability of Risk: Ethical and Policy Issues,” in Proceedings of Risk: A Symposium on the Assessment and Perception of Risk to Human Health in Canada (J.T. Rogers and D.V. Bates, eds.), Royal Society of Canada (1982).
R.E. Kasperson and J.X. Kasperson, “Hidden Hazards,” in Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Hazard Management (D.C. Mayo and R. Hollander, eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 9–28 (1990).
R. Kasperson et al., “The Social Amplification of Risk: A Conceptual Framework,” Risk Analysis, 8, pp. 177–187 (1988).CrossRef
R.E. Kasperson et al., Corporate Management of Health & Safety Hazards: A Comparison of Current Practice, Westview Press, Boulder, CO (1988a).
R.E. Kasperson and I. Palmlund, “Evaluating Risk Communication,” in Effective Risk Communication (V.T. Covello et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 143–158 (1989).
R.E. Kasperson and P.J.M. Stallen (eds.), Communicating Risk to the Public, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands (1991).
R. Kates et al., Perilous Progress: Managing the Hazards of Technology, Westview Press, Boulder, CO (1985).
R.L. Keeney, Value Focused Thinking: A Path to Creative Decision Making, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA (1992).
R.L. Keeney, “The Role of Values in Risk Management,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 545, pp. 126–134 (1996).CrossRef
P.R. Kleindorfer, H.C. Kunreuther, and P.J.H. Schoemaker, Decision Sciences: An Integrative Perspective, Cambridge University Press, New York (1993).CrossRef
M. Kobayashi, “A Methodology for Evaluating Fire/Life Safety Planning of Tall Buildings,” in “Evaluation of Fire Safety in Buildings,” Occasional Report of Japanese Association of Fire Science and Engineering (Nihon Kasaigakka, ed.), 3, pp. 204–214 (1979).
S. Krimsky and D. Golding (eds.), Social Theories of Risk, Praeger, Westport, CT (1992).
H. Kunreuther and P. Slovic, “Science, Values, and Risk,” in special edition of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Kunreuther and Slovic, eds.), 545, pp. 116–125 (1996a).
H. Kunreuther and P. Slovic (eds.), “Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management,” in special edition of The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 545 (1996b).
T.T. Lie, “Safety Factors for Fire Loads,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 6, pp. 617–628 (1979).CrossRef
W-C.T. Ling and R.B. Williamson, “Using Fire Tests for Quantitative Risk Analysis,” in ASTM Special Publication STP 762 (G.T. Castino and T.Z. Harmathy, eds.), American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia (1982).
D. Litai, A Risk Comparison Methodology for the Assessment of Acceptable Risk, Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA (1980).
D. Litai, D.D. Lanning, and N. Rasmussen, “The Public Perception of Risk,” in The Analysis of Actual Versus Perceived Risks (V.T. Covello et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 213–224 (1983).
D.A. Lucht (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Fire Safety Design in the 21st Century, Worcester, MA (1991).
B.D. McDowell and A.C. Lemer, Uses of Risk Analysis to Achieve Balanced Safety in Building Design and Operations, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1991).
B.J. Meacham, “Risk-Informed Decision-Making in Performance-Based Building and Fire Code Development,” in Proceedings of the NFPRF Fire Risk and Hazard Assessment Research Application Symposium, NFPRF, Quincy, MA, pp. 62–77 (1998).
B.J. Meacham, “Concepts of a Performance-Based Building Regulatory System for the United States,” NIST GCR 98-762, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD (1998b).
B.J. Meacham, “The Evolution of Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods,” NIST GCR 98-763, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD (1998c).
B.J. Meacham, “Integrating Human Factors Issues into Engineered Fire Safety Design,” in Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Human Behavior in Fire, University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, pp. 47–58 (1998d).
B.J. Meacham, “Incorporating Risk Concepts into Performance-Based Building and Fire Code Development,” in Proceedings of the Second Conference on Fire Design in the 21st Century, Worcester, MA (1999a).
B.J. Meacham, “Integrating Human Behavior and Response Issues into Fire Safety Management of Facilities,” Facilities, 17, 9/10, pp. 303–312 (1999b).CrossRef
B.J. Meacham, “Integrating Human Factors Issues into Engineered Fire Safety Design,” Fire and Materials, 23, pp. 273–279 (1999c).CrossRef
B.J. Meacham, “Challenges in Decision-Making for Fire Risk Problems,” Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, 14, 2, pp. 149–168 (2004).CrossRef
B.J. Meacham and M. Johann (eds.), Extreme Event Mitigation in Buildings: Analysis and Design, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (Apr. 2006).
B.J. Meacham, “Using Risk as a Basis for Establishing Tolerable Performance: An Approach for Performance-Based Building Regulation,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Bethesda, MD (Apr. 2008).
B.J. Meacham and C. Galioto, “Protecting Against Extreme Events,” in Fire Protection Handbook, 20th ed. (A.E. Cote et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 1-109–1-136 (2008).
M. Modarres and F. Joglar-Billoch, “Reliability,” in SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 3rd ed. (P.J. DiNenno et al., eds.), National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA, pp. 5-24–5-39 (2002).
M.G. Morgan, “Choosing and Managing Technology-Induced Risk,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 17–28 (1990).
NFPA, Fire Protection Handbook, 20th ed., Quincy, MA (2008).
NFPA 101A, Guide on Alternative Approaches to Life Safety, National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA (2007).
NIST “1994 Northridge Earthquake: Performance of Structures, Lifelines and Fire Protection Systems,” NIST Special Publication 862 (ICSSC TR14), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD (1994).
NKB “Performance Requirements for Fire Safety and Technical Guide for Verification by Calculation,” NKB Committee and Work Reports, 1994:07 E, Nordic Committee on Building Regulations (NKB), Fire Safety Committee, Helsinki, Finland (1995).
K.A. Notarianni and P. Fischbeck, “A Methodology for the Quantitative Treatment of Variability and Uncertainty in Performance-Based Engineering Analysis and/or Decision Analysis with a Case Study in Residential Fire Sprinklers,” in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, ICBO and SFPE, Whittier, CA, pp. 297–311 (1998).
NRC Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1983).
NRC Improving Risk Communication, (J.F. Ahearne et al., eds.), National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1989).
NRC Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment, National Academy Press, Washington, DC (1994).
T. O’Riordan, “Approaches to Regulation,” in Regulating Industrial Risks—Science, Hazards and Public Protection (H. Otway and M. Peltu, eds.), Butterworths, London, pp. 20–39 (1985).
H. Otway “Regulation and Risk Analysis,” in Regulating Industrial Risks—Science, Hazards and Public Protection (H. Otway and M. Peltu, eds.), Butterworths, London, pp. 1–19 (1985).
H. Otway and M. Peltu (eds.), Regulating Industrial Risks—Science, Hazards and Public Protection, Butterworths, London (1985).
H. Otway and D. Von Winterfeldt, “Beyond Acceptable Risk: On Social Acceptability of Technologies,” Policy Sciences, 14, pp. 247–256 (1982).CrossRef
H. Otway and B. Wynne, “Risk Communication: Paradigm and Paradox,” Risk Analysis, 9, 2, pp. 141–145 (1989).CrossRef
M.E. Pate, “Acceptable Decision Processes and Acceptable Risks in Public Sector Regulations,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, SMC-13, 3, pp. 113–124 (1983).
C. Perrow, Normal Accidents, Basic Books, New York (1984).
N. Pidgeon et al., “Risk Perception,” Risk: Analysis, Perception and Management, Report of the Royal Society, London, pp. 89–134 (1992).
A. Plough and S. Krimsky, “The Emergence of Risk Communication Studies: Social and Political Context,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 223–232 (1990).
M. Pollak, “Public Participation,” in Regulating Industrial Risks—Science, Hazards and Public Protection (H. Otway and M. Peltu, eds.), Butterworths, London, pp. 76–93 (1985).
R.A. Pollak, “Government Risk Regulation,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 545, pp. 25–34 (1996).CrossRef
D. Proske, Catalogue of Risks: Natural, Technical, Social and Health Risks, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, ISBN 978-3540795544, 2008
D.J. Rasbash, “Criteria for Acceptability for Use with Quantitative Approaches to Fire Safety,” Fire Safety Journal, 8, pp. 141–158 (1984).CrossRef
N.C. Rassmussen, Reactor Safety Study: WASH-1400, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (1975).
O. Renn, “Concepts of Risk: A Classification,” in Social Theories of Risk (Krimsky and Golding, eds.), Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 54–79 (1992).
O. Renn and D. Levine, “Credibility and Trust in Risk Communication,” in Communicating Risks to the Public (R.E. Kasperson and P.M. Stallon, eds.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp. 175–218 (1991).
W.D. Rowe, Anatomy of Risk, John Wiley and Sons, New York (1977).
W.D. Rowe, “Understanding Uncertainty,” Risk Analysis, 14, 5, pp. 743–750 (1994).CrossRef
SFPE Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, SFPE and ICBO, Bethesda, MD (1998).
T.J. Shields, A Fire Safety Evaluation Points Scheme for Dwellings, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Ulster, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland (1990).
T.J. Shields (ed.), Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Human Behaviour in Fire, University of Ulster, Antrim, Northern Ireland (1998).
N. Siu and G. Apostolakis, “Uncertain Data and Expert Opinions in the Assessment of the Unavailability of Fire Suppression Systems,” Fire Technology, 24, pp. 138–162 (1988).CrossRef
P. Slovic, “Perception of Risk: Reflections on the Psychometric Paradigm,” in Social Theories of Risk (Krimsky and Golding, eds.), Praeger, Westport, CT (1992).
M.B. Spangler, “A Summary Perspective on NRC’s Implicit and Explicit Use of De Minimis Risk Concepts in Regulating for Radiological Protection in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle,” in DeMinimis Risk (C. Whipple, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 111–143 (1988).
C. Starr, “Societal Benefit vs. Technological Risk,” Science, 165, pp. 1232–1238 (1969).CrossRef
C. Starr, “Risk Management, Assessment, and Acceptability,” in Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Decision Making (V.T. Covello et al., eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 63–70 (1986).
T. Tanaka, D. Nii, J. Yamaguchi, H. Notake, and Y. Ikehata, “A Study on Risk-Based Evacuation Safety Design Method in Fire for Office Buildings,” Proceedings, Interflam 9, Interscience Communications, Ltd, UK, p. 849–860, 2010.
T. Tanaka, “Risk-Based Selection of Design Fires to Ensure an Acceptable Level of Evacuation Safety.” Fire Safety Science – Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium, IAFSS, pp 49–62, 2008.
I.R. Thomas, I.D. Bennetts, P. Dayawansa, D.J. Proe, and R.R. Lewis, Fire Tests of the 140 William Street Office Building, Report No. BHPR/ENG/R/92/043/SG2C, BHP Research—Melbourne Laboratories, Australia, Feb. 1992.
W.K. Viscusi, Regulating Consumer Product Safety, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy, Washington, DC (1984).
Warren Centre “Project Report” and “Technical Papers, Books 1 and 2,” Fire Safety and Engineering Project, The Warren Centre for Advanced Engineering, the University of Sydney, Australia (1989).
J.M. Watts, Jr., “Dealing with Uncertainty: Some Applications in Fire Protection Engineering,” Fire Safety Journal, 11, pp. 127–134 (1986).CrossRef
C. Whipple (ed.), De Minimis Risk, Plenum Press, New York (1987).
C.A. Williams and R.M. Heins, Risk Management and Insurance, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York (1981).
R. Wilson, “Analyzing the Daily Risks of Life,” in Readings in Risk (Glickman and Gough, eds.), Resources for the Future, Washington, DC, pp. 55–61 (1990).
A. Wolski, Addressing Building Fire Safety as an Acceptable Risk Problem: A Guide for Developing Performance-Based Fire Safety Regulations, Masters Thesis, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA (1999).
A. Wolski, N. Dembsey, and B. Meacham, “Application of Acceptable Risk Principles to Performance-Based Building and Fire Safety Code Development,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Performance-Based Codes and Fire Safety Design Methods, ICBO and SFPE, Whittier, CA (1998).
A. Wolski, N. Dembsey, and B. Meacham, “Accommodating Perceptions of Risk in Performance-Based Building Fire Safety Code Development,” Fire Safety Journal, 34, 3, pp. 297–310 (2000).CrossRef
B. Wynne, “Risk and Social Learning: Reification to Engagement,” in Social Theories of Risk (Krimsky and Golding, eds.), Praeger, Westport, CT, pp. 275–300 (1992).
D. Yung and G.V. Hadjisophocleous, “The Use of the NRCC Risk-Cost Assessment Model to Apply for Code Changes for 3-Storey Apartment Buildings in Australia,” in Proceedings of the Symposium on Computer Applications in Fire Protection Engineering, Worcester, MA, pp. 57–62 (1993).
R.J. Zeckhauser and W.K. Viscusi, “The Risk Management Dilemma,” in special edition of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science (Kunreuther and Slovic, eds.), 545, pp. 144–154 (1996).
Metadaten
Titel
Building Fire Risk Analysis
verfasst von
Brian J. Meacham
David Charters
Peter Johnson
Matthew Salisbury
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer New York
Buch
SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering

Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2564-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-1-4939-2565-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_75