Skip to main content
Fachgebiete
Automobil + Motoren Bauwesen + Immobilien Business IT + Informatik Elektrotechnik + Elektronik Energie + Nachhaltigkeit Finance + Banking Management + Führung Marketing + Vertrieb Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe Versicherung + Risiko
DE
EN
Bücher
Zeitschriften
Themenseiten
Organisationspsychologie Projektmanagement Marketing Smart Manufacturing
Weitere Formate
Podcasts Webinare Technik Webinare Wirtschaft Kongresse Veranstaltungskalender Awards
Jetzt Einzelzugang starten
Zugang für Unternehmen
Referenzkunden
SLX-Digitalkonferenz: Zukunftswerkstatt 2024

Mehr Umsatz mit Top-Kontakten

Am 7. Mai erfahren Sie, wie Vertriebsteams Leadgenerierung, Leadnurturing und Leadstrategien effizient steuern können.
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Challenges and Perspectives of Biorefineries

verfasst von : Zhi-Hua Liu

Erschienen in: Emerging Technologies for Biorefineries, Biofuels, and Value-Added Commodities

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The valorization of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) to biofuels and value-added commodities in biorefineries shows the promise to address the energy demands, the global climate changes, and the societal needs. However, it is still urgent to develop modern biorefinery scenarios to transform LCB into high-value products for the sustainability and feasibility. This chapter summarizes the challenges and perspectives of biorefineries from the aspects of the LCB properties, the process and product, the conversional and emerging technologies, and the lignin valorization. Due to the complex structures of LCB, a substantial knowledge in understanding of its intrinsic properties is essential to facilitate sustainable conversion. The conversional and emerging technologies related to pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation and the interactions among these units have been described systematically. The development of these technologies would further reduce the process cost of biorefineries. After that, the lignin valorization strategies have been discussed to make a sustainable biorefinery. The requirements of innovative modern biorefineries have been proposed to meet the implication of LCB conversion to biofuels and value-added commodities. The summary of these perspectives of LCB upgrading to a diverse set of products would guide the process design, the technology development, and the implementation of biorefineries by mitigating technical risk for scale-up with the improvement of the profitability of biorefinery. Overall, the improved sustainability of biorefinery holds potential advantages to address the problems facing the energy and the societal needs.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren
Nächstes Kapitel Deconstruction of Lignocellulose Recalcitrance by Organosolv Fractionating Pretreatment for Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Literatur
1.
Ragauskas, A. J., et al. (2014). Lignin valorization: Improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science, 344, 709.CrossRef
2.
Lynd, L. R. (2017). The grand challenge of cellulosic biofuels. Nature Biotechnology, 35, 912–915.CrossRef
3.
Cantero, D., et al. (2019). Pretreatment processes of biomass for biorefineries: Current status and prospects. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 10, 289–310.CrossRef
4.
Alonso, D. M., et al. (2017). Increasing the revenue from lignocellulosic biomass: Maximizing feedstock utilization. Science Advances, 3, e1603301.CrossRef
5.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2019). Identifying and creating pathways to improve biological lignin valorization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105, 349–362.CrossRef
6.
Jin, M. J., Gunawan, C., Uppugundla, N., Balan, V., & Dale, B. E. (2012). A novel integrated biological process for cellulosic ethanol production featuring high ethanol productivity, enzyme recycling and yeast cells reuse. Energy & Environmental Science, 5, 7168–7175.CrossRef
7.
Himmel, M. E., et al. (2007). Biomass recalcitrance: Engineering plants and enzymes for biofuels production. Science, 315, 804–807.CrossRef
8.
Mohanty, A. K., Vivekanandhan, S., Pin, J. M., & Misra, M. (2018). Composites from renewable and sustainable resources: Challenges and innovations. Science, 362, 536–542.CrossRef
9.
Seidl, P. R., & Goulart, A. K. (2016). Pretreatment processes for lignocellulosic biomass conversion to biofuels and bioproducts. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 2, 48–53.CrossRef
10.
Zhang, X., Tu, M. B., & Paice, M. G. (2011). Routes to potential bioproducts from Lignocellulosic biomass lignin and hemicelluloses. Bioenergy Research, 4, 246–257.CrossRef
11.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2013). Effects of biomass particle size on steam explosion pretreatment performance for improving the enzyme digestibility of corn stover. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 176–184.CrossRef
12.
Kumar, R., Singh, S., & Singh, O. V. (2008). Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass: Biochemical and molecular perspectives. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 35, 377–391.CrossRef
13.
Kumari, D., & Singh, R. (2018). Pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for biofuel production: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90, 877–891.CrossRef
14.
Ragauskas, A. J., et al. (2006). The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials. Science, 311, 484–489.CrossRef
15.
Mohanty, A. K., Misra, M., & Drzal, L. T. (2002). Sustainable bio-composites from renewable resources: Opportunities and challenges in the green materials world. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society, 223, D70–D70.
16.
Ozdenkci, K., et al. (2017). A novel biorefinery integration concept for lignocellulosic biomass. Energy Conversion and Management, 149, 974–987.CrossRef
17.
Kawaguchi, H., Hasunuma, T., Ogino, C., & Kondo, A. (2016). Bioprocessing of bio-based chemicals produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 42, 30–39.CrossRef
18.
Tilman, D., Hill, J., & Lehman, C. (2006). Carbon-negative biofuels from low-input high-diversity grassland biomass. Science, 314, 1598–1600.CrossRef
19.
Hassan, S. S., Williams, G. A., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2019). Lignocellulosic biorefineries in Europe: Current state and prospects. Trends in Biotechnology, 37, 231–234.CrossRef
20.
Rinaldi, R., et al. (2016). Paving the way for lignin valorisation: Recent advances in bioengineering, Biorefining and Catalysis. Angewandte Chemie, International Edition, 55, 8164–8215.CrossRef
21.
Renders, T., Van den Bosch, S., Koelewijn, S. F., Schutyser, W., & Sels, B. F. (2017). Lignin-first biomass fractionation: The advent of active stabilisation strategies. Energy & Environmental Science, 10, 1551–1557.CrossRef
22.
Amiri, M. T., Dick, G. R., Questell-Santiago, Y. M., & Luterbacher, J. S. (2019). Fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass to produce uncondensed aldehyde-stabilized lignin. Nature Protocols, 14, 921–954.CrossRef
23.
Mood, S. H., et al. (2013). Lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol, a comprehensive review with a focus on pretreatment. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 27, 77–93.CrossRef
24.
Balat, M. (2011). Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: A review. Energy Conversion and Management, 52, 858–875.CrossRef
25.
Ding, S. Y., et al. (2012). How does plant Cell Wall nanoscale architecture correlate with enzymatic digestibility? Science, 338, 1055–1060.CrossRef
26.
Agbor, V. B., Cicek, N., Sparling, R., Berlin, A., & Levin, D. B. (2011). Biomass pretreatment: Fundamentals toward application. Biotechnology Advances, 29, 675–685.CrossRef
27.
Saha, B. C. (2003). Hemicellulose bioconversion. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 30, 279–291.CrossRef
28.
Girio, F. M., et al. (2010). Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4775–4800.CrossRef
29.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2019). Cooperative valorization of lignin and residual sugar to polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) for enhanced yield and carbon utilization in biorefineries. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 3, 2024–2037.CrossRef
30.
Zhang, Y. H. P. (2008). Reviving the carbohydrate economy via multi-product lignocellulose biorefineries. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 35, 367–375.CrossRef
31.
Chen, H. Z., & Liu, Z. H. (2015). Steam explosion and its combinatorial pretreatment refining technology of plant biomass to bio-based products. Biotechnology Journal, 10, 866–885.CrossRef
32.
Zhao, X. B., Zhang, L. H., & Liu, D. H. (2012). Biomass recalcitrance. Part I: the chemical compositions and physical structures affecting the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 6, 465–482.CrossRef
33.
Holwerda, E. K., et al. (2019). Multiple levers for overcoming the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnol Biofuels, 12, 1–12.
34.
Tarasov, D., Leitch, M., & Fatehi, P. (2018). Lignin-carbohydrate complexes: Properties, applications, analyses, and methods of extraction: A review. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, 269.CrossRef
35.
Liu, Z. H., & Chen, H. Z. (2016). Mechanical property of different corn Stover morphological fractions and its correlations with high solids enzymatic hydrolysis by periodic peristalsis. Bioresource Technology, 214, 292–302.CrossRef
36.
Liu, Z. H., Qin, L., Li, B. Z., & Yuan, Y. J. (2015). Physical and chemical characterizations of corn Stover from leading pretreatment methods and effects on enzymatic hydrolysis. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 3, 140–146.CrossRef
37.
Mosier, N., et al. (2005). Features of promising technologies for pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology, 96, 673–686.CrossRef
38.
Yang, B., & Wyman, C. E. (2008). Pretreatment: The key to unlocking low-cost cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 2, 26–40.CrossRef
39.
Wyman, C. E., et al. (2005). Coordinated development of leading biomass pretreatment technologies. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1959–1966.CrossRef
40.
Sindhu, R., Binod, P., & Pandey, A. (2016). Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass - an overview. Bioresource Technology, 199, 76–82.CrossRef
41.
Liu, Z. H., & Chen, H. Z. (2017). Two-step size reduction and post-washing of steam exploded corn stover improving simultaneous saccharification and fermentation for ethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 223, 47–58.CrossRef
42.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2013). Evaluation of storage methods for the conversion of corn stover biomass to sugars based on steam explosion pretreatment. Bioresource Technology, 132, 5–15.CrossRef
43.
Feng, L., et al. (2014). Combined severity during pretreatment chemical and temperature on the Saccharification of wheat straw using acids and alkalis of differing strength. BioResources, 9, 24–38.
44.
Shen, X. J., et al. (2019). Facile fractionation of lignocelluloses by biomass-derived deep eutectic solvent (DES) pretreatment for cellulose enzymatic hydrolysis and lignin valorization. Green Chemistry, 21, 275–283.CrossRef
45.
Hassan, S. S., Williams, G. A., & Jaiswal, A. K. (2018). Emerging technologies for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology, 262, 310–318.CrossRef
46.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2017). Synergistic maximization of the carbohydrate output and lignin processability by combinatorial pretreatment. Green Chemistry, 19, 4939–4955.CrossRef
47.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2019). Codesign of combinatorial Organosolv pretreatment (COP) and lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) in biorefineries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 7, 2634–2647.CrossRef
48.
Zhang, K., Pei, Z. J., & Wang, D. H. (2016). Organic solvent pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels and biochemicals: A review. Bioresource Technology, 199, 21–33.CrossRef
49.
Kim, K. H., Dutta, T., Sun, J., Simmons, B., & Singh, S. (2018). Biomass pretreatment using deep eutectic solvents from lignin derived phenols. Green Chemistry, 20, 809–815.CrossRef
50.
Serna, L. V. D., Alzate, C. E. O., & Alzate, C. A. C. (2016). Supercritical fluids as a green technology for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresource Technology, 199, 113–120.CrossRef
51.
Zhang, J. W., Zhong, Y. H., Zhao, X. N., & Wang, T. H. (2010). Development of the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei strain with enhanced beta-glucosidase and filter paper activity using strong artificial cellobiohydrolase 1 promoter. Bioresource Technology, 101, 9815–9818.CrossRef
52.
Mota, T. R., de Oliveira, D. M., Marchiosi, R., Ferrarese, O., & dos Santos, W. D. (2018). Plant cell wall composition and enzymatic deconstruction. AIMS Bioengineering, 5, 63–77.CrossRef
53.
Chen, H. Z., & Liu, Z. H. (2017). Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass from low to high solids loading. Engineering in Life Sciences, 17, 489–499.CrossRef
54.
Alvira, P., Tomas-Pejo, E., Ballesteros, M., & Negro, M. J. (2010). Pretreatment technologies for an efficient bioethanol production process based on enzymatic hydrolysis: A review. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4851–4861.CrossRef
55.
Chandra, R. P., et al. (2007). Substrate pretreatment: The key to effective enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosics? Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 108, 67–93.CrossRef
56.
Hall, M., Bansal, P., Lee, J. H., Realff, M. J., & Bommarius, A. S. (2010). Cellulose crystallinity – A key predictor of the enzymatic hydrolysis rate. The FEBS Journal, 277, 1571–1582.
57.
Kumar, R., et al. (2018). Cellulose-hemicellulose interactions at elevated temperatures increase cellulose recalcitrance to biological conversion. Green Chemistry, 20, 921–934.CrossRef
58.
Van Dyk, J. S., & Pletschke, B. I. (2012). A review of lignocellulose bioconversion using enzymatic hydrolysis and synergistic cooperation between enzymes-factors affecting enzymes, conversion and synergy. Biotechnology Advances, 30, 1458–1480.CrossRef
59.
Yang, Q., & Pan, X. J. (2016). Correlation between lignin physicochemical properties and inhibition to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 113, 1213–1224.CrossRef
60.
Jorgensen, H., Vibe-Pedersen, J., Larsen, J., & Felby, C. (2007). Liquefaction of lignocellulose at high-solids concentrations. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 96, 862–870.CrossRef
61.
Modenbach, A. A., & Nokes, S. E. (2012). The use of high-solids loadings in biomass pretreatment-a review. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 109, 1430–1442.CrossRef
62.
Nguyen, T. Y., Cai, C. M., Kumar, R., & Wyman, C. E. (2017). Overcoming factors limiting high-solids fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114, 11673–11678.CrossRef
63.
Jin, M. J., et al. (2017). Toward high solids loading process for lignocellulosic biofuel production at a low cost. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 114, 980–989.CrossRef
64.
Liu, Z. H., & Chen, H. Z. (2016). Periodic peristalsis releasing constrained water in high solids enzymatic hydrolysis of steam exploded corn stover. Bioresource Technology, 205, 142–152.CrossRef
65.
Liu, Z. H., & Chen, H. Z. (2016). Periodic peristalsis enhancing the high solids enzymatic hydrolysis performance of steam exploded corn stover biomass. Biomass and Bioenergy, 93, 13–24.CrossRef
66.
da Silva, A. S., et al. (2016). High-solids content enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated sugarcane bagasse using a laboratory-made enzyme blend and commercial preparations. Process Biochemistry, 51, 1561–1567.CrossRef
67.
Liu, Z. H., & Chen, H. Z. (2016). Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation for improving the xylose utilization of steam exploded corn stover at high solid loading. Bioresource Technology, 201, 15–26.CrossRef
68.
Hu, J. G., et al. (2015). The addition of accessory enzymes enhances the hydrolytic performance of cellulase enzymes at high solid loadings. Bioresource Technology, 186, 149–153.CrossRef
69.
Xue, S. S., et al. (2015). Sugar loss and enzyme inhibition due to oligosaccharide accumulation during high solids-loading enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 8, 195.CrossRef
70.
Qin, L., et al. (2016). Inhibition of lignin-derived phenolic compounds to cellulase. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 9, 1–10.CrossRef
71.
Li, X., et al. (2018). Inhibitory effects of lignin on enzymatic hydrolysis: The role of lignin chemistry and molecular weight. Renewable Energy, 123, 664–674.CrossRef
72.
Binod, P., Janu, K. U., Sindhu, R., & Pandey, A. (2011). Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 229–250, Academic press.
73.
Teugjas, H., & Valjamae, P. (2013). Product inhibition of cellulases studied with C-14-labeled cellulose substrates. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 6, 1–14.CrossRef
74.
Sun, S. L., Huang, Y., Sun, R. C., & Tu, M. B. (2016). The strong association of condensed phenolic moieties in isolated lignins with their inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis. Green Chemistry, 18, 4276–4286.CrossRef
75.
Yoo, C. G., Li, M., Meng, X. Z., Pu, Y. Q., & Ragauskas, A. J. (2017). Effects of organosolv and ammonia pretreatments on lignin properties and its inhibition for enzymatic hydrolysis. Green Chemistry, 19, 2006–2016.CrossRef
76.
Liu, Z. H., Qin, L., Zhu, J. Q., Li, B. Z., & Yuan, Y. J. (2014). Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of steam-exploded corn stover at high glucan loading and high temperature. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 7, 1–16.CrossRef
77.
Zeng, Y. N., Zhao, S., Yang, S. H., & Ding, S. Y. (2014). Lignin plays a negative role in the biochemical process for producing lignocellulosic biofuels. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 27, 38–45.CrossRef
78.
Zhang, G. C., Liu, J. J., Kong, I. I., Kwak, S., & Jin, Y. S. (2015). Combining C6 and C5 sugar metabolism for enhancing microbial bioconversion. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, 29, 49–57.CrossRef
79.
Raud, M., Kikas, T., Sippula, O., & Shurpali, N. J. (2019). Potentials and challenges in lignocellulosic biofuel production technology. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 111, 44–56.CrossRef
80.
Nogue, V. S., & Karhumaa, K. (2015). Xylose fermentation as a challenge for commercialization of lignocellulosic fuels and chemicals. Biotechnology Letters, 37, 761–772.CrossRef
81.
Lau, M. W., & Dale, B. E. (2009). Cellulosic ethanol production from AFEX-treated corn stover using Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 1368–1373.CrossRef
82.
Ko, J. K., Um, Y., Woo, H. M., Kim, K. H., & Lee, S. M. (2016). Ethanol production from lignocellulosic hydrolysates using engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring xylose isomerase-based pathway. Bioresource Technology, 209, 290–296.CrossRef
83.
Jin, M. J., Lau, M. W., Balan, V., & Dale, B. E. (2010). Two-step SSCF to convert AFEX-treated switchgrass to ethanol using commercial enzymes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Bioresource Technology, 101, 8171–8178.CrossRef
84.
Lee, S. K., Chou, H., Ham, T. S., Lee, T. S., & Keasling, J. D. (2008). Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for biofuels production: From bugs to synthetic biology to fuels. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 19, 556–563.CrossRef
85.
Jullesson, D., David, F., Pfleger, B., & Nielsen, J. (2015). Impact of synthetic biology and metabolic engineering on industrial production of fine chemicals. Biotechnology Advances, 33, 1395–1402.CrossRef
86.
Qi, H., Li, B. Z., Zhang, W. Q., Liu, D., & Yuan, Y. J. (2015). Modularization of genetic elements promotes synthetic metabolic engineering. Biotechnology Advances, 33, 1412–1419.CrossRef
87.
Palmqvist, E., & Hahn-Hagerdal, B. (2000). Fermentation of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. II: inhibitors and mechanisms of inhibition. Bioresource Technology, 74, 25–33.CrossRef
88.
Brethauer, S., & Wyman, C. E. (2010). Review: Continuous hydrolysis and fermentation for cellulosic ethanol production. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4862–4874.CrossRef
89.
Puligundla, P., Smogrovicova, D., Mok, C., & Obulam, V. S. R. (2019). A review of recent advances in high gravity ethanol fermentation. Renewable Energy, 133, 1366–1379.CrossRef
90.
Liu, Z. H., Xie, S. X., Lin, F. R., Jin, M. J., & Yuan, J. S. (2018). Combinatorial pretreatment and fermentation optimization enabled a record yield on lignin bioconversion. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, 21.CrossRef
91.
Li, M., Pu, Y. Q., & Ragauskas, A. J. (2016). Current understanding of the correlation of Lignin structure with biomass recalcitrance. Frontiers in Chemistry, 4(45), 1–8.
92.
Yang, H. B., et al. (2019). Overcoming cellulose recalcitrance in woody biomass for the lignin-first biorefinery. Biotechnol Biofuels, 12, 171.CrossRef
93.
Giummarella, N., Pu, Y. Q., Ragauskas, A. J., & Lawoko, M. (2019). A critical review on the analysis of lignin carbohydrate bonds. Green Chemistry, 21, 1573–1595.CrossRef
94.
Wu, X. Y., et al. (2020). Lignin-derived electrochemical energy materials and systems. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 14, 650–672.CrossRef
95.
Huang, C., et al. (2019). Bio-inspired nanocomposite by layer-by-layer coating of chitosan/hyaluronic acid multilayers on a hard nanocellulose-hydroxyapatite matrix. Carbohydrate Polymers, 222(115036), 1–7.
96.
Yiamsawas, D., Beckers, S. J., Lu, H., Landfester, K., & Wurm, F. R. (2017). Morphology-controlled synthesis of lignin Nanocarriers for drug delivery and carbon materials. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 3, 2375–2383.CrossRef
97.
Figueiredo, P., et al. (2017). In vitro evaluation of biodegradable lignin-based nanoparticles for drug delivery and enhanced antiproliferation effect in cancer cells. Biomaterials, 121, 97–108.CrossRef
98.
Liu, Z. H., et al. (2019). Defining lignin nanoparticle properties through tailored lignin reactivity by sequential organosolv fragmentation approach (SOFA). Green Chemistry, 21, 245–260.CrossRef
99.
Jenkins, R., & Alles, C. (2011). Field to fuel: Developing sustainable biorefineries. Ecological Applications, 21, 1096–1104.CrossRef
100.
Valdivia, M., Galan, J. L., Laffarga, J., & Ramos, J. L. (2016). Biofuels 2020: Biorefineries based on lignocellulosic materials. Journal of Microbial Biotechnology, 9, 585–594.CrossRef
101.
Cherubini, F. (2010). The biorefinery concept: Using biomass instead of oil for producing energy and chemicals. Energy Conversion and Management, 51, 1412–1421.CrossRef
102.
Fernando, S., Adhikari, S., Chandrapal, C., & Murali, N. (2006). Biorefineries: Current status, challenges, and future direction. Energy & Fuels, 20, 1727–1737.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Challenges and Perspectives of Biorefineries
verfasst von
Zhi-Hua Liu
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Buch
Emerging Technologies for Biorefineries, Biofuels, and Value-Added Commodities

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-65583-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-65584-6

Copyright-Jahr: 2021

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65584-6_1