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2022 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Chapter 14: The Philosophy of Community and the Environmental Ethic

verfasst von : Richard M. Robinson

Erschienen in: Business Ethics: Kant, Virtue, and the Nexus of Duty

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The “specialness” of our involvements in environmental organizations result from our pursuit of collective imperfect duty. This is reviewed here with reference to some recent contributions. These involvements are explained as necessary for society’s processes and environmental decisions to be “fair and reasoned.” As inputs to these processes, the inspirational aspects of the “sacredness of nature,” as expressed in the classic American environmental literature of Emerson, Thoreau, Muir, Leopold, and Douglas are examined as a motivating foundation for natural preservation in the public domain. These inspirational and sacred aspects support the notion of the “intrinsic value of nature.”

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Vorheriges Kapitel Chapter 13: Recognizing Environmental Duties

Nächstes Kapitel Chapter 15: Some Current Environmental Problems for Business

During my last visit to my boyhood town, I discussed the periodic “cleanup of the lake” with those of my generation. They belonged to the same civic organizations that were first organized by the WW II generation, and they pursued the same duties.

This notion of “wide aim” is well explored in the previous chapter and in Chapter 4.

“Sympathy for the suffering of others” is more Humean than Kantian.

Virtue ethics was partly explored in Chapter 7: “Relations of Virtue, Pursuit of the Moral Community, and the Ends of Business” along with Kant’s (1797) exploration of “character.”

See Cooper (1980) and also Robinson (2018) for explorations of Aristotle’s theory.

Increases in wealth is associated with technological advances for society. Wealthier people locate where environmental amenities are stronger, and they expend resources on enjoying these amenities.

See www.mwra.state.ma.us/01news/bhpenvironmental/success/bhpenusuccess.html.

Rawls analysis primarily considered distributional issues, and not environmental issues, but the philosophical principles of the former also apply to the latter.

See Chapter 13: “Recognizing Environmental Duties.”

See Chapter 2: “An Applicable Western Ethical View?”.

A permit for the pipeline was denied by the new Biden Administration in January, 2021.

See Robinson (2018) and Cooper (1980) for reviews of this dynamic reinforcement.

The Trump Administration withdrew the US from the Accord in November, 2020, but the Biden Administration resigned the Accord in January, 2021.

The U.S. National Climate Assessment, a consensus report of scientists at U.S. agencies and peer-reviewed by the National Academy of Sciences, recognizes global warming and assigns the causation to greenhouse gas.

See Thoreau (1849) for observations of early-industrial revolution river pollution on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers. Also, see https://chattahoochee.org/water-quality/ for a review of the textile industry’s pollution of the Chattahoochee River.

For a review of the Love Canal environmental tragedy, see https://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/love-canal-tragedy.html.

See Coase (1960). Coase won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1991.

By socially efficient, we mean from the standpoint of welfare economics.

“Optimal” refers to economic efficiency as reviewed in Chapter 13.

The term “Kantian practical reason” refers to The Critique of Practical Reason, Kant’s (1788) significant publication.

This section relies on Robinson (2018).

Rawls (1980) particularly explores issues of “fairness” in the CIP.

“Sacred” applies to more than religious considerations. It is commonly defined as “regarded with reverence,” or “secured from infringement by reverence or sense of right.” In this sense, the two Kantian attributes of the CIP cannot be infringed, and therefore are “sacred” for these reasons as juxtaposed against religious “sacredness.”

See Wood (1999, pp. 306–309), for a review of Kantian reasoned discourse.

Also see Sullivan (1994, p. 30.)

This is also a point made by Habermas (2002).

Schuler et al. (2017, p. 216) identifies the second of these arguments (humanity’s transcendent connectedness) as necessarily utilitarian. This is not the position developed below where a Kantian approach is presented.

See Taylor (2017, p. 248).

Wood (1998, p.192–204) argues that nature is a teleological system that serves humanity so that its preservation is a perfect duty as described below. O’Neil (1989) reinforces notions of this teleological perfect duty.

Thoreau (1849, 1862) offers additional explorations of the benefits of transcendental interactions with nature.

Muir’s diary was published as My First Summer in the Sierra (1911).

See La Duke (1999).

See Taylor (2017, p. 252).

See Burroughs (2009, p. 246).

A reservation demand implies a willingness to bear some expense of preservation even though there is little likelihood of our personal use.

Burroughs, J. 1912, 2009. Time and Change, Fredonia Books, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chidester, D., and D. Lilenthal. 1995. Introduction. In American Sacred Space, Indiana University Press, ed. D. Chidester and D. Lilenthal. Bloomington, IN.

Coase, Ronald. 1960. The Problems of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics. October: 1–44.

Cooper, John M. 1980. Aristotle on Friendship. In Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics, ed. Amelie Rorty. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Douglas, William O. 1965. A Wilderness Bill of Rights. Boston, MA: Little Brown.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo. 1836. Nature. In The Collective Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. R. Spiller et al. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Freeman, Myrick A. 1993. The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values: Theory and Method. Washington, D.C.: Resources for the Future.

De George, Richard T. 1981. The Environment, Rights, and Future Generations. In Responsibilities to Future Generations, Prometheus Books, ed. Ernest Partridge. Buffalo, NY.

DeShalit, A. 1995. Why Posterity Matters: Environmental Policies and Future Generations. London, UK: Routledge.

Habermas, Jürgen. 2002. Religion and Rationality: Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity., edited by E. Medieta. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Hardin, Garret. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. ScienceI 62:1243–1247.

Kant, Immanuel. 1784. What is Enlightenment? In Basic Writings of Kant, ed. Allen W. Wood. New York: The Modern Library Classics, The Modern Library.

———. 1785. Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals. In Basic Writings of Kant, ed. Allen W. Wood. New York: The Modern Library Classics, The Modern Library.

———. 1788. Critique of Practical Reason. In Basic Writings of Kant, ed. Allen W. Wood. New York, NY: The Modern Library Classics, The Modern Library (2001), Random House Inc.

———. 1793. Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone. In Basic Writings of Kant, ed. Allen W. Wood. New York: The Modern Library Classics, The Modern Library.

———. 1797. The Metaphysics of Morals, edited by Mary Gregor. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

La Duke, W. 1999. All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life. Philadelphia, PA: South End Press.

Leopold, Aldo 1949a, 1966. A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River, Sierra Club and Ballantine Books, New York, NY.

———. 1949b. A Sand County Almanac. New York, NY: Tamarack Press and Oxford University Press.

Muir, John 1911, 1997. My First Summer in the Sierra. In Muir: Nature Writings, edited by W. Cronon, New York, NY: The Library of America.

O’Neill, Onora 1989, 1995. Constructions of Reason: Explorations of Kant’s Practical Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.

Rawls, John. 1980. Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory. Journal of Philosophy 77: 515–572. Reprinted in Collected Papers – John Rawls, edited by Samuel Freeman, Harvard University Press, 1999.

———. 2001. Justice as Fairness: A Restatement. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

———. 1987. Idea of an Overlapping Consensus. In Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 7: 1–25.

Robinson, Richard. 2018. Friendships of Virtue, Pursuit of the Moral Community, and the Ends of Business. Journal of Business Ethics 151: 85–100.CrossRef

———. 2021. Our Environmental Organizations and Reasoned Discourse. New York, NY: Palgrave-Macmillan.CrossRef

Schuler, Douglas, Andreas Rasche, Dror Etzion, and Lisa Newton. 2017. Corporate Sustainability Management and Environmental Ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly 27: 213–237. https://doi.org/10.1017/beq.2016.80.CrossRef

Stewart, J.A. 1892. Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Sullivan, Roger. 1994. An Introduction to Kant’s Ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Taylor, Bron. 2017. The Sacred, Reverence for Life, and Environmental Ethics in America. In The Oxford Handbook of Environmental Ethics, ed. Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Thoreau, Henry David. 1849. A Week on the Concord and Merrimac Rivers., https://archive.org/details/aweekonconcorda00thorgoog/ reprinted in 2011. New York, NY: Princeton University Press.

——— (1854), Walden, http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/ThoWald.html.

——— 1862. Walking, https://www.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Walking-1.pdf.

Wood, Allen W. 1998. Kant on Duties Regarding Non-Rational Nature. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Supplement 72: 189–210.CrossRef

———. 1999. Kant’s Ethical Thought. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Robinson (2021) presents a comprehensive review of the global environmental crisis, and also of the contributions of our environmental advocacy organizations to our reasoned discourse.

Titel: Chapter 14: The Philosophy of Community and the Environmental Ethic
verfasst von: Richard M. Robinson
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Business Ethics: Kant, Virtue, and the Nexus of Duty
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-85996-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-85997-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2022
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85997-8_14

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