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Erschienen in:
The Challenge of Dealing with Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research: An Introduction Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Complexity, Cultural Evolution, and the Discovery and Creation of (Social) Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Exploring a Memetic Approach

verfasst von : Michael P. Schlaile, Marcus Ehrenberger

Erschienen in: Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The central contribution of this chapter consists in exploring the implications of a memetic perspective for dealing with complexity in (social) entrepreneurship. The line of argument can basically be divided into four aspects. First, it is argued that memes, especially their mental representations, can be conceptualized in the context of (cultural) schemata that have an impact on the perception and discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Second, a memetic view of creativity also suggests that opportunity creation strongly depends on memes. Third, viewing social entrepreneurship as a meme(plex) allows us to compare it with related concepts. Moreover, we argue that by focusing on the properties of social entrepreneurial opportunities we can get to the core of the social entrepreneurial process. In this chapter, we are focusing on social entrepreneurial opportunities that can be understood as the intersection of the set of ‘opportunities to solve a societal problem’ and the set of ‘profitable business opportunities’. This conception represents the vantage point for the fourth part of this contribution, where we argue that, in order to facilitate the propagation of the social entrepreneurship meme within (for-profit) organizations, a systematic analysis of the firm’s social network as well as its memeplex is advisable.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Applying Mixed Methods in Entrepreneurship to Address the Complex Interplay of Structure and Agency in Networks: A Focus on the Contribution of Qualitative Approaches
Nächstes Kapitel Complexity and Entrepreneurship: Modeling the Process of Entrepreneurship Education with the Theory of Synergetics
Fußnoten
1
At this juncture, it should be sufficient to point to the definition of a meme in the Oxford Dictionaries: “An element of a culture or system of behaviour passed from one individual to another by imitation or other non-genetic means.” http://​www.​oxforddictionari​es.​com/​definition/​english/​meme. For a readily accessible introduction to memetics also cf. http://​www.​practicalmemetic​s.​com/​index.​php/​memetics-101.​html.
 
2
Hence, for example, McKelvey (2004) explicitly proposes a complexity science approach to study entrepreneurship.
 
3
See also Wilkins and Hull (2014) on the notion of replication and replicators or Hodgson and Knudsen (2010) on “generative replication and the evolution of complexity”.
 
4
However, Sue Blackmore’s distinction can be regarded as a differentiation on yet another level than the others cited above. “In fact, it is an attempt to diffuse aspects of these arguments completely. In … [Blackmore’s] view, there are two completely different kinds of system. Those that copy-the-instruction (most of biology) do have a replicator/interactor (or vehicle) distinction but those that copy the product do not. Hence … [, the] soup example in The Meme Machine [(Blackmore, 1999a)]—if you watch the cook and try to emulate her [, then] the process is low fidelity and no such distinction can be made. If you use a written recipe [, then] it can” (S. Blackmore, personal communication, July 14, 2015).
 
5
In this way, we can also argue that cultural schemata may be listed among the factors contributing to homophily in social networks.
 
6
Note that Sarasvathy et al. (2010) view opportunity recognition as a third perspective. However, in our chapter, we tend to follow Alvarez et al. (2013, endnote 1) by regarding opportunity recognition as a special case of discovery.
 
8
“They received $470 million (12 times the book value and a multiple of 261 times their paid-in capital!). This puts them in the top 1.7 % of venture capital investments, earning returns of more than 100 times the paid-in capital” (Ashta & Hudon, 2012, p. 335).
 
9
Note that there already exists a simulation model with so-called kenes, which “represent the aggregate knowledge of an organisation” (Ahrweiler, Pyka, & Gilbert, 2014, p. 2). These kenes (as the individual knowledge base of an agent in the model) contain “a number of ‘units of knowledge’” (Ahrweiler et al., 2014, p. 2) and it can, therefore, be argued that there appears to be a conceptual relationship between kenes, memes, and the notion of schemata presented above, especially since Nigel Gilbert, who first coined the notion of ‘kenes’ also explicitly mentions the intentional similarity to ‘genes’ (Gilbert, 1997). Consequently, it may be rewarding to have a closer look at the relationship between memes, kenes, and schemata in subsequent works in order to evaluate if it proves feasible to integrate findings from the “Simulating Knowledge Dynamics in Innovation Networks (SKIN)” model (Gilbert, Ahrweiler, & Pyka, 2014) with implications from (organizational) memetics (or vice versa).
 
10
According to David Hansen, Thomas Lumpkin, and Gerald Hills, “a number of authors have described the opportunity recognition process either as being influenced by creativity or more specifically as a creative process in-and-of itself” (Hansen et al., 2011, p. 517). This influence is depicted by the dotted arrow from (culture-based) creativity to alertness in Fig. 3, since, as we have noted in footnote 6, we tend to regard opportunity recognition as a special case of discovery.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Complexity, Cultural Evolution, and the Discovery and Creation of (Social) Entrepreneurial Opportunities: Exploring a Memetic Approach
verfasst von
Michael P. Schlaile
Marcus Ehrenberger
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Buch
Complexity in Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Technology Research

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-27106-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-27108-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27108-8_4

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