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1997 | Buch

Ecology and Economics: Implications for Integrated Coastal Zone Management Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Coastal Zone Management Imperative for Maritime Developing Nations

herausgegeben von: Bilal U. Haq, Syed M. Haq, Gunnar Kullenberg, Jan H. Stel

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Coastal Systems and Continental Margins

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

Anthropogenic transformation of the coastal zone continues at a steady pace, especially in the developing maritime countries, where coastal resources are often crucial to national economies. However, exploitation of these resources is often indiscriminate, ill planned, or carried out without adequate scientific knowledge. This leads to rapid resource depletion, and often irreversible environmental degradation. The 1992 Rio de Janeiro UN Conference on Environment and Development recognized the expediency of an integrated and sustainable use of all coastal resources, functions and services grounded on sound scientific data.
The present volume is based on the 1994 international workshop Integrated Coastal Zone Management, and brings together contributions by leading specialists both on basic concepts and on applications of coastal management. The work is divided into six parts, dealing with the conceptual framework of ICZM; regional and global aspects of coastal management; environmental assessment in ICZM; capacity building and technology transfer; monitoring and environmental analysis; and case studies and status of ICZM plans. The book also incorporates an interactive ICZM planning module, COSMO, which can be of use in designing a management plan for a coast. Attention is also given to long-term environmental effects of present-day actions. It is hoped that COSMO will prove an additional learning tool for ICZM practitioners and enhance the value of the book.
This work is intended to give a broad coverage of conceptual and technical aspects of ICZM, and will be of use to operational executives as well as students of ICZM, environmental economists, policy-makers and senior managers in the international development agencies and governmental and non-governmental organizations. It can be recommended as a textbook and as a reference work.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

The Conceptual Framework of Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Chapter 1. Ecology and Economics: Implications for Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Abstract
Natural resources constitute a major share of the world’s economic wealth and form a common ground for interaction between economists and the ecologists (Ehrlich, 1989; Vedeled, 1994). Problems associated with the conflicting activities of environmental protection and resource development encompass social, economic, environmental and ecological dimensions and are, therefore, complex by nature. Common wisdom dictates that economic growth inevitably leads to resource depletion and environmental degradation. This perception has been in vogue and the close relationship between the environment and the associated economic activities was not appreciated until recently due to lack of knowledge, especially on the part of resource managers and policy and decision makers in majority of the developing countries.
Syed M. Haq
Chapter 2. Integrated Coastal Zone Management for Developing Maritime Countries
Abstract
This chapter explores the concept of integrated coastal zone management as it is evolving today, with special emphasis on its usefulness to maritime developing nations. The paper has two basic objectives, first, to describe the origins of the concept of integrated coastal zone planning and management and, especially, to layout the key developments relative to coastal management that took place at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and secondly, to provide an account of the fundamentals of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) as they might apply to developing nations.
Robert W. Knecht
Chapter 3. Participation of Local Authorities and Communities in Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Abstract
There has been a global proliferation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) initiatives during the past twenty years. Many of these efforts are directed at the national or sub-national level and focus on the development of comprehensive legislation, national policy making and institutional reform. While these are essential components of integrated coastal planning and management, much of the work of ICZM takes place in coastal ecosystems, large and small, through broad working partnership arrangements. These partnerships are formed among national and provincial / state levels of government, the private sector, academic and research institutions„ non-government organizations, local authorities and community groups. It is at the local level that national policy directions are translated into action and the essential working relationships in ICZM are put into practice through public involvement.
Lawrence P. Hildebrand

Regional and Global Aspects of Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Chapter 4. Regional and Global Oceanographic, Climatic and Geological Factors in Coastal Zone Planning
Abstract
Several natural forces conspire to change the landscape along the coastline. Over the longer, geological, time scales the coasts witness repeated sea-level fluctutions that manifest themselves as advances or retreats of the shoreline. But even on the shorter time scales the coastal terrain is open to assault from a dynamic array of oceanic, atmospheric and tectonic processes, and stresses generated by them can lead to significant changes in the physical and ecological systems. Man’s activities, both along the coast and in the hinterland, often exacerbate these stresses. For example, subsidence of the coastal areas, although a natural consequence of sediment loading, can be accelerated by human activities, causing relative sea-level rise to accelerate rapidly in some areas. Similarly, anthropogenically accelerated global warming may lead to greater hazards along the coastlines around the world. Thus, an overall integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) plan must take into account both the short- and the long-term, gobai as well as local, factors that influence the coastal areas.
Bilal U. Haq
Chapter 5. Effect of Terrestial Processes and Human Activities on River Discharge, and their Impact on the Coastal Zone
Abstract
Rivers draining southern Asia and the high-standing islands in Oceania discharge a disproportionate amount of water and sediment to the oceans. The high water discharge results from heavy precipitation, whereas the high sediment fluxes reflect drainage basin character (mountainous terrain, predominance of erodable strata, periodically heavy rainfall, and — in Oceania particularly — many small river basins). Farming and deforestation (beginning 2000–2500 years ago), as well as more recent urbanization, have elevated sediment yields locally by mire than an order of magnitude. In the near future terrestrial erosion rates probably will continue to increase (particularly in Asia), but the transfer of both water and sediment to the sea almost certainly will decrease as more dams and other river projects come into production.
John D. Milliman
Chapter 6. Physical Environmental Change and Coastal Zone Management: Estimation of Economic Consequences
Abstract
Awareness and understanding of the nature and scale of physical change in the coastal zone are prerequisites for effective environmental policy-making and management. Only upon such under-standing can the economic implications of change be properly assessed and agencies advised on appropriate actions. A great many changes that now affect the coastal zone give cause for our serious concern. To attract the attention of governmental policy makers, and through them international funding agencies, there is a need for clear statements that spell out the risks, their time-scales and their economic consequences, requiring an effective working partnership between the coastal scientist and the economist. The success of any responsive action depends on the correct analysis of the causes of change, the realistic assessment of its economic implications and the choice of appropriate remedial measures.
Russell S. Arthurton

Environmental Assessment in Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Chapter 7. Role of Environmental Impact Assessment in Integrated Coastal Zone Management
Abstract
There is a general agreement today that our planet is under stress due to changes brought about by man’s activities (Brown et al., 1990, World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Be-fore the industrial revolution, these anthropogenic stresses were largely of local nature, but with the advancements in technology and their application in improving the human condition, they have assumed regional and global dimensions. For example, it has been estimated that fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur induced by man’s activities today are of the same magnitude as those associated with the natural global cycles of these elements (Clark, 1986). The far reaching environmental implications of the global issues such as global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone, long range transportation of atmospheric pollution, reduction in biodiversity, and depletion of natural resources are also indisputable. It would, therefore, not be an exaggeration if we described man and his activities as a geological force which has not only modified the Earth but has fundamentally transformed it (Vernadsky, 1945).
Nuzrat Yar Khan
Chapter 8. Strategy for Monitoring the Environment in the Coastal Zone
Abstract
Located between the open ocean and the terrestrial domain, the coastal regions of the world are characterized by intensive physical, biological and social interactions. In total, coastal areas comprise only 8% of the worlds surface area but they are extremely attractive for human settlement and social activity due to their wealth of natural resources and amenities. They are biologically highly productive, hubs of industrial infra-structure and economic growth, and highly desirable for tourism and recreation. It is this very attraction that has led to intense pressures on the diverse and valuable resources of the coastal regions; pressures that are likely to increase.
M. Jawed Hameedi

Capacity Building and Technology Transfer Issues

Chapter 9. Capacity Building for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Countries of South Asia
Abstract
The five maritime countries of the South Asian region, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, share a complex legacy of social, cultural and environmental realities that characterize the historical and geographical identity of the subcontinent. The coastal areas of these countries have a number of shared natural resources, and many similar environmental and developmental problems. Different perceptions of the importance of the coastal zone exist in the South Asian countries, but the awareness of the special nature of the coastal zone seems to be growing in the region. The countries are increasingly recognizing the ecological and economic significance of their coastal areas and the problems associated with the development of coastal resources.
Giuseppe Daconto
Chapter 10. Partnerships in Marine Science: The Dutch Experience in Transfer of Knowledge
Abstract
Both the implementation of the action list ‘Agenda 21’ of the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development and the various provisions of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea which went into force in 1994, require new initiatives in the North-South transfer of technology and know-how. The Netherlands “Partnerships in Marine Science” programs respond to this call for international cooperation. In formulation of the cooperative scientific research, the partnership programs are essentially based on the mutual interest of the scientific communities of both the partner countries and the Netherlands. As part of a long-term (10 years) bi- or multilateral commitment for joint scientific research programs, capacity-building activities are treated as an integral part of the partnership programs. While funds for the scientific components of the programs are granted by the relevant national science foundations, the funding for the capacity building component is sought through national and international developmental organizations, as well as other sources such as the European Union, the World Bank and the Global Environmental Facility. The Dutch experience of linking research and developmental aid activities are described here.
Jan H. Stel

Monitoring and Environmental Analyses

Chapter 11. Animal Biomarkers as Stress Indicators: Assessing the Health of Organisms in the Environment
Abstract
The introduction of anthropogenic factors is known to affect various physiological/biochemical metabolic processess in organisms. Altered metabolic rate, if not compensated by adaptive mechanisms of the organisms, may affect it’s survival and/or reproduction. Any contaminant which may impair the metabolic function beyond the compensatory limit will cause severe stress and disability in the normal functioning of the organism. Such xenobiotically-induced variation in cellular or biochemical processes and function in an organism can be detected by certain assays termed as ‘biomarkers’. With the help of biomarkers it is possible to search that interaction between contaminants and organism have taken place.
Tariq Mustafa
Chapter 12. Carbon, Sulfur and Nitrogen Biogeochemistry of Tropical Mangrove Sediments
Abstract
In the tropics coastal zone management often involves considerable effort to sustain and manage mangrove forests. Mangroves are among the most widespread and productive intertidal ecosystems in the world, covering up to 75 % of tropical coastlines. These ecosystems are also economically extremely valuable and are under increasing threat of being wiped out by rapid human encroachment and environmental pollution. Thus, an understanding of these ecosystems is vital to their survival. This review summarizes the current knowledge of biological processes related to carbon, nitrogen and sulfur dynamics in sediments of tropical mangrove forests, with special emphasis on high salinity fringe and basin forests dominated by Rhizophora spp. Several excellent reviews on community structure and dynamics in mangrove forests have been published recently (e.g., Alongi 1989a; Alongi et al., 1992; Robertson et al., 1992). Here results from studies on sources of organic input to sediments (e.g. litter fall and benthic primary production) with data on benthic carbon and nitrogen sinks; mineralization by aerobic (including crabs) and anaerobic (e.g. fermentation and sulfate reduction) pathways are emphasized. Aspects of sulfur cycling in relation to sulfate reduction and redox conditions in the sediment, and the role of nitrogen fixation, nitrification and denitrification for nitrogen dynamics in the sediment are also be evaluated. Budgets of carbon and nitrogen in the mid-intertidal zone of a standard tropical Rhizophora mangrove forest are also considered.
Erik Kristensen

Case Studies — Coastal Zone Management Experiences and Status

Chapter 13. Coastal Zone Management Experiences in the Netherlands
Abstract
The global importance of coastal areas in terms of both socio-economic and ecological values has been widely recognised for a long time. In recent years however many international agencies have called for coordinated actions to develop nationwide and international strategies for a better integrated planning and management of the coastal areas and their resources. Through more coordinated and integrated planning, a better use of the resources, both now and in the future can be realized. In addition, many technical or administrative measures have long-lasting impacts on the coastal zone. Well thought-out planning process and evaluation procedures are, therefore, prerequisite for a continuous and sustained use of the coastal zone. In the Netherlands there is a long history of the interaction between man and the coastal zone. This paper outlines some of the experiences which may be of interest to other countries. The focus is on the development of thinking, attitudes and measures which evolved with time.
Robbert Misdorp, Joost Terwindt
Chapter 14. Ecuador’s Participatory and Adaptive Approach to Integrated Coastal Management
Abstract
Ecuador’s Coastal Resources Management Program or Programa de Manejo de Recursos Costeros (PMRC) was designed as a process by which a North American and Ecuadorian partnership could learn how to institutionalize progress toward more sustainable forms of development along Ecuador’s coast. As the program took shape, we came to realize that our challenge was to make this progress in a context of at times anarchic and accelerating social and ecosystem change. How could we invent structures and procedures of governance that could begin to bring order to this process of change, and then direct the development process toward sustainable intensities and combinations of uses?
Stephen B. Olsen, Luis Arriaga M., Emilio Ochoa, Donald Robadue Jr.
Chapter 15. Coastal Zone Management in the Islands of the Western Indian Ocean
Abstract
The management of Western Indian Ocean coasts leave much to be desired in terms of sustainability, with habitat destruction and nutrient loads to inshore coastal areas as major negative impacts of development. Attempts at integrated management to date are most successful on Mauritius and the Seychelles, where reasonably comprehensive legislation is combined with a sufficient economic base to develop appropriate management. In low income countries, there have been few attempts at integrated management. Degradation in some regions is patchy and dependent upon the practices and densities of local populations. The development of Integrated Coastal Zone Management programs for whole islands or parts of them will be an important mechanism for sustainable management of the unique resources of the Western Indian Ocean. A qualitative assessment of coastal management in this region is attempted.
Carl Gustaf Lundin
Chapter 16. African Coastal Areas and their Management for Sustainable Developmental
Abstract
More than half of the world’s population lives within 60 km of the shoreline and in Africa trends in population growth indicate that these numbers could rise to 75% by the next century. In many parts of Africa the coastal resources have been overexploited and the fragile coastal and marine ecosystems have been severely degraded and their productivity reduced by unregulated human activities. Lack of understanding of the coastal and marine environment and its interaction with terrestrial and oceanic processes, as well as ineffective planning and management have exacerbated the situation. In this paper, the present status and trends of coastal zone development in the African region are examined and existing capabilities to implement sustainable development strategies is evaluated.
Eric O. Odada
Chapter 17. Natural and Human Threats to Biodiversity in the Marine Ecosystem of Coastal Pakistan
Abstract
There exist several natural and made-made threats to biodiversity along the coast of Pakistan. Natural stresses include high wave action, high temperatures and salinity, and seasonal spread of oxygen-poor waters that ascend from deeper depths. Man-made stresses include the lack of replenishing sands and water discharge from the Indus River that have contributed to accelerated beach erosion and increased turbidity. It is the combined effect of such factors that have helped establish long and oceanic food chains in the inshore waters, resulting in more carnivorous, rather than herbivorous, fishes.
Muzammil Ahmad
Chapter 18. Management of the Indus Delta Mangroves
Abstract
Management of coastal zone of Indus Delta is, in fact, the management of its mangroves. Once mangrove forests covered the entire seaboard of the delta region and directly or indirectly influenced its flora and fauna. As late as the early 1980s mangroves grew all along the 240 km long coastline and occupied an area estimated to be 600,000 acres, approximately 40 % of the entire tidal belt (Mirza et al., 1983) and 10 % of the Indus Delta fan (Wells and Coleman, 1984). They were rated as the fifth or sixth largest mangrove forests in the world (Snedaker, 1984) and certainly the largest in arid climate. They grow luxuriantly on islets in the creeks, often creating the islets through sediment trapping (Fig. 1). However, due to extreme tampering of the environment, both upstream and in the delta and overexploitation by man mangroves are disappearing rapidly. The protection and management of the remaining mangroves is therefore of utmost priority, if this coastal resource and its associated ecosystems and biotic diversity are to survive.
S. M. Saifullah
Chapter 19. Status of Marine Pollution in the Context of Coastal Zone Management in Pakistan
Abstract
Murine Pollution control can be efficiently managed and mitigated through implementation of an integrated coastal zone management plan in a given coastal region. However, in formulating a coastal zone management plan basic scientific information and data is required for all the essential elements of the plan. A multi-sectoral approach leading to an integrated coastal zone management is imperative for these purposes.
S. H. Niaz Rizvi
Chapter 20. Economic Development and Integrated Management Issues in Coastal China
Abstract
China’s coastal zone is located along its continental margin bordering the Pacific Ocean and includes three marginal seas: the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. It has a of coastline that extends 32,000 km and includes some 6,500 islands. The coastline of the islands measures ca. 14,000 km (Fig. 1). This coastal zone stretches across several climate zones, ranging from the temperate, to subtropical and tropical. The entire area is humid and receives plenty of rainfall, although there are differences between the North and the South. In general the coastal climate is controlled by the monsoon. In the winter it is dominated by the Mongolian high pressure system and the climate is dry and cold, with prevailing winds from the north. In the summer the area is dominated by a low pressure system, rich in rainfall, and prevailing winds are from the south and southeast.
Ying Wang, Zhewen Luo, Dakui Zhu
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Coastal Zone Management Imperative for Maritime Developing Nations
herausgegeben von
Bilal U. Haq
Syed M. Haq
Gunnar Kullenberg
Jan H. Stel
Copyright-Jahr
1997
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN
978-94-017-1066-4
Print ISBN
978-90-481-4922-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1066-4