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Erschienen in:
Fostering Sustainable Mobility in Europe: The Contributions of the Project “E-Mobility North Sea Region” Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Cohousing and EV Sharing: Field Tests in Flanders

verfasst von : Sidharta Gautama, Dominique Gillis, Giuseppe Pace, Ivana Semanjski

Erschienen in: E-Mobility in Europe

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

This paper investigates the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) in a context of a pilot test in Belgium, consisting of car sharing services managed and exploited in small communities. Part of a broader testing activity in the framework of the e-Mobility NSR project, the test had the objective of metering EVs’ charging and consumption in real daily transport operations, but soon it acquired new meanings. It shaped EV sharing services at a small scale, directly managed by the users, which also share energy and maintenance costs. The chosen context was cohousing, a special type of collaborative housing, and four ones were selected in Flanders: two urban units and two larger semi-urban ones. The two urban communities received a prepaid card for reserving and using EVs provided by Cambio, a Belgian car sharing company. The other two cohousings received two EVs and a charging box, organising and running an internal car sharing system for the duration of 1 year. During the tests, quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The paper reports the intermediate results, identifying potential EV sharing consumers, based on their behaviour and attitudes in relation to the condition of the local context in which they live.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Launching an E-Carsharing System in the Polycentric Area of Ruhr
Nächstes Kapitel New Electric Mobility in Fleets in the Rural Area of Bremen/Oldenburg
Fußnoten
1
“Such a system consists of cars made of steel and weighing about 1 ton, powered by petrol, each seating at least four people, personally owned, and each driven independently of others”, Dennis and Urry (2009, p. 28).
 
2
“Licensing authorities, traffic police, petrol refining and distribution, road building and maintenance, hotels, roadside service areas and motels, car sales and repair workshops, suburban and greenfield house building sites, retailing and leisure complexes, advertising and marketing, and urban design and planning”, Dennis and Urry, pp. 36–37.
 
4
One of the main goals of the sustainable transportation is represented by the shift from the system based on the private car (apparently stable and unchanging), people (the cornerstone of all mobility systems, as drivers, passengers, and pedestrians), machines, materials, fuel, roads, buildings and cultures to a system where transport connections assume the primary importance based on needs/demands and a range of criteria around accessibility and use.
 
5
The ‘economy of access’ develops the principle of “paying for access to travel/mobility services rather than the outright ownership of vehicles” (Dennis and Urry 2009, p. 97).
 
6
The cohousing idea originated in Denmark, close to Copenhagen, where a Danish architect and a psychologist built the first cohousing community in 1972 for 27 families, influenced by Bodil Graae’s 1967 article, “Every child should have 100 parents”. Since then the cohousing movement has spread rapidly. Worldwide, there are now hundreds of cohousing communities, having expanded from Denmark into the U.S., Canada, Australia, Sweden, New Zealand, the Netherlands, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Japan and elsewhere. For European examples see, for instance: Institute for Creative Sustainability (2012).
 
8
Reasons can be found in the Belgian legal and administrative framework of housing ownership, structured on the single-family model. But as reported in a recent journalistic overview (http://​www.​flanderstoday.​eu/​living/​co-housing-arrangements-win-popularity-flanders; as well as plans for the future: Blyth (2014), http://​www.​flanderstoday.​eu/​politics/​flemish-cities-allot-land-co-housing-projects), some important successes have been achieved. The Flemish Parliament approved a resolution to encourage, stimulate and provide support for group housing projects (2009), the publication of a preliminary study on group housing titled Samenhuizen in België (Jonckheere et al. 2010) and the launch of the Samenhuizen Charter, stating that signatory cities and communities will support local group housing initiatives. Ghent was the first to sign in 2012, followed a year later by several Flemish cities, including Bruges, Kortrijk and Oostende, and then the province itself (Goodwin 2014). See web page of some cohousing projects in Flanders and mobility aspects: http://​www.​cohousingproject​s.​be/​index.​php/​diensten-cohousing-projects/​157-nieuw-ontdek-onze-deelauto-s.
 
11
Cambio is a car sharing organisation and operates in several Belgian cities. Wallonia was the first Belgian Region to start in 2002. Then in May 2003, Brussels followed and in September 2004 the Cambio car sharing system also started in Flanders. According to their website (http://​www.​cambio.​be/​), Cambio Belgium has more than 15,000 users, a car fleet with more than 500 cars spread across 220 stations in 27 Belgian cities. The company cooperates closely with VAB (the largest Flemish automobile association), De Lijn (public transport operator in Flanders), MIVB/STIB (the public transport operator in the Brussels metropolitan area) and TEC (the public transport operator in Wallonia). In 2009, the NMBS-holding (Belgian railways) also decided to participate in the project. This completes the cooperation between Cambio and public transport. Furthermore, local, regional and federal authorities participate: they help with the financing, give policy support and provide the necessary car sharing stations (parking places).
 
12
Urban cohousings started in July 2013, earlier than semi-urban ones (October 2013), because for these last tests it was necessary to launch an open tender for the EVs leasing, and to install charging boxes in the cohousings parking premises and that took more time than getting prepaid cards from Cambio.
 
13
The Cambio fleet includes the following EVs: Nissan Leaf, Renault Kangoo ZE, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, and Opel Ampera (only the last two available in Ghent).
 
14
In particular for EV drivers, Cambio introduced specific rules, such as the obligation to mention the number of km planned to drive (with a max for 60–75 km per trip), and the obligation once finished of putting the EV in charge (see www.​cambio.​be).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Cohousing and EV Sharing: Field Tests in Flanders
verfasst von
Sidharta Gautama
Dominique Gillis
Giuseppe Pace
Ivana Semanjski
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Buch
E-Mobility in Europe

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-13193-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-13194-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2015

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13194-8_12

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