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2015 | Buch

Fifty Years of Research in Electromagnetics: A Voyage Back in Time Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Computational Electromagnetics—Retrospective and Outlook

In Honor of Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer

herausgegeben von: Iftikhar Ahmed, Zhizhang (David) Chen

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

The book will cover the past, present and future developments of field theory and computational electromagnetics. The first two chapters will give an overview of the historical developments and the present the state-of-the-art in computational electromagnetics. These two chapters will set the stage for discussing recent progress, new developments, challenges, trends and major directions in computational electromagnetics with three main emphases:

a. Modeling of ever larger structures with multi-scale dimensions and multi-level descriptions (behavioral, circuit, network and field levels) and transient behaviours

b. Inclusions of physical effects other than electromagnetic: quantum effects, thermal effects, mechanical effects and nano scale features

c. New developments in available computer hardware, programming paradigms (MPI, Open MP, CUDA and Open CL) and the associated new modeling approaches

These are the current emerging topics in the area of computational electromagnetics and may provide readers a comprehensive overview of future trends and directions in the area.

The book is written for students, research scientists, professors, design engineers and consultants who engaged in the fields of design, analysis and research of the emerging technologies related to computational electromagnetics, RF/microwave, optimization, new numerical methods, as well as accelerator simulator, dispersive materials, nano-antennas, nano-waveguide, nano-electronics, terahertz applications, bio-medical and material sciences.

The book may also be used for those involved in commercializing electromagnetic and related emerging technologies, sensors and the semiconductor industry. The book can be used as a reference book for graduates and post graduates. It can also be used as a text book for workshops and continuing education for researchers and design engineers.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Fifty Years of Research in Electromagnetics: A Voyage Back in Time
Abstract
This chapter retraces 50 years of personal research in microwaves, electromagnetic fields, and computational electromagnetics from an autobiographical perspective. It begins with early work on microwave ferrites at the RWTH Aachen and the University of Grenoble during the 1960s, and continues with theoretical and experimental research on planar and quasi-planar microwave circuits during the 1970s at the University of Ottawa. In the 1980s, my research focus began to shift progressively toward computational electromagnetics, and in the early 1990s at the University of Victoria it became the central theme of my work. Finally, the first decade of the second millennium brought novel materials with revolutionary properties and potential for innovative devices, requiring sophisticated techniques for modeling, measurement, and manufacturing at the nanometer scale. The activities and contributions of my research team during the past 50 years at the Universities of Aachen (Germany), Grenoble (France), Ottawa and Victoria (Canada), and finally at the A-STAR Institute of High-Performance Computing (Singapore), form the subject of this personal account.
Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer
Chapter 2. Some Remarks on the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) Method and Its Application to Transient EM Fields and to EMC Problems
Abstract
Wolfgang J.R. Hoefer has pioneered the Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) method and made it a powerful tool for time-domain modeling of electromagnetic fields. In his scientific work, Wolfgang Hoefer always is placing a strong focus on imagery thinking and geometric and physical understanding of the electromagnetic phenomena. In this contribution, we invite the apt reader to stroll with us through the garden of TLM and would like to share with him some thoughts on the origin of the TLM method and also present some specific applications. We discuss the relation of the TLM method to Christian Huygens’ model of light propagation and show how the TLM method can be deduced on the basis Huygens’ model by application of network theory. We show how the TLM scheme can be embedded in a general discrete time circuit concept. The application of the TLM method to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems is discussed. As a time-domain method, the TLM method is optimally suited to model broadband and transient electromagnetic phenomena and therefore, combining the TLM method with the Integral Equation method yields a powerful tool for the modeling of complex electromagnetic structures separated by large distances in free space. Introducing network models allows the application of correlation matrix methods for the modeling of stochastic fields.
Peter Russer, Johannes A. Russer
Chapter 3. LTCC-Based Multilayer Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Lines for Super-Compact Distributed Circuits
Abstract
In this chapter, multilayered composite right/left-handed (ML CRLH) transmission lines (TLs) are discussed briefly, along with examples of super-compact ultra-wideband (UWB) band pass filters, that are constructed with LTCC-based ML CRLH TL architecture. In the conventional RH microwave devices, the coupling between inner components of a device is undesirable since it degrades the performance. In contrast, in ML CRLH structure, a strong coupling between unit cells is desired since it can enhance the left-handedness and leads to significant size reduction of devices and components. It is shown here that overall dimensions of the typical ML CRLH transmission lines with three unit cells are only 1.5 × 1.5 × 0.95 mm. In theory, they can be made as small desired; the constraints on the dimensions such as line width, spacing, via diameter, thickness of sheet, etc., comes only from the design restrictions of the LTCC technology itself. Successful design examples of a few size-reduced devices, UWB filter, impedance transformer, and a Wilkinson power divider/combiner are presented.
Yasushi Horii
Chapter 4. Unconditionally Stable Fundamental Alternating Direction Implicit FDTD Method for Dispersive Media
Abstract
This chapter presents the formulation of novel unconditionally stable fundamental alternating direction implicit finite-difference time-domain (FADI-FDTD) method for dispersive media. A generalized formulation is provided, which is applicable for various dispersive models, such as Debye, Lorentz, Drude, and complex conjugate pole-residue pair models. The extension for full 3D dispersive media using novel FADI-FDTD method makes the resultant update equations much more concise and simpler than using conventional ADI-FDTD method. To demonstrate the application of novel FADI-FDTD method, the analysis of plasmonic waveguide using FADI-FDTD method is provided. The characteristics of a surface plasmon waveguides with Au (gold) and Ag (silver) metal cladding, modeled as combination of Drude-Lorentz dispersive media are analyzed. Further analysis of plasmonic waveguide grating filter is also considered.
Ding Yu Heh, Eng Leong Tan
Chapter 5. Evaluation of the Transient Performance of Super-Wideband Printed-Circuit Antennas Using Time-Domain Electromagnetics
Abstract
A time-domain electromagnetics code is used to evaluate the transient and radiation performances of three printed-circuit antennas for super-wideband (SWB) monitoring applications. For two antennas, one in microstrip and one in coplanar technologies, operating between 3 and 30 GHz with a return loss of 10 dB, it is demonstrated that the vertically polarized omnidirectional radiation characteristics in the lower frequency band change to a more directional pattern at higher frequencies and that the cross-polar field component increases with frequency and gives rise to possible dual-polarized applications for the microstrip antenna. In comparison, the coplanar antenna shows slightly better performance, especially with respect to its transient response. Its group-delay variation is only 180 ps compared to 250 ps of the microstrip antenna, and its amplitude response provides better polarization purity. The evaluation of the coplanar concept is extended to cover a bandwidth between 3 and 60 GHz. The time-domain evaluation, as validated by a frequency-domain technique, demonstrates that bandwidths in extent of decade bandwidths are possible with simple printed-circuit antennas. Characteristics and performances are presented for possible applications in future SWB monitoring systems, radar technology, through-wall imaging systems, and other future wireless services. Antenna dimensions are provided for future comparisons with improved and/or multi-level electromagnetics codes.
Marjan Mokhtaari, Jens Bornemann
Chapter 6. Conformal and Multi-scale Time-Domain Methods: From Unstructured Meshes to Meshless Discretisations
Abstract
This chapter reviews recent advances in numerical time-domain techniques for solving Maxwell’s equations in non-Cartesian discretisations. This class of techniques, which can be denoted as conformal time-domain methods, provides an approach particularly advantageous for geometries comprising curved surfaces and multi-scale features. The first part of the chapter reviews the developments of a particular time-domain method applied in tetrahedral meshes, namely the Finite-Volume Time-Domain (FVTD) method. Different associated techniques aiming at enhancing the capability of the method are described, and the potential of the FVTD method for solving multi-scale problems is illustrated with the example of a 31-antenna breast cancer imaging system. The successful solution of this particular example demonstrates the benefits of the approach for problems which might challenge time-domain methods applied in Cartesian grids, even when coupled to sub-cell models and sub-gridding schemes. The second part of the chapter points out to a novel class of methods which are amenable to conformal time-domain implementation on clouds of points. These so-called “meshless methods” do not require an explicit mesh definition, and open new perspectives towards future applications involving multi-scale multi-physics problems.
Christophe Fumeaux, Thomas Kaufmann, Zahra Shaterian, Dirk Baumann, Maciej Klemm
Chapter 7. A Mortar Element Method for the Electric Field Integral Equation on Sheets and Junctions
Abstract
Boundary Element Methods offer an appealing avenue for the modelling of scattering of time-harmonic electromagnetic waves by obstacles. Classic boundary element methods, however, require the construction of a geometrically conforming mesh to model the scatterer’s surface. This conformity requirement poses a number of serious restrictions. It is impossible to create truly local refinements to increase the solution’s accuracy. Parallelisation of the geometry creation and preprocessing turns out to be highly challenging, limiting the scalability of parallel implementations of the boundary element method. In this chapter, a mortar element method for the electric field integral equation is introduced. In this method the regularity constraints on the candidate solutions are relaxed allowing for greater flexibility in the choice of finite element spaces and surface meshes. In particular, the surface meshes are not required to be geometrically conforming, allowing for truly local refinements and parallelisation of the geometry handling. Moreover, the method presented here is fit to deal with structures containing junctions, i.e. lines at which three or more sheets meet. These structures are indispensable to model e.g. fins and wings.
K. Cools
Chapter 8. Time Domain Modeling and Simulation from Nanoelectronics to Nanophotonics
Abstract
In this chapter, time domain approaches for modeling and simulation of devices from nanoelectronics to nanophotonics are presented. To cover this wide range of devices, different equations and models are incorporated into Maxwell equations. For example, Schrödinger equation is incorporated into Maxwell equations to model nanoelectronics and nanoplasmonics devices, Lorentz-Drude (LD) dispersive model is incorporated to simulate passive plasmonic devices; a solid-state model that consists of Pauli Exclusion principle, state-filling effect, and dynamic Fermi-Dirac Thermalization is incorporated to simulate active nanophotonics devices. LD and solid-state models are hybridized for the simulation of active plasmonics devices. Graphics processing unit (GPU) is used to enhance the simulation speed, some of the proposed approaches are implemented on GPU and their examples are given.
Iftikhar Ahmed, Eng Huat Khoo, Erping Li
Chapter 9. Boundary Modeling and High-Order Convergence in Finite-Difference Methods
Abstract
High-order finite-difference methods are appealing for large-scale numerical computations, as their excellent numerical dispersion properties enable the use of coarser grids for the modeling of uniform media. However, practical problems of interest involve, in addition to uniform media, complex boundary conditions, including curved boundaries. In fact, the lack of robust methods to incorporate curved material interfaces with consistent error performance is widely considered as a significant bottleneck in the application of high-order finite-difference techniques to practical problems. The present chapter addresses this problem, revisiting the generation of conformal, high-order finite-difference methods from the perspective of transformation electromagnetics. Fundamentally based on the metric invariance property of Maxwell’s equations, transformation electromagnetics and optics has recently been employed in the design of various cloaking media, yet it presents interesting numerical applications as well. After a brief presentation of transformation-driven numerical methods, the consistent, high-order modeling of 2/3-D curved boundaries is discussed.
Roberto B. Armenta, Costas D. Sarris
Chapter 10. A Hybrid MRTD–FDTD Technique for Efficient Field Computation
Abstract
In this chapter, for efficient simulation of electromagnetic fields two numerical approaches, the finite difference time domain (FDTD) and scaling multi resolution time domain (S-MRTD) methods are described. The FDTD in general has numerical dispersion that imposes an upper bound on mesh size (λ min/10), whereas S-MRTD has less dispersion; however, it needs more number of operations per iteration. To exploit the advantages of both approaches they are hybridized and presented in this chapter. In this hybrid approach, the FDTD method is used along directions where cell size is small, while the S-MRTD method is applied in directions where cell size is large (usually larger than λ min/10). In addition, the proposed hybrid algorithm does not require wavelet expansion due to the nature of the mesh used. Thus, it avoids the reduction of accuracy usually due to truncation of wavelets coefficients. The stability, dispersion analysis, Courant criterion are presented. Moreover, a reformulation of Berenger’s perfectly matched layer (PML) is carried out. Various applications are presented and it is shown that the performance of the hybrid method is excellent, and uses less computer resources as compared to the use of either of the two methods alone.
Ibrahim Massy, Michel M. Ney
Chapter 11. Parametric Modeling of EM Behavior Using Neural Networks
Abstract
A parametric EM model represents the EM behavior not only with respect to frequency or time, but also with respect to physical/geometrical variables of the EM components. The use of physical/geometrical variables for EM model is important for design purpose such as sensitivity analysis, optimization, and statistical design. When the values of the physical/geometrical variables are changed, the EM behavior will change. Using conventional EM simulation methods, the EM simulation has to be performed again each time the physical/geometrical parameters change, multiplying the computational time. In this chapter, we describe a neural network-based method for parametric modeling. The neural network is first trained to learn the EM behavior versus various values of physical/geometrical parameters, and trained neural network can be used to provide fast estimation of EM behavior during EM optimization, sensitivity analysis, and statistical design.
Weicong Na, Chuan Zhang, Qijun Zhang
Chapter 12. Design and Implementation of MEFiSTo-2D Classic Plus
Abstract
Transmission Line Matrix (TLM) and Finite Difference Time Domain are two similar computational electromagnetics (CEM) procedures. The former one is based on the Huygens’ Principle while the latter one is based on Maxwell’s Equations. In order to couple Ampère’s and Faraday’s laws via the discretized Maxwell’s Equations, the electric and magnetic field vectors in the FDTD mesh are staggered in space and time. This staggering arrangement is not needed in the TLM algorithm. As a result, TLM algorithms are simpler to implement than their FDTD counterparts. This chapter presents an overview of the two-dimensional shunt-node TLM procedure as well as the design and implementation of the TLM method in MEFiSTo-2D Classic Plus.
Poman P. M. So, Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer
Metadaten
Titel
Computational Electromagnetics—Retrospective and Outlook
herausgegeben von
Iftikhar Ahmed
Zhizhang (David) Chen
Copyright-Jahr
2015
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-287-095-7
Print ISBN
978-981-287-094-0
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-095-7

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