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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. Conflicts of Interest and Improvement Measures in Lawyers’ Practice

verfasst von : Hong-you Sun, Yuan Lu

Erschienen in: Regulations and Applications of Ethics in Business Practice

Verlag: Springer Singapore

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Abstract

Conflict of interest is regarded as one of the core significant issues in legal practice. Although some Chinese laws, such as the “Lawyers Law of the People’s Republic of China” and “Strengthen the Improvement of Lawyers’ Professional Ethics and Sense of Discipline” (“lawyers’ discipline”), have stipulated rules relating to conflict of interest in lawyers’ practice, the contents of which seem abstract and simplistic without further details on how to implement them. Even though some modern cities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou have implemented some relevant regulations with details on lawyers’ conflicts of interest, these regulations are at the relatively lower level of the legal hierarchy and this issue still lacks standardized rules due to the wide variety of regulations in different regions. This leads to some difficulties which lawyers have to face in practice and it is not beneficial for lawyers to manage the conflict of interest in cases which are brought by clients in different regions. This paper tries to give a brief introduction to the laws on lawyer’s conflict of interest in China. Also, it analyzes the current situation and the potential problems regarding this issue and further provides some reasonable suggestions and measures for improvement.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Teaching Ethics in Adult Education

Nächstes Kapitel Privacy Policy and Security Issues in E-Commerce for Eliminating the Ethical Concerns

“Notice of the All China Lawyers’ Association on Issuing the Code of Conduct for Practicing Lawyers’ (2011 Revision)” http://en.pkulaw.cn.ezproxy.soas.ac.uk/Display.aspx?lib=law&Cgid=163990 accessed 22 October 2016.

李宝宏, “论律师执业利益冲突及其规制” (硕士, 西南政法大学 2009) Bao-hong Li, “Conflicts of Interest and Regulations in Lawyers’ Practice” 2009(10), Southwest University of Political Science & Law. http://oversea.cnki.net.ezproxy.soas.ac.uk/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=2009121588.nh&DbName=CMFD2009&DbCode=CMFD accessed 22 October 2016.

黄翔宇, “我国律师执业的利益冲突规则—对我国现行制度的分析”, 2011-04, 黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报. Xiang-yu Huang, “The Conflict of Interest Rule of Legal Service Practice in China”, 2011(04) Journal of Heilongjiang Administrative Cadre College of Politics and Law, Editorial E-mail. http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%289c3ec2361b33e07c4c75fca564291c41%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical%2Fhljszfglgbxyxb201104004&ie=utf-8&sc_us=17683391525488750731 accessed 22 October 2016.

李军伟, “论律师执业中的利益冲突” (苏州大学 2012). Jun-wei Li, “Conflicts of Interest in Lawyers’ Practice” Suzhou University, 2012(10).

Cited by 王琳, “简论我国律师执业利益冲突的原则, 规则与规制” (硕士, 中国政法大学 2011) Lin Wang, “Analysis of lawyers’ conflicts of principles, rules and regulations” SuZhou University, 2011(09), Master Degree. page 3. http://oversea.cnki.net.ezproxy.soas.ac.uk/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=1011114731.nh&DbName=CMFD2011&DbCode=CMFD&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQwT2p0ZWNjMHQvcFlFMDNzS0RHZEMwTT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!! accessed 2 February 2017. “Change Tracker—Code of Conduct” http://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/change-tracker/code-of-conduct/rule3.page accessed 6 February 2017.

“ukpga_20070029_en.pdf” http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/29/pdfs/ukpga_20070029_en.pdf accessed 7 February 2017.

黄翔宇, “我国律师执业的利益冲突规则——对我国现行制度的分析” [2011] 黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报 11. Huang Xiang-yu, “The Conflict of Interest Rule of Legal Service Practice in China,” Journal of Heilongjiang Administrative Cadre College of Politics And Law. 2011(04).

王, “简论我国律师执业利益冲突的原则、规则与规制” (n. 5). (硕士, 中国政法大学 2011) Lin Wang, “Analysis of lawyers’ conflicts of principles, rules and regulations” SuZhou University, 2011(09), Master Degree.

陈超, “论我国的律师利益冲突规则” [2009]-11 法治与社会 (Legal System And Society). 68页 Chen-Chao, “The Theory of China’s Lawyer Conflict of interest rules,” Legal System And Society 2009(11). Page 68.

龙世发, “律师执业利益冲突规则研究—基于中美法学教材的比较” [2011]–9 法治与社会(Legal System And Society) 283页. Long-Shifa, “A Lawyer’s practice research-Conflict of Interest Rules based on the Comparison of America Textbook and Chinese one,” Legal System and Society, 2011(09), page 283.

李军伟, “论律师执业中的利益冲突” (硕士, 苏州大学 2012) LI Jun-wei, “Conflict of Interest in Lawyers’ Practice.” Master Degree, Suzhou University, 2012(10). http://oversea.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=1012388512.nh&DbName=CMFD2012&DbCode=CMFD accessed 10 February 2017.

Ibid.

“Lawyers’ Law of the People’s Republic of China (2007 Revision)” http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=6463&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%b7%a8 accessed 12 February 2017.

“Notice of the Supreme People’s Court on Issuing Several Provisions on the Implementation of Clean Government Norms by the People’s Courts to Prevent Conflicts of Interest” http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=9319&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c0%fb%d2%e6%b3%e5%cd%bb accessed 12 February 2017.

“Administrative Measures for the Practice of Law by Lawyers (2016 Revision)” http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=22920&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%d6%b4%d2%b5%b9%dc%c0%ed%b0%ec%b7%a8 accessed 12 February 2017.

“Code of Conducts for Lawyers (for Trial Implementation)” (律师执业行为规范) http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=3530&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%d6%b4%d2%b5%d0%d0%ce%aa%b9%e6%b7%b6 accessed 12 February 2017.

“Measures for Punishing Outraging Lawyers and Law Firms for Their Illegal Acts (2010)” (律师和律师事务所违法行为处罚办法) http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=8022&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%ba%cd%c2%c9%ca%a6%ca%c2%ce%f1%cb%f9%ce%a5%b7%a8%d0%d0%ce%aa%b4%a6%b7%a3%b0%ec%b7%a8 accessed 12 February 2017.

“全国律协关于印发《律师执业行为规范》的通知(2009年)- 律师服务平台” [Notice of the All China Lawyers’ Association on Issuing the Code of Conduct for Practicing Lawyers (2009 Revision)] http://fw.acla.org.cn:8088/serviceyewuzhunze/9393.jhtml accessed 13 February 2017.

“《北京市律师业避免利益冲突的规则》(试行)【经第五届理事会第八次会议通过,并于2001年6月27日起施行】” (Beijing Rules of Avoiding Lawyer’s Conflict of Interest) http://www.beijinglawyers.org.cn/cgi/RnewsActiondetail.do?rid=1436497764942 accessed 14 February 2017. “Beijing Rules of Avoiding Lawyer’s Conflict of Interest”.

“上海市律师协会律师执业利益冲突认定和处理规则 - 维权与纪律 - 律协规章 - 协会介绍 - 东方律师网” (Shanghai Bar Association Determination and Measures rules on conflict of interest) http://www.lawyers.org.cn/info/12f43ae5268fb02fe0ecd36bb7033251 accessed 14 February 2017. ‘Shanghai Bar Association Determination and Measures rules on conflict of interest”.

《北京市律师业避免利益冲突的规则》(试行)<http://www.beijinglawyers.org.cn/cgi/RnewsActiondetail.do?rid=1436497764942>【经第五届理事会第八次会议通过,并于 2001年6月27 日起施行】” 第九条第3款. (n. 19). (Beijing Rules of Avoiding Lawyer’s Conflict of Interest) Article 9 the Clause 3.

“上海市律师协会律师执业利益冲突认定和处理规则 - 维权与纪律 - 律协规章 - 协会介绍 - 东方律师网” (n. 20) 第五条第8款. (Shanghai Bar Association Determination and Measures rules on conflict of interest) Article 5 the Clause 8.

“Notice of the All China Lawyers’ Association on Issuing the Code of Conduct for Practicing Lawyers (2011 Revision)” (n. 1).

“Code of Conducts for Lawyers (for Trial Implementation)” (n. 16).

“Lawyers’ Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 Amendment)” (中华人民共和国律师法 (2012修正)) http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=12576&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%b7%a8 accessed 17 February 2017.

Ibid. Article 47.

Ibid. Article 50 “For any of the following conduct of a law firm, the justice administrative authority of the people’s government of a city with districts or the people’s government of a district of a municipality directly under the Central Government shall give a warning or impose a penalty of cessation of practice for correction for not less than one month but not more than six months and may impose a fine of not more than 100,000 Yuan according to the circumstances; and if there is any illegal income, shall confiscate the illegal income; and if the circumstances are especially serious, the justice administrative authority of a province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall revoke the law firm’s practicing certificate:…”.

“Notice of the All China Lawyers’ Association on Issuing the Code of Conduct for Practicing Lawyers (2011 Revision)” (n. 1) Article 105.

“律师协会会员违规行为处分规则(试行) - 中国律师网” “Rules of violation of laws for lawyer association membership” http://www.acla.org.cn/hyxwgz/11234.jhtml accessed 17 February 2017.

王进喜, 美国律师职业行为规则理论与实践 (中国人民公安大学出版社 2005), Jin-xi Wang, “Rules of Lawyer’s professional conduct in America: theory and practice,” People’s Public Security University of China publish, 2005. http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%2840533c05bdef8b14c2c586b1a7c29557%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3D%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%B7%B5&sc_us=6824471308948033683&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&i.e.=utf-8 accessed 18 February 2017.

弗里德曼,史密斯,卫东王,律师职业道德的底线北京大学出版社 2009. “Understanding Lawyers’ Ethics “Freedman, Monroe H. Smith, Abbe. Wei-dong Wang. Beijing University Publishing, 2009. http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri:(da9070a0f640a4a2fff1aed449301bad)&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3D%E5%BE%8B%E5%B8%88%E8%81%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BA%95%E7%BA%BF&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8&sc_us=6093275800266107923 accessed 18 February 2017.

王进喜, “中国律师职业道德:历史回顾与展望” [2005]-2 中国司法 40. Jin-Xi Wang, “The Ethics of China’s Legal Profession-Reviewing the Past and Looking Forward to the Future,” Judicature Today, 2005(02).

龙世发, “律师执业利益冲突规则研究——基于中美法学教材的比较” [2011] 法治与社会(Legal System And Society) 283页. Long-Shifa, “A Lawyer’s practice research- Conflict of Interest Rules based on the Comparison of America Textbook and Chinese one,” Legal System And Society, 2011(09).

K.茨威格特, H.克茨, 潘汉典,米健. 比较法总论 (法律出版社 2003) 22页. Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz, translated by Han-dian Pan, Jian Mi and others “An Introduction to Comparative Law,” Law Press China, 2003, page 22. http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28a5996d73b3fb464961f857bfc166904c%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3DAn%20Introduction%20to%20Comparative%20Law&sc_us=14429273634918316377&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8 accessed 18 February 2017.

‘solicitors Practice Rules 1990.pdf” page 33:

SPR-16D(2)(b), there is a conflict if:

(i) you owe, or your practice owes, separate duties to act in the best interests of two or more clients in relation to the same or related matters, and those duties conflict, or there is a significant risk that those duties may conflict; or

(ii) your duty to act in the best interests of any client in relation to a matter conflicts, or there is a significant risk that it may conflict, with your own interests in relation to that or a related matter.

(iii) For paragraph (2)(b) above, a related matter will always include any other matter which involves the same asset or liability. https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/63467/response/157855/attach/3/Solicitors%20Practice%20Rules%201990.pdf accessed 18 February 2017.

Ibid 34. Article 16D(4): if you act, or your practice acts for more than one client in a matter and, during the course of the conduct of that matter, a conflict arises between the interests of two or more of those clients, you, or your practice, may only continue to act for one of the clients (or a group of clients between whom there is no conflict) provided that the duty of confidentiality to the other clients is not put at risk.

Ibid 35. Article 16D(5).

“solicitors Practice Rules 1990.pdf” (n. 35). Article 16D(6).

“California Rules of Professional Conduct” https://www.law.cornell.edu/ethics/ca/code/ accessed 19 February 2017.

Ibid Rule 3-310.

蔡云玺, “律师伦理规范法制研究:以我国、美国(加州)与英国(英格兰)法制为比较” (硕士论文, 台湾大学社会科学院国家发展研究所 [2005]-01. 21页. Yun-Xi Cai, “Research on Lawyers’ Ethics in legal system—comparing with China, America (California) and UK (England),” Master Degree Dissertation, National Taiwan University Social Science College Research Center, 2005(01), page 21.

“California Rules of Professional Conduct” (n. 39) Rule 3–300.

John S Dzienkowski, “Positional Conflicts of Interest” (1993) 71 Texas Law Review 457.

“California Rules of Professional Conduct” (n. 39). The withdrawal terms were concerned with reasons of lawyers being less able to provide effective and impartial legal service for their clients.

K.茨威格特, H.克茨, 潘汉典,米健. 比较法总论 (法律出版社 2003) 22页. Konrad Zweigert, Hein Kötz, translated by Han-dian Pan, Jian Mi, and others “An Introduction to Comparative Law,” Law Press China, 2003, page 22.

郑建伟, “我国律师角色定位探讨” 2012(02) 法制与经济(中旬); Jian-wei Zheng, “Discussion on role definition of lawyer in China”, 2012(02), Legal and Economy (mid-). 江帆, “和谐社会中的律师角色定位” 2007(12) 中国律师 Fan Jiang, “Role Definition of lawyer in Harmonious China,” 2007(12) Chinese Lawyer. 蔡丽 and 石羡, “中国律师的角色定位” 2007(05) 中共福建省委党校学报, Li Cai and Xian Shi, “Role Definition of Chinese Lawyer,” 2007(05), Journal of Fujian Provincial Committee Party School of CPC.

“Lawyers’ Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 Amendment)” (n. 25) Article 2.

Ibid.

李卫东, “社会变迁与中国近代律师制度的产生” (2006) 2 中国律师和法学家 Wei-dong Li, “society Change and Lawyer rules in Modern China,” 2006(2), Journal of China Lawyer and Jurist </document/1d87704250d477c9318947a18e7f9386.html> accessed 22 February 2017.

Sciavicco, Lindsey Beth. “If You Can’t Trust Your Lawyer, Who Can You Trust?: Why Conflicts Of Interest And Client Loyalty Require An Exception To The Intra-Firm Attorney–Client Privilege For Current Clients.” Georgia Law Review 48.4 (2014): 1225–1262. Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Feb. 2017.

蔡 (n. 40) page 130–131. Cases which can be defined as avoiding conflict of interest are merely limited by a few specific types in England. And the law permits lawyers to represent an attorney–client and interests adverse to the attorney–client’s interests at the same time as long as the attorney–client agrees with that. But in the USA, the law is stricter compared with California’s law, because a lawyer could represent any client after the attorney–client agrees with this, and it won’t touch any non-disclosure agreement in principle.

This paper’s author has conducted several interviews with practicing lawyers. They all misunderstood the definition of conflict of interest as representing both parties simply and inaccurately.

See in “律師倫理規範” (法源法律網) Taiwan “Lawyer’s Ethics Rules” (Law Bank) and this point is similar to Taiwan’s rules in Article 30, 32, and 38. http://www.lawbank.com.tw/treatise/lawrela.aspx?lsid=FL010136&ldate=20090919&lno=30,30-1,30-2,32 accessed 22 February 2017.

The notion of autonomy of private law pertains to a rational economy person, and it is believed that a rational economy person can make a choice which is compatible with their own best interest.

“Lawyers’ Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 Amendment)” (n. 25). Article 4: The justice administrative authorities shall supervise and provide guidance for lawyers, law firms, and lawyers’ accordance in accordance with this law.

李军, “两岸律师伦理规范比较研究成都理工大学学报”, (社会科学版) 2014(06). Jun-Li, “A Comparison between the Legal Ethics across the Taiwan Stra,” Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Social Sciences), 2014(06).

卡尔·拉伦茨,拉伦茨,王晓晔, 德国民法通论 (法律出版社 58页 2004). Karl Larenz, Allgemeiner Teil des deutschen Bürgerlichen Rechts, München 1960. Mehrfache Neuauflagen. page 58. http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%28d6fe5d72094f452dc0fb39a1d8bb764d%29&filter=sc_long_sign&sc_ks_para=q%3D%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%B3%95%E9%80%9A%E8%AE%BA&sc_us=10098268932062861813&tn=SE_baiduxueshu_c1gjeupa&ie=utf-8 accessed 22 February 2017.

Administrative Measures for the Practice of Law by Lawyers (2016 Revision). http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=22920&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%d6%b4%d2%b5%b9%dc%c0%ed%b0%ec%b7%a8. Accessed 12 Feb 2017

Code of Conducts for Lawyers (for Trial Implementation) (律师执业行为规范). http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=3530&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%d6%b4%d2%b5%d0%d0%ce%aa%b9%e6%b7%b6. Accessed 12 Feb 2017

Lawyers Law of the People’s Republic of China (2007 Revision) http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=6463&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%b7%a8. Accessed 12 Feb 2017

Lawyers Law of the People’s Republic of China (2012 Amendment)” (中华人民共和国律师法(2012修正)) http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=12576&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%b7%a8. Accessed 17 Feb 2017

Measures for Punishing Outraging Lawyers and Law Firms for Their Illegal Acts (2010) (律师和律师事务所违法行为处罚办法). http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=8022&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c2%c9%ca%a6%ba%cd%c2%c9%ca%a6%ca%c2%ce%f1%cb%f9%ce%a5%b7%a8%d0%d0%ce%aa%b4%a6%b7%a3%b0%ec%b7%a8. Accessed 12 Feb 2017

Notice of the All China Lawyers Association on Issuing the Code of Conduct for Practicing Lawyers (2011 Revision). http://en.pkulaw.cn.ezproxy.soas.ac.uk/Display.aspx?lib=law&Cgid=163990. Accessed 22 Oct 2016

Notice of the Supreme People’s Court on Issuing Several Provisions on the Implementation of Clean Government Norms by the People’s Courts to Prevent Conflicts of Interest. http://en.pkulaw.cn/display.aspx?id=9319&lib=law&SearchKeyword=&SearchCKeyword=%c0%fb%d2%e6%b3%e5%cd%bb. Accessed 12 Feb 2017

Dzienkowski JS (1993) Positional conflicts of interest. Texas Law Rev 71:457

Sciavicco LB (2014) If you can’t trust your lawyer, who can you trust?: Why conflicts of interest and client loyalty require an exception to the intra-firm attorney-client privilege for current clients. Georgia Law Rev 48(4):1225–1262 (Academic Search Premier. Web. 21 Feb. 2017)

黄翔宇, “我国律师执业的利益冲突规则——对我国现行制度的分析”,2011–04, 黑龙江省政法管理干部学院学报. Xiang-yu Huang, “The Conflict of Interest Rule of Legal Service Practice in China”, 2011(04) Journal of Heilongjiang Administrative Cadre College of Politics and Law, Editorial E-mail. http://xueshu.baidu.com/s?wd=paperuri%3A%289c3ec2361b33e07c4c75fca564291c41%29&filter=sc_long_sign&tn=SE_xueshusource_2kduw22v&sc_vurl=http%3A%2F%2Fd.wanfangdata.com.cn%2FPeriodical%2Fhljszfglgbxyxb201104004&ie=utf-8&sc_us=17683391525488750731. Accessed 22 October 2016

李军伟, “论律师执业中的利益冲突” (苏州大学 2012). Jun-wei Li, “Conflicts of Interest in Lawyers’ Practice” Suzhou University, 2012(10)

王琳, “简论我国律师执业利益冲突的原则、规则与规制” (硕士, 中国政法大学 2011) Lin Wang, “Analysis of lawyers’ conflicts of principles, rules and regulations” SuZhou University, 2011(09), Master Degree. http://oversea.cnki.net.ezproxy.soas.ac.uk/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?recid=&FileName=1011114731.nh&DbName=CMFD2011&DbCode=CMFD&uid=WEEvREcwSlJHSldRa1Fhb09jMjQwT2p0ZWNjMHQvcFlFMDNzS0RHZEMwTT0=$9A4hF_YAuvQ5obgVAqNKPCYcEjKensW4ggI8Fm4gTkoUKaID8j8gFw!!. Accessed 2 February 2017.“Change Tracker – Code of Conduct” http://www.sra.org.uk/solicitors/change-tracker/code-of-conduct/rule3.page. Accessed 6 February 2017

陈超, “论我国的律师利益冲突规则” [2009]-11 法治与社会(Legal System And Society).68页 Chen-Chao, “The Theory of China’s Lawyer Conflict of interest rules’, Legal System And Society 2009(11)

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《北京市律师业避免利益冲突的规则》(试行)<http://www.beijinglawyers.org.cn/cgi/RnewsActiondetail.do?rid=1436497764942【经第五届理事会第八次会议通过,并于2001年6月27日起施行】” 第九条第3款. (n 19). (Beijing Rules of Avoiding Lawyer’s Conflict of Interest) Article 9 the Clause 3

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