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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. Critical Background: Social Housing and Its Development During the Decades

verfasst von : Nadia Caruso

Erschienen in: Policies and Practices in Italian Welfare Housing

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

The topic of social housing and its practices is introduced and defined in the first chapter, according to its history in Europe and referring to different approaches and models developed. From the early developments of housing systems (beginning of nineteenth century), the chapter addresses the heyday of social housing in the post war (WWII) period. From the 1970s a general trend of withdrawal of the state from housing policies and social housing is recognized all over Europe. Social housing provision began to decrease and the sector opened up to economic pressures. These dynamics were studied by many scholars: in the 1990s a comparative approach was developed and became the main focus of numerous studies. Several aspects were analysed focusing especially on: housing systems and their relations with welfare regimes, neo-liberal reforms. Three perspectives were identified (juxtapositional, convergence, and divergence) and it is possible to recognize these different approaches in the various researches of a number of scholars. In the last part of the chapter the author focuses on the impacts of the world financial crisis (2007–2008), the characteristics of the current social housing and housing systems, considering particularly the context of Southern Europe and Italy.

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Nächstes Kapitel Housing Policies in Italy: From Social Housing to Neo-Liberalism
Fußnoten
1
For more details about relations between EU programmes and priorities and social housing see the paper by FEANTSA Working Group Housing (2002).
 
2
For references see: Ball et al. (1988), Doherty (2004), Doling (2006), Priemus and Dieleman (2002), Scanlon and Whitehead (2008).
 
3
The working paper on housing of Stuart Cameron for the research project DEMOLOGOS (http://​demologos.​ncl.​ac.​uk/​wp/​wp1/​disc.​php last access on the 24th of February 2016) summarises the housing sector’s development in Europe.
 
4
Commodification is the transformation of goods, services, and ideas (or things that may not normally be regarded as goods or services) into a commodity. It is used to describe the process by which something that lacks economic value is assigned a value and, hence, how market values can replace other social values. De-commodification comes from the idea that in a market economy, individual persons (and their labour) are commodified. Labour is the individual’s primary commodity in the market, and de-commodification refers to activities and efforts (generally by the government) that reduces an individuals’ reliance on the market (and their labour) for their well-being. De-commodified products can be associated to welfare. Theories about commodification were developed by Marxist scholars.
 
5
For instance, the unitary model theorised by Kemeny refers to a substantial element of de-commodification of housing outside the social sector (for more information regarding Kemeny’s models, please see the section below on the divergence perspective).
 
6
For an overview of the debate on Esping-Andersen’s contribution, see Arts and Gelissen (2002).
 
7
References of this thesis are papers by scholars like Harloe, Torgersen, Murie and, obviously, Malpass.
 
8
Harvey used the term “entrepreneurial” (1989), Brenner defined the changes in urban policies with the concept of “locational policies” (2004), and Moulaert, Rodriguez and Swyngedouw referred to a neoliberal New Urban Policy in recent years (2003). They were not the only ones focusing on neo-liberalism, since the general discourse has been widely acknowledged and shared by the scientific community.
 
9
The differences between countries and their responses to the financial crisis are well explained in the analysis by Heijden et al. (2011). They studied five European countries (the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, UK and Ireland), and distinguished them into two main categories, based on their housing systems, either static or dynamic. Several scholars studied the crisis in the various EU countries; for instance, Whitehead and Williams explored the situation in the UK (2011), Hoekstra et al. studied Spain (2009) and Priemus dealt with The Netherlands (2010).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Critical Background: Social Housing and Its Development During the Decades
verfasst von
Nadia Caruso
Copyright-Jahr
2017
Buch
Policies and Practices in Italian Welfare Housing

Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41889-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-41890-2

Copyright-Jahr: 2017

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41890-2_1