nach oben

Erschienen in:

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Customary Principles of International Water Law

verfasst von : Philine Wehling

Erschienen in: Nile Water Rights

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The evolution of customary principles in international water law is ongoing. This chapter presents the current status of customary principles and discusses how these principles are correlated. The relationship between the core substantive principles, equitable and reasonable utilization and the no-harm rule, has been a highly controversial issue in international water law, particularly among Nile riparian states; however, current court and state practice arguably support the primacy of equitable and reasonable use. Both principles are generally recognized, although their detailed normative content, and thus their application, remain difficult to determine precisely. Furthermore, obligations exist to protect international watercourses and their ecosystems, but international water law is still developing with regard to environmental protection in watercourse management and use allocation. Given the general character of these substantive principles, the procedural obligations of cooperation, notification, consultation, and the exchange of data and information are particularly important. The obligation of prior notification includes the obligation to undertake an environmental impact assessment if a planned measure may have a significant adverse impact on shared water resources. These procedural principles ensure that the substantive rights and obligations of the riparian states translate into effective cooperation.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Development of International Water Law

Nächstes Kapitel International Agreements on Transboundary Freshwater Resources

Art. 38, para. 1 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.

On the formation of customary international law, see generally Mendelson (1998), pp. 155–410.

Such judicial decisions include those of the ICJ, ICC, and ITLOS as well as judgments of international arbitral tribunals and international law-related decisions of national courts. The views of the most highly qualified publicists include, inter alia, the reports of international codification bodies, in particular the ILC, the Institute of International Law, and the ILA, see Birnie et al. (2009), pp. 28–29.

See McCaffrey (2007a), p. 415; Baker Röben (2000), pp. 293–294.

Lipper (1967), p. 41.

Boisson de Chazournes (2013), p. 30; Caflisch (1998), p. 13.

See Art. 10 UN Watercourses Convention.

See e.g. Caponera (2007), p. 193; McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 384–385; Caflisch (1998), p. 13; Rieu-Clarke (2013), p. 251; Benvenisti (1997), pp. 270–271; Nanda and Pring (2013), p. 329; Le Floch (2010), p. 488; Godana (1985), p. 50. Among Egyptian publicists, see for example ‘Abd al-‘Āl (2010), p. 125; Kaška (2006), p. 93.

Nanda and Pring (2013), p. 35.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 385. See for example Art. 5, para. 1 UN Watercourses Convention, according to which riparian states are to use and develop an international watercourse in an equitable and reasonable manner “consistent with adequate protection of the watercourse”.

See ICJ, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010, p. 75, para. 177. This case concerned the construction of pulp mills on the Uruguay River.

For a discussion of two judgments of the Swiss Federal Tribunal involving disputes between cantons over their sovereignty of shared rivers on 12 January 1878 (Zürich v. Aargau) and 9 December 1892 (Aargau v. Solothurn), see Schindler (1921), pp. 169–172.

U.S. Supreme Court, Kansas v. Colorado, 206 U.S. 46 (1907).

Donauversinkung case (Württemberg and Prussia v. Baden), Judgment of the German Constitutional Court (Staatsgerichtshof) of 18 June 1927, RGZ 116, Annex p. 18, in the original German. For the English translation, see Ann. Digest of Pub. Int’l L. Cases, 1927–1928, Vol. 4, p. 128.

ILA, Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers, Report of the Fifty-Second Conference held at Helsinki 1966, 1967, p. 477.

Caponera (2007), p. 201.

See Art. 5, para. 1 UN Watercourses Convention.

ICJ, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997, ICJ Reports 1997, p. 56, para. 85 and p. 80, para. 147. Detailed discussion of the judgment at McCaffrey (2002), pp. 1059–1068.

ICJ, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010, p. 75, para. 177.

The first implicit judicial recognition of the principle at the international level is often seen in the decision of the PCIJ in the Case relating to the Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder, Judgment No. 16, 10 September 1929, PCIJ Series A.-No. 23, p. 27. On the implicit recognition of the principle in this judgment, see Brown Weiss (2007), p. 198.

See for example Art. 2, para. 2(c) Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992, UNTS, Vol. 1936, p. 269; Art. 5 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin (signed 5 April 1995, entered into force on the same day), ILM 34 (1995), p. 864; Art. 3, paras. 7 and 8 Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) (signed 7 August 2000, entered into force 22 September 2003), ILM 40 (2001), p. 321. Detailed survey of the treaties at Schwebel (1981), pp. 65, 78–82, paras. 58–72.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 144.

See Lipper (1967), p. 44. The principle of the equality of rights was recognized by the PCIJ in its 1929 decision in the River Oder case, and it has recently been confirmed for non-navigational uses by the ICJ in the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project case. See PCIJ, Case relating to the Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder, Judgment No. 16, 10 September 1929, PCIJ Series A.-No. 23, p. 27; and ICJ, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997, ICJ Reports 1997, p. 56, para. 85.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 391.

Godana (1985), p. 66.

Matz-Lück (2009), p. 134.

See Art. 6, para. 1 of the UN Watercourses Convention.

Fuentes and McIntyre discuss additional factors that may be relevant in a particular case, for instance traditional practices of native peoples using the land and water in a river basin, see Fuentes (1996), pp. 373–374; McIntyre (2007), pp. 186–88.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 401.

For details on the question of special protection for existing uses, see Caflisch (1989), pp. 158–160; Fuentes (1996), pp. 356–357.

See for example Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 389, citing further references, and pp. 478–479.

For details on the doctrine of prior appropriation, see Brown Weiss (2013), pp. 16–21; Brown Weiss (2007), pp. 189–194.

Caflisch (1989), p. 159; McCaffrey (2007a), p. 397.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 398. For detailed analysis of treaty practice with regard to the preferential protection of existing uses, see Reinicke (1991), pp. 161–162.

See also the codification of this principle in Art. 6 of the UN Watercourses Convention. The Convention thereby subordinates the doctrine of prior appropriation to the broader concept of equitable use, Brown Weiss (2007), p. 193; Azarva (2011), p. 485.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 403.

Ibid., pp. 402–403.

See also Handl (2007), p. 539.

See Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 480, citing further references.

See the formulation proposed by Egypt for Art. 14(b) of the CFA, according to which the Nile riparian states would agree “not to adversely affect the water security and current uses and rights of any other Nile Basin State”. For a detailed analysis of the proposed clause, see Chap. 8, Sects. 8.2.4 and 8.2.9.

McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 409–500. McCaffrey also points out that the wording of the no-harm rule in Art. 7, para. 1 of the UN Watercourses Convention seems to be too narrow, since it merely obliges states to take all appropriate measures “in utilizing an international watercourse” to prevent the causing of significant harm to other watercourse states.

Freestone and Salman (2007), p. 351.

See for example the Egyptian delegation during the negotiation and vote on the UN Watercourses Convention, UN GAOR, Sixth Committee, 51st Sess., 62nd meeting, UN Doc. A/C.6/51/SR.62/Add. 1 (1997), pp. 3–4, paras. 9–10. Among Egyptian commentators, see Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), pp. 335 and 480, citing further references. On the Egyptian position regarding the relationship between the two principles, see Kaška (2006), p. 98.

See especially the Ethiopian statement in the vote on the UN Watercourses Convention in the United Nations General Assembly, UN GAOR, 51st Sess., 99th plenary meeting, UN Doc. A/51/PV.99 (1997), pp. 10–11.

This is the majority view of the commentators on the UN Watercourses Convention, see e.g. Bourne (1997), pp. 224–225; McCaffrey (2007a), p. 366; Rieu-Clarke and Loures (2009), p. 190; Rieu-Clarke (2013), p. 253. But see Fitzmaurice (2001), pp. 439–440. For a detailed discussion of the codification of both principles in the UN Watercourses Convention, see Chap. 4, Sect. 4.1.1.2 under “General principles”.

ICJ, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997, ICJ Reports 1997, for example p. 56, para. 85 and p. 80, para. 147.

ICJ, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010, p. 75, para. 177. However, the ICJ did not use the opportunity in this case to develop on the relationship between the procedural and substantive obligations. For a critical assessment on the relativization of the procedural requirements by the ICJ, see Al-Khasawneh and Simma, who also criticize the handling by the ICJ of complex technical facts, Al-Khasawneh and Simma, Joint Dissenting Opinion of Judges Al-Khasawneh and Simma, ICJ Reports 2010, p. 108.

For example, Wouters (2000), p. 502; McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 406–407; Caflisch (1997), p. 798; Nollkaemper (1996), pp. 55–56; Rieu-Clarke (2013), pp. 251–252; Abseno (2009), p. 91. Some commentators deny any competition between the two principles and consider the no-harm rule as an integral part of the principle of equitable utilization, see among Sudanese publicists for example ‘Alī Ṭāhā (2005), pp. 120–121.

Baker Röben (2000), p. 301; McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 406–407.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 388. See also Baker Röben (2000), p. 301.

ILC, Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses and commentaries thereto adopted by the Drafting Committee on second reading, YBILC 1994, Vol. II, Pt. 2, p. 103, para. 2.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 412.

See also Nollkaemper (1996), pp. 56–57.

If a riparian state has suffered or is likely to suffer significant harm as a result of the conduct of another riparian state, procedurally, the latter must produce exonerating evidence. It would have to prove that it has fulfilled its duty of care to prevent the harm and that its use is equitable and reasonable. McCaffrey (2007a), p. 399.

Nanda and Pring (2013), p. 330.

Ibid.

Nollkaemper (1993), p. 70; McIntyre (2007), pp. 265–266.

Hey (1992), pp. 305–306; Nollkaemper (1993), pp. 71–72; Bodansky (1991), pp. 413–414. See also the 1992 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE Water Convention), which anchors the precautionary principle for transboundary water pollution in Art. 2, para. 5(a) in conjunction with Art. 2, paras. 1 and 2. Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992, ILM 31 (1992), p. 1312.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 461.

See chiefly Agenda 21, Chap. 18, paras. 18.35–18.36; and UN GAOR A/RES/S-19/2, 28 June 1997, Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21, Annex, p. 19, para. 34(a). On ecosystem integrity in international water law, see Tarlock (1996), pp. 199–208; Abramovitz (1996), p. 77.

Tarlock (1996), p. 186.

Ibid., pp. 182 and 196. However, these new rules essentially deal with the prevention of water pollution and thus remain incomplete, see ibid., p. 197.

See ICJ, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997, ICJ Reports 1997, p. 78, para. 140.

ICJ, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010, pp. 55–56, para. 101. The Court again confirmed this finding in ICJ, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2015, p. 706, para. 104.

For example, the Additional Protocol to the Convention on the Protection of the Rhine against Pollution with Chlorides, concluded on 25 September 1991, UNTS, Vol. 1840, p. 372; Arts. 2 and 3 of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992, UNTS, Vol. 1936, p. 269; Arts. 2, 6 and 7 of the Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the River Danube (signed 29 June 1994, entered into force 22 October 1998), OJ L 342, 12 December 1997, p. 19; Arts. 3, 4 and 18 of the Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin (signed 5 April 1995, entered into force on the same day), ILM 34 (1995), p. 864; Art. 2, paras. 3, 11 and 12 and Art. 5(d) of the Protocol on Shared Watercourse Systems in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Region (signed 28 August 1995, entered into force 29 December 1998), reproduced in FAO, 1997, p. 146. For a comprehensive survey of agreements concerning the environmental protection of international watercourses, see McCaffrey (1988), pp. 219–223.

For regional agreements, this depends on the regional priorities. For example, in the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) region, environmental protection and pollution control are of central importance, which is the reason why the focus of the 1992 UNECE Water Convention is on preventing, controlling, and reducing transboundary impacts, in particular by monitoring water quality. See Boisson de Chazournes (2013), pp. 123–124.

Boisson de Chazournes (2013), p. 119; Birnie et al. (2009), pp. 562–563.

Arts. 5 and 6(a) and (f) UN Watercourses Convention.

See in particular Arts. 20–23 UN Watercourses Convention.

See ILC, Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses and commentaries thereto adopted by the Drafting Committee on second reading, YBILC 1994, Vol. II, Pt. 2, p. 122, para. 4.

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 449.

McCaffrey (1987), p. 23, paras. 34–35; McIntyre and Tignino (2013), p. 290.

McIntyre and Tignino (2013), p. 290.

Vinogradov et al. (2003), p. 54.

See Baker Röben (2000), pp. 303–304. See also Nollkaemper (1993), p. 152.

Nollkaemper (1993), p. 152; Garane (2005), p. 242; ‘Abd al-‘Āl (2010), p. 125.

Caponera (2007), p. 193; McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 470–471; Nollkaemper (1993), pp. 152–153 and 220; Mager (2015), p. 12; Garane (2005), p. 242; Sands et al. (2013), pp. 203–204; Egyptian publicists ‘Abd al-‘Āl (2010), p. 125; Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 478.

McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 465–466. To the same effect see Vinogradov et al. (2003), pp. 54–55.

100

ICJ, Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia), Judgment of 25 September 1997, ICJ Reports 1997, pp. 18 and 20, para. 17.

101

For a survey of the treaties, see McCaffrey (1987), paras. 43–46, with a list of international watercourse agreements containing provisions on cooperation in Annex I, pp. 45–46.

102

Art. 8 of the UN Watercourses Convention is based on the draft Art. 8 prepared by the ILC. In accordance with its usual practice, the Commission did not indicate whether or to what extent it considers this provision as a codification of customary international law or as the progressive development of international law. See ILC, Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses and commentaries thereto adopted by the Drafting Committee on second reading, YBILC 1994, Vol. II, Pt. 2, p. 105–107, paras. 1–6.

103

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 470.

104

For a comprehensive overview of state practice and the work of joint institutions in the management of transboundary watercourses, see Caponera (2007), pp. 235 and 319–396; and McCaffrey (1990), paras. 2–19.

105

Caponera (2007), p. 235.

106

Boisson de Chazournes (2013), pp. 68–69; McCaffrey (2007a), p. 473; Baker Röben (2000), pp. 305–306; Rieu-Clarke and Loures (2009), p. 194; Vinogradov et al. (2003), p. 55; Rieu-Clarke (2013), p. 254; Nanda and Pring (2013), pp. 329–330; among Egyptian publicists e.g. Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 487; ‘Abd al-‘Āl (2010), p. 125. For a detailed discussion of the obligation of notification, see Garane (2005), pp. 241–280. See also Nollkaemper (1993), p. 165.

107

Boisson de Chazournes (2013), p. 70.

108

Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 16 November 1957, RIAA XII (1957), p. 281; ICJ, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2015, p. 707, para. 104.

109

For an overview of the treaties, see McCaffrey (1987), paras. 60–72, with a list of international agreements containing provisions on notification and consultation in Annex II, p. 46.

110

For example, Art. 5 of the Resolution adopted by the Institute of International Law on the Utilization of Non-maritime International Waters, 11 September 1961, Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit International, Vol. 49 II, Session de Salzbourg, September 1961, pp. 381–384; Part III of the ILC Draft Articles on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses and commentaries thereto adopted by the Drafting Committee on second reading, YBILC 1994, Vol. II, Pt. 2, pp. 111–118.

111

Bourne (1972), pp. 212–213; Caflisch (1989), p. 195; McCaffrey (2007a), p. 473; Plakokefalos (2012), pp. 5–6; see also the Egyptian publicists Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 487; ‘Abd al-‘Āl (2010), p. 125.

112

Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 16 November 1957, RIAA XII (1957), p. 281. English translations in ILR 24 (1957) p. 101 and AJIL 53 (1959), p. 156. The Lake Lanoux award is the fundamental decision in international water law concerning the obligations of notification, consultation, and negotiations.

113

For example, Art. 6 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992, UNTS, Vol. 1936, p. 269; Art. 5 Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin (signed 5 April 1995, entered into force on the same day), ILM 34 (1995), p. 864; Art. 4, para. 1 Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) (signed 7 August 2000, entered into force 22 September 2003), ILM 40 (2001), p. 321.

114

Part III of the UN Watercourses Convention contains eight articles setting out the minimum requirements for the notification procedure, including the respective obligations of riparian states.

115

Ethiopia argued that Part III on the notification of planned measures poses a major burden on upstream riparian states; see the rationale of Ethiopia for its voting behavior in the United Nations General Assembly, Verbatim record, 99th plenary meeting, 21 May 1997, UN Doc. A/51/PV.99, p. 9.

116

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 473.

117

Boisson de Chazournes (2013), pp. 70–73; McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 474–476. See also Nollkaemper (1993), pp. 165–166.

118

Environmental impact assessments are, for example, provided for in Art. 3, para. 1(h) of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992, UNTS, Vol. 1936, p. 269; and in Art. 2, para. 3 of the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, Espoo, 25 February 1991, UNTS, Vol. 1989, p. 309.

119

ICJ, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010, pp. 82–83, paras. 204–205. See Sands et al. (2013), p. 307; Nanda and Pring (2013), p. 299; Plakokefalos (2012), pp. 10–11.

120

ICJ, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2015, p. 706, para. 104.

121

ICJ, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2010, p. 83, para. 205; ICJ, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment, ICJ Reports 2015, p. 707, para. 104.

122

Sands et al. (2013), p. 306; Caponera (2007), p. 193; Nanda and Pring (2013), p. 329; among Egyptian publicists for example Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 487.

123

For a detailed discussion of the obligation of consultation, see Garane (2005), pp. 241–280. See also Nollkaemper (1993), p. 165.

124

Boisson de Chazournes (2013), p. 74.

125

For example, the UN Watercourses Convention provides for consultations in a variety of provisions with different regulatory objectives, such as for the determination of an equitable and reasonable utilization according to Art. 6, para. 2; to eliminate or mitigate significant harm according to Art. 7, para. 2; to prevent and control the pollution of a watercourse according to Art. 21, para. 3; and in several articles on the procedure concerning planned measures in Part III. See also McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 476–477.

126

Garane (2005), p. 244; McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 477–478.

127

English translation in ILR 24 (1957) p. 133, of the original Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 16 November 1957, RIAA XII (1957), p. 310, para. 17: “il existe une obligation de consultation et d’harmonisation des actions respectives des deux Etats, lorsque des intérêts généraux sont engagés en matière d’eaux”. For a discussion of the Lake Lanoux case, see Rauschning (1981), pp. 166–168.

128

For example, Art. 3, para. 5; Art. 6, para. 2; Art. 7, para. 2; and Art. 21, para. 3 UN Watercourses Convention.

129

See also Caponera (2007), p. 221.

130

Ibid., p. 221.

131

Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 16 November 1957, RIAA XII (1957), p. 306, para. 11; ILR 24 (1957) pp. 127–128.

132

English translation in ILR 24 (1957) p. 130, of the original Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 16 November 1957, RIAA XII (1957), p. 308, para. 13: “la règle suivant laquelle les Etats ne peuvent utiliser la force hydraulique des cours d’eau internationaux qu’à la condition d’un accord préalable entre les Etats intéressés ne peut être établie ni à titre de coutume, ni encore moins à titre de principe général du droit” (emphasis in original).

133

Lake Lanoux Arbitration (France v. Spain), 16 November 1957, RIAA XII (1957), p. 315, para. 22; ILR 24 (1957) p. 139.

134

Caponera (2007), p. 219; McCaffrey (2007a), p. 479; Baker Röben (2000), pp. 310–311; among Egyptian publicists, see Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad (2009), p. 477; ‘Abd al-‘Āl (2010), p. 125.

135

The exchange of data and information can be considered either as an essential part of these two principles or as a separate, supporting obligation, McCaffrey (2007a), pp. 478–479.

136

Caponera (2007), p. 219.

137

McCaffrey (2007a), p. 478. See also Kaška (2006), p. 94.

138

For example, in Art. VI Indus Waters Treaty, Karachi, 19 September 1960, UNTS, Vol. 419, p. 126; Art. XXIX, para. 1 Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers, Report of the Fifty-Second Conference held at Helsinki 1966, 1967, p. 477; Art. 6 Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, Helsinki, 17 March 1992, UNTS, Vol. 1936, p. 269; Art. 12 Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the River Danube (signed 29 June 1994, entered into force 22 October 1998), OJ L 342, 12 December 1997, p. 19; Art. 5(b) Agreement on the Cooperation for the Sustainable Development of the Mekong River Basin (signed 5 April 1995, entered into force on the same day), ILM 34 (1995), p. 864; Art. 5 Convenio sobre cooperación para la protección y el aprovechamiento sostenible de las aquas de las cuencas hidrográficas hispano-portuguesas (Convention on the Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Waters of the Luso-Spanish River Basins) (opened for signature 20 November 1998, entered into force 31 January 2000), available at http://www.fao.org/faolex/en/ (accessed 10 June 2019); Art. 3, para. 6 Revised Protocol on Shared Watercourses in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) (signed 7 August 2000, entered into force 22 September 2003), ILM 40 (2001), p. 321.

139

Art. 9 UN Watercourses Convention.

‘Abd al-‘Āl MS (2010) Al-intifā‘ al-munṣif bi-miyāh al-anhār ad-dawlīya ma‘ īšāra ḫāṣa li-ḥāla nahr an-Nīl (The equitable utilization of the water of international rivers with particular reference to the case of the Nile). Cairo (Arabic)

Abramovitz JN (1996) Sustaining freshwater ecosystems. In: State of the World 1996. A Worldwatch Institute Report on progress toward a sustainable society, Norton, pp 60–77

Abseno MM (2009) The concepts of equitable utilization, no significant harm and benefit sharing under the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework Agreement: some highlights on theory and practice. J Water Law 20:86–95

‘Alī Ṭāhā F‘A (2005) Miyāh an-Nīl: As-sīāq at-tārīḫī wa-l-qānūnī (Nile water: the historical and legal context). Markas ‘Abd al-Karīm Mīrġanī aṯ-Ṯaqāfī, Khartoum (Arabic)

Andrassy J (1952) Les relations internationales de voisinage. Recueil des Cours 1951. The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague

Azarva JD (2011) Conflict on the Nile: international watercourse law and the elusive effort to create a transboundary water regime in the Nile Basin. Temple Int Comp Law J 25:457–498

Baker Röben B (2000) International freshwaters. In: Morrison FL, Wolfrum R (eds) International, regional and national environmental law. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 285–328

Benvenisti E (1997) The role of equity in international law: equity and the apportionment of shared water resources. In: Rabello AM (ed) Aequitas and equity: equity in civil law and mixed jurisdictions. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, pp 267–292

Birnie P, Boyle A, Redgwell C (2009) International law and the environment, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Bodansky D (1991) Remarks in panel “New developments in international environmental law”. In: Am. Soc’y Int. L., Proceedings of the 85th Annual Meeting. Washington D.C., pp 413–417

Boisson de Chazournes L (2013) Fresh water in international law. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Bourne CB (1972) Procedure in the development of international drainage basins: the duty to consult and to negotiate. Can Yearb Int Law 10:212–234

Bourne CB (1997) The primacy of the principle of equitable utilization in the 1997 Watercourses Convention. Can Yearb Int Law 35:215–232

Brown Weiss E (2007) The evolution of international water law. Recueil des Cours 331. The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague

Brown Weiss E (2013) International law for a water-scarce world. The Hague Academy of International Law Monographs, vol 7. The Hague Academy of International Law, Leiden

Bruhács J (1993) The law of non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

Bulto TS (2009) Between ambivalence and necessity: occlusions on the path towards a basin-wide treaty in the Nile Basin. Colorado J Int Environ Law Policy 20:291–320

Caflisch L (1989) Règles générales du droit des cours d’eau internationaux. Recueil des Cours 219. The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague

Caflisch L (1997) La Convention du 21 mai 1997 sur l’utilisation des cours d’eau internationaux à des fins autres que la navigation. Annuaire Français de Droit International 43:751–798

Caflisch L (1998) Regulation of the uses of international watercourses. In: Salman S, Boisson de Chazournes L (eds) International watercourses: enhancing cooperation and managing conflict. Proceedings of a World Bank Seminar. World Bank Technical Paper No. 414. Washington D.C. 1998, pp 3–16

Caponera DA (2007) Principles of water law and administration: national and international, 2nd edn. Taylor & Francis, London

Fitzmaurice MA (2001) International protection of the environment. Recueil des Cours 293. The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague

Freestone D, Salman SMA (2007) Ocean and freshwater resources. In: Bodansky D, Brunnée J, Hey E (eds) The Oxford Handbook of International Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 337–361

Fuentes X (1996) The criteria for the equitable utilization of international rivers. Br Yearb Int Law 67:337–412

Garane A (2005) Notification et consultation en droit des cours d’eaux internationaux. In: Boisson de Chazourne L, Salman SMA (eds) Les ressources en eau et le droit international. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden, pp 241–280

Godana BA (1985) Africa’s shared water resources: legal and institutional aspects of the Nile, Niger and Senegal River systems. F Pinter, London

Handl G (2007) Transboundary impacts. In: Bodansky D, Brunnée J, Hey E (eds) The Oxford Handbook of International Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 531–549

Hey E (1992) The precautionary concept in environmental policy and law: institutionalizing caution. Georgetown Int Environ Law Rev 4:303–318

Kaška AM (2006) As-sīyāsa l-mā’īya l-miṣrīya tiǧāh duwal ḥūḍ an-Nīl (The Egyptian water policy toward the Nile Basin states). Barnāmaǧ ad-Dirāsāt l-Miṣrīya l-Ifrīqīya, Cairo (Arabic)

Le Floch G (2010) Le difficile partage des eaux du Nil. Annuaire Français de Droit International 56:471–496

Lipper J (1967) Equitable utilization. In: Garretson AH, Hayton RD, Olmstead CJ (eds) The law of international drainage basins. Oceana Publications, New York, pp 15–88

Madders KJ (1981) Trail Smelter Arbitration. Encyclopedia of Public International Law 2:276–280

Mager U (2015) International water law – global developments and regional examples. Miscellanea Juridica Heidelbergensia. Jedermann Verlag, Heidelberg

Maḥfūẓ Muḥammad M‘A (2009) Ḥuqūq Miṣr fī miyāh an-Nīl fī ḍau’ al-qānūn ad-dawlī li-l-anhār (Egypt’s rights to the Nile water in light of international watercourses law). Asyut (Arabic)

Matz-Lück N (2009) The benefits of positivism: the ILC’s contribution to the peaceful sharing of transboundary groundwater. In: Nolte J (ed) Peace through international law. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 125–150

McCaffrey SC (1987) Third report on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Doc. A/CN.4/406

McCaffrey SC (1988) Fourth report on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Doc. A/CN.4/412

McCaffrey SC (1990) Sixth report on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Doc. A/CN.4/427

McCaffrey SC (2002) International watercourses in the jurisprudence of the World Court. In: Ando N, McWhinney E, Wolfrum R (eds) Liber Amicorum Judge Shigeru Oda, vol 2. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 1055–1068

McCaffrey SC (2007a) The law of international watercourses. Oxford University Press, Oxford

McCaffrey SC (2007b) Some developments in the law of international watercourses. In: Kohen MG (ed) Promoting justice, human rights and conflict resolution through international law. Liber Amicorum Lucius Caflisch. Brill, Leiden, pp 781–798

McIntyre O (2007) Environmental protection of international watercourses under international law. Routledge, London

McIntyre O, Tignino M (2013) Reconciling the UN Watercourses Convention with recent developments in customary international law. In: Loures FR, Rieu-Clarke A (eds) UN Watercourses Convention in force: strengthening international law for transboundary water management. Routledge, Abingdon, pp 286–302

Mendelson MH (1998) The formation of customary international law. Recueil des Cours 272. The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague

Nanda VP, Pring G (2013) International environmental law and policy for the 21st century, 2nd edn. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Leiden

Nollkaemper A (1993) The legal regime for transboundary water pollution: between discretion and constraint. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht

Nollkaemper A (1996) The contribution of the International Law Commission to international water law: does it reverse the flight from substance? Neth Yearb Int Law 27:39–73

Plakokefalos I (2012) Prevention obligations in international environmental law. Yearb Int Environ Law 23:3–43

Rauschning D (1981) Lac Lanoux Arbitration. Encyclopedia of Public International Law 2:166–168

Reinicke A (1991) Die angemessene Nutzung gemeinsamer Naturgüter. Eine Studie zum Umweltvölkerrecht. Peter Lang, Frankfurt/M

Rieu-Clarke A (2013) International freshwater law. In: Alam S, Bhuiyan J, Chowdhury T, Techera E (eds) Routledge Handbook of International Environmental Law. Routledge, London, pp 243–257

Rieu-Clarke A, Loures FR (2009) Still not in force: should states support the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention? RECIEL 18(2):185–197

Salman SMA (2010) Downstream riparians can also harm upstream riparians: the concept of foreclosure of future uses. Water Int 35:350–364

Sands P, Peel J, Fabra A, MacKenzie R (2013) Principles of international environmental law, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Schindler D (1921) The administration of justice in the Swiss Federal Court in intercantonal disputes. Am J Int Law 15:149–188

Schwebel SM (1981) Third report on the law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. Doc. A/CN.4/348

Tarlock D (1996) International water law and the protection of river system ecosystem integrity. Brigham Young Univ J Public Law 10:181–211

Vinogradov S, Wouters P, Jones P (2003) Transforming potential conflict into cooperation potential: the role of international water law. UNESCO/IHP/WWAP, Technical Documents in Hydrology, PCCP Series No. 2, Dundee

Wolfrum R (1990) Purposes and principles of international environmental law. German Yearb Int Law 33:308–330

Wolfrum R (2000) International environmental law: purposes, principles and means of ensuring compliance. In: Morrison FL, Wolfrum R (eds) International, regional and national environmental law. Kluwer Law International, The Hague, pp 3–70

Wouters P (2000) National and international water law: achieving equitable and sustainable use of water resources. Water Int 25:499–512

Titel: Customary Principles of International Water Law
verfasst von: Philine Wehling
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Buch: Nile Water Rights
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-60795-4

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-60796-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-60796-1_3