Deformation Mechanisms in Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steel as a Function of Temperature

A high-alloy austenitic CrMnNi steel was deformed at temperatures between 213 K and 473 K (−60 °C and 200 °C) and the resulting microstructures were investigated. At low temperatures, the deformation was mainly accompanied by the direct martensitic transformation of γ-austenite to α′-martensite (fcc → bcc), whereas at ambient temperatures, the transformation via ε-martensite (fcc → hcp → bcc) was observed in deformation bands. Deformation twinning of the austenite became the dominant deformation mechanism at 373 K (100 °C), whereas the conventional dislocation glide represented the prevailing deformation mode at 473 K (200 °C). The change of the deformation mechanisms was attributed to the temperature dependence of both the driving force of the martensitic γ → α′ transformation and the stacking fault energy of the austenite. The continuous transition between the ε-martensite formation and the twinning could be explained by different stacking fault arrangements on every second and on each successive {111} austenite lattice plane, respectively, when the stacking fault energy increased. A continuous transition between the transformation-induced plasticity effect and the twinning-induced plasticity effect was observed with increasing deformation temperature. Whereas the formation of α′-martensite was mainly responsible for increased work hardening, the stacking fault configurations forming ε-martensite and twins induced additional elongation during tensile testing.