Development of a Thermodynamic Database for the Multicomponent PbO-“Cu₂O”-FeO-Fe₂O₃-ZnO-CaO-SiO₂ System for Pyrometallurgical Smelting and Recycling

Integrated experimental and modelling research program on the phase equilibria and development of thermodynamic databases of the lead and copper metallurgical gas/ slag-matte-metal-solids systems (PbO-“Cu₂O”-FeO-Fe₂O₃-ZnO-CaO-SiO₂) is being undertaken to support improvements in the pyrometallurgical smelting and recycling processes. This is the first systematic investigation of phase equilibria of slag systems in equilibrium with Pb metal, providing information for systems in which copper coexists in slag with lead or zinc as major components. The experimental studies involve high-temperature equilibration of synthetic samples, rapid quenching, and measurement of the compositions of equilibrium phases using electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). FactSage-based thermodynamic database development is integrated with experimental research. Initial thermodynamic assessments are used to identify priority compositions and conditions for experiments, which are planned to provide specific data to assist thermodynamic optimisation. Significant improvement in the accuracy of the phase equilibria description is achieved. Continuous database improvement and extension to include new elements are targeted. Example of industrial application is given.