nach oben

Erschienen in:

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Disinfection by Chemical Oxidation Methods

verfasst von : Luis-Alejandro Galeano, Milena Guerrero-Flórez, Claudia-Andrea Sánchez, Antonio Gil, Miguel-Ángel Vicente

Erschienen in: Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Drinking Water Treatment

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Poor quality in drinking water is primary cause of pathogen transmission and responsible of varied infectious diseases. Methods of water treatment for human consumption must pay special attention on microbiological safe disinfection. Indeed, from the past few years laws all around the world have included new, more stringent water quality parameters. Chlorination and other mainly used conventional disinfection processes usually do not achieve full inactivation of all microorganisms present in real water supplies, whereas the presence of even low concentrations of organic matter can lead to form harmful disinfection by-products. Protozoan parasites Giardia sp. and Cryptosporidium sp. are some of the microorganisms that cannot be completely inactivated via chlorination under the same contact times typical of bacteria or virus elimination. It has increased toxicological and microbiological risks as well as operational costs. Disinfection by the advanced oxidation process more intensively studied in the past few years has been reviewed including Fenton and photo-Fenton processes and photocatalytic and electro-catalytic variants; this vibrant topic still remains partially uncovered in the available scientific background, which has motivated many recent researches and publications. This chapter is then devoted to briefly review the most recent reports studying the disinfecting potential displayed by mentioned AOPs with respect to widely and currently used conventional techniques. Revision of the inactivation of water-borne pathogens including E. coli, total coliforms, parasites as Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and virus such as coliphages has focused on advantages and disadvantages in application of every particular AOP, their disinfecting mechanisms, and the main parameters affecting the disinfection response.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Wastewater Treatment by Heterogeneous Fenton-Like Processes in Continuous Reactors

Nächstes Kapitel Inactivation of Cryptosporidium by Advanced Oxidation Processes

Bichai F, Polo-Lopez MI, Fernandez Ibanez P (2012) Solar disinfection of wastewater to reduce contamination of lettuce crops by Escherichia coli in reclaimed water irrigation. Water Res 46(18):6040–6050CrossRef

Pablos C, Marugan J, van Grieken R, Serrano E (2013) Emerging micropollutant oxidation during disinfection processes using UV-C, UV-C/H₂O₂, UV-A/TiO₂ and UV-A/TiO₂/H₂O₂. Water Res 47(3):1237–1245CrossRef

Ortega-Gomez E, Esteban Garcia B, Ballesteros Martin MM, Fernandez Ibanez P, Sanchez Perez JA (2014) Inactivation of natural enteric bacteria in real municipal wastewater by solar photo-Fenton at neutral pH. Water Res 63:316–324CrossRef

Primo Martínez O (2008) Mejoras en el tratamiento de lixiviados de vertedero de RSU mediantes procesos de oxidación avanzada. PhD thesis. Universidad de Cantabria, Spain

Agulló-Barceló M, Polo-López MI, Lucena F, Jofre J, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2013) Solar advanced oxidation processes as disinfection tertiary treatments for real wastewater: implications for water reclamation. Appl Catal B-Environ 136:341–350CrossRef

Gomez-Couso H, Fontan-Sainz M, Navntoft C, Fernandez-Ibanez P, Ares-Mazas E (2012) Comparison of different solar reactors for household disinfection of drinking water in developing countries: evaluation of their efficacy in relation to the waterborne enteropathogen Cryptosporidium parvum. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 106(11):645–652CrossRef

Guzzella L, Di Caterino F, Monarca S, Zani C, Feretti D, Zerbini I, Nardi G, Buschini A, Poli P, Rossi C (2006) Detection of mutagens in water-distribution systems after disinfection. Mutat Res 608(1):72–81CrossRef

Malato S, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Maldonado MI, Blanco J, Gernjak W (2009) Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends. Catal Today 147(1):1–59CrossRef

McGuigan KG, Conroy RM, Mosler H-J, Md P, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Fernandez-Ibañez P (2012) Solar water disinfection (SODIS): a review from bench-top to roof-top. J Hazard Mater 235:29–46CrossRef

10.

McLoughlin OA, Kehoe SC, McGuigan KG, Duffy EF, Touati FA, Gernjak W, Alberola IO, Rodríguez SM, Gill LW (2004) Solar disinfection of contaminated water: a comparison of three small-scale reactors. Sol Energy 77(5):657–664CrossRef

11.

Dalrymple OK, Stefanakos E, Trotz MA, Goswami DY (2010) A review of the mechanisms and modeling of photocatalytic disinfection. Appl Catal B-Environ 98(1):27–38CrossRef

12.

Méndez-Hermida F, Ares-Mazás E, McGuigan KG, Boyle M, Sichel C, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2007) Disinfection of drinking water contaminated with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under natural sunlight and using the photocatalyst TiO₂. J Photochem Photobiol B 88(2):105–111CrossRef

13.

Guidelines for drinking-water quality (2011) 4th edn. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland

14.

Hoff JC, Akin EW (1986) Microbial resistance to disinfectants: mechanisms and significance. Environ Health Perspect 69:7–13

15.

Kim S, Ghafoor K, Lee J, Feng M, Hong J, Lee D-U, Park J (2013) Bacterial inactivation in water, DNA strand breaking, and membrane damage induced by ultraviolet-assisted titanium dioxide photocatalysis. Water Res 47(13):4403–4411CrossRef

16.

Pigeot-Rémy S, Simonet F, Errazuriz-Cerda E, Lazzaroni JC, Atlan D, Guillard C (2011) Photocatalysis and disinfection of water: identification of potential bacterial targets. Appl Catal B-Environ 104(3):390–398CrossRef

17.

Emadoldin F, Ottar S, Marianne Pedersen W, Per Arne A, Cathrine BV, Marit O, Geir S, Hans EK (2007) RNA base damage and repair. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 8(6):326–331CrossRef

18.

Linley E, Denyer SP, McDonnell G, Simons C, Maillard J-Y (2012) Use of hydrogen peroxide as a biocide: new consideration of its mechanisms of biocidal action. J Antimicrob Chemother 67(7):1589–1596CrossRef

19.

Silhavy TJ, Kahne D, Walker S (2010) The bacterial cell envelope. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2(5):a000414CrossRef

20.

Matsunaga T, Tomoda R, Nakajima T, Wake H (1985) Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders. FEMS Microbiol Lett 29(1–2):211–214CrossRef

21.

Alvarez FJ, Douglas LM, Konopka JB (2007) Sterol-rich plasma membrane domains in fungi. Eukaryot Cell 6(5):755–763CrossRef

22.

Maillard JY (2007) Bacterial resistance to biocides in the healthcare environment: should it be of genuine concern? J Hosp Infect 65:60–72CrossRef

23.

Webber MA, Randall LP, Cooles S, Woodward MJ, Piddock LJV (2008) Triclosan resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Antimicrob Chemother 62(1):83–91CrossRef

24.

Finnegan M, Linley E, Denyer SP, McDonnell G, Simons C, Maillard JY (2010) Mode of action of hydrogen peroxide and other oxidizing agents: differences between liquid and gas forms. J Antimicrob Chemother 65(10):2108–2115CrossRef

25.

Martin NL, Bass P, Liss SN (2015) Antibacterial properties and mechanism of activity of a novel silver-stabilized hydrogen peroxide. PLoS One 10(7):e0131345CrossRef

26.

Abdou AG, Harba NM, Afifi AF, Elnaidany NF (2013) Assessment of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice and its role in triggering intestinal dysplasia. Int J Infect Dis 17(8):e593–e600CrossRef

27.

Hallmich C, Gehr R (2010) Effect of pre- and post-UV disinfection conditions on photoreactivation of fecal coliforms in wastewater effluents. Water Res 44(9):2885–2893CrossRef

28.

Imlay JA (2008) Cellular defenses against superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Annu Rev Biochem 77:755–776CrossRef

29.

Coulon C, Collignon A, McDonnell G, Thomas V (2010) Resistance of Acanthamoeba spp. cysts to disinfection treatments used in health care settings. J Clin Microbiol 48(8):2689–2697CrossRef

30.

Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou L, Tan C (2014) Factors affecting UV/H₂O₂ inactivation of Bacillus atrophaeus spores in drinking water. J Photochem Photobiol B 134:9–15CrossRef

31.

Okoh A, Odjadjare EE, Igbinosa EO, Osode AN (2007) Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microbial pathogens in receiving watersheds. Afr J Biotechnol 6(25):2932–2944CrossRef

32.

Rider SD Jr, Zhu G (2010) Cryptosporidium: genomic and biochemical features. Exp Parasitol 124(1):2–9CrossRef

33.

Zhang H, Guo F, Zhou H, Zhu G (2012) Transcriptome analysis reveals unique metabolic features in the Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts associated with environmental survival and stresses. BMC Genomics 13:647CrossRef

34.

Rider SD Jr, Zhu G (2008) Differential expression of the two distinct replication protein a subunits from Cryptosporidium parvum. J Cell Biochem 104(6):2207–2216CrossRef

35.

Ankarklev J, Jerlström-Hultqvist J, Ringqvist E, Troell K, Svärd SG (2010) Behind the smile: cell biology and disease mechanisms of Giardia species. Nat Rev Microbiol 8(6):413–422CrossRef

36.

Sun C-H, McCaffery JM, Reiner DS, Gillin FD (2003) Mining the Giardia lamblia genome for new Cyst Wall proteins. J Biol Chem 278(24):21701–21708CrossRef

37.

Chatterjee A, Carpentieri A, Ratner DM, Bullitt E, Costello CE, Robbins PW, Samuelson J (2010) Giardia cyst wall protein 1 is a lectin that binds to curled fibrils of the GalNAc homopolymer. PLoS Pathog 6(8):e1001059CrossRef

38.

Giannakis S, Darakas E, Escalas-Cañellas A, Pulgarin C (2014) Elucidating bacterial regrowth: effect of disinfection conditions in dark storage of solar treated secondary effluent. J Photoch Photobio A 290:43–53CrossRef

39.

Gilboa Y, Friedler E (2008) UV disinfection of RBC-treated light greywater effluent: kinetics, survival and regrowth of selected microorganisms. Water Res 42(4–5):1043–1050CrossRef

40.

Moncayo-Lasso A, Sanabria J, Pulgarin C, Benitez N (2009) Simultaneous E. coli inactivation and NOM degradation in river water via photo-Fenton process at natural pH in solar CPC reactor. A new way for enhancing solar disinfection of natural water. Chemosphere 77(2):296–300CrossRef

41.

Sanabria J, Wist J, Pulgarin C (2011) Photocatalytic disinfection treatments: viability, cultivability and metabolic changes of E. coli using different measurements methods. Dyna 78(166):150–157

42.

Anastasi EM, Wohlsen TD, Stratton HM, Katouli M (2013) Survival of Escherichia coli in two sewage treatment plants using UV irradiation and chlorination for disinfection. Water Res 47(17):6670–6679CrossRef

43.

Anastasi EM, Matthews B, Gündoğdu A, Vollmerhausen T, Ramos NL, Stratton H, Ahmed W, Katouli M (2010) Prevalence and persistence of Escherichia coli strains with uropathogenic virulence characteristics in sewage treatment plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(17):5882–5886CrossRef

44.

Anastasi EM, Matthews B, Stratton HM, Katouli M (2012) Pathogenic Escherichia coli found in sewage treatment plants and environmental waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 78(16):5536–5541CrossRef

45.

Guo M, Huang J, Hu H, Liu W, Yang J (2012) UV inactivation and characteristics after photoreactivation of Escherichia coli with plasmid: health safety concern about UV disinfection. Water Res 46(13):4031–4036CrossRef

46.

Guo M, Huang J, Hu H, Liu W (2011) Growth and repair potential of three species of bacteria in reclaimed wastewater after UV disinfection. Biomed Environ Sci 24(4):400–407

47.

Hijnen WA, Beerendonk EF, Medema GJ (2006) Inactivation credit of UV radiation for viruses, bacteria and protozoan (oo)cysts in water: a review. Water Res 40(1):3–22CrossRef

48.

Locas A, Demers J, Payment P (2008) Evaluation of photoreactivation of Escherichia coli and enterococci after UV disinfection of municipal wastewater. Can J Microbiol 54(11):971–975CrossRef

49.

Dennis WH, Olivieri VP, Krusé CW (1979) The reaction of nucleotides with aqueous hypochlorous acid. Water Res 13(4):357–362CrossRef

50.

Kim CK, Gentile DM, Sproul OJ (1980) Mechanism of ozone inactivation of bacteriophage f2. Appl Environ Microbiol 39(1):210–218

51.

O'Brien RT, Newman J (1979) Structural and compositional changes associated with chlorine inactivation of polyviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 38(6):1034–1039

52.

Roy Y, Wong PKY, Engelbrecht RS, Chian ESK (1981) Mechanism of enteroviral inactivation by ozone. Appl Environ Microbiol 41(3):718–723

53.

Wigginton KR, Kohn T (2012) Virus disinfection mechanisms: the role of virus composition, structure, and function. Curr Opin Virol 2(1):84–89CrossRef

54.

Page MA, Shisler JL, Marinas BJ (2010) Mechanistic aspects of adenovirus serotype 2 inactivation with free chlorine. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(9):2946–2954CrossRef

55.

Lv X, Lu Y, Yang X, Dong X, Ma K, Xiao S, Wang Y, Tang F (2015) Mutagenicity of drinking water sampled from the Yangtze River and Hanshui River (Wuhan section) and correlations with water quality parameters. Sci Rep 5:9572CrossRef

56.

Hindiyeh M, Ali A (2010) Investigating the efficiency of solar energy system for drinking water disinfection. Desalination 259(1–3):208–215CrossRef

57.

Ortega-Gómez E, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Ballesteros Martín MM, Polo-López MI, Esteban García B, Sánchez Pérez JA (2012) Water disinfection using photo-Fenton: effect of temperature on enterococcus faecalis survival. Water Res 46(18):6154–6162CrossRef

58.

Lin W, Yu Z, Zhang H, Thompson IP (2014) Diversity and dynamics of microbial communities at each step of treatment plant for potable water generation. Water Res 52:218–230CrossRef

59.

Venieri D, Fraggedaki A, Kostadima M, Chatzisymeon E, Binas V, Zachopoulos A, Kiriakidis G, Mantzavinos D (2014) Solar light and metal-doped TiO₂ to eliminate water-transmitted bacterial pathogens: photocatalyst characterization and disinfection performance. Appl Catal B-Environ 154:93–101CrossRef

60.

Rodríguez-Chueca J, Mosteo R, Ormad MP, Ovelleiro JL (2012) Factorial experimental design applied to Escherichia coli disinfection by Fenton and photo-Fenton processes. Sol Energy 86(11):3260–3267CrossRef

61.

Raffellini S, Schenk M, Guerrero S, Alzamora SM (2011) Kinetics of Escherichia coli inactivation employing hydrogen peroxide at varying temperatures, pH and concentrations. Food Control 22(6):920–932CrossRef

62.

Pariente MI, Martínez F, Melero JA, Botas JÁ, Velegraki T, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Mantzavinos D (2008) Heterogeneous photo-Fenton oxidation of benzoic acid in water: effect of operating conditions, reaction by-products and coupling with biological treatment. Appl Catal B-Environ 85(1):24–32CrossRef

63.

Acharya SM, Kurisu F, Kasuga I, Furumai H (2016) Chlorine dose determines bacterial community structure of subsequent regrowth in reclaimed water. J Water Environ Technol 14(1):15–24CrossRef

64.

Chu W, Li X, Gao N, Deng Y, Yin D, Li D, Chu T (2015) Peptide bonds affect the formation of haloacetamides, an emerging class of N-DBPs in drinking water: free amino acids versus oligopeptides. Sci Rep 5:14412CrossRef

65.

Zhang SH, Miao DY, Liu AL, Zhang L, Wei W, Xie H, WQ L (2010) Assessment of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of haloacetic acids using microplate-based cytotoxicity test and CHO/HGPRT gene mutation assay. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 703(2):174–179CrossRef

66.

Ye B, Wang W, Yang L, Wei J, Xueli E (2009) Factors influencing disinfection by-products formation in drinking water of six cities in China. J Hazard Mater 171(1–3):147–152CrossRef

67.

Molnar JJ, Agbaba JR, Dalmacija BD, Klasnja MT, Dalmacija MB, Kragulj MM (2012) A comparative study of the effects of ozonation and TiO₂-catalyzed ozonation on the selected chlorine disinfection by-product precursor content and structure. Sci Total Environ 425:169–175CrossRef

68.

Tian C, Liu R, Liu H, Qu J (2013) Disinfection by-products formation and precursors transformation during chlorination and chloramination of highly-polluted source water: significance of ammonia. Water Res 47(15):5901–5910CrossRef

69.

Sciacca F, Rengifo-Herrera JA, Wéthé J, Pulgarin C (2011) Solar disinfection of wild Salmonella sp. in natural water with a 18L CPC photoreactor: detrimental effect of non-sterile storage of treated water. Sol Energy 85(7):1399–1408CrossRef

70.

Chin A, Berube PR (2005) Removal of disinfection by-product precursors with ozone-UV advanced oxidation process. Water Res 39(10):2136–2144CrossRef

71.

Yang X, Peng J, Chen B, Guo W, Liang Y, Liu W, Liu L (2012) Effects of ozone and ozone/peroxide pretreatments on disinfection byproduct formation during subsequent chlorination and chloramination. J Hazard Mater 239–240:348–354CrossRef

72.

Coleman HM, Marquis CP, Scott JA, Chin SS, Amal R (2005) Bactericidal effects of titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts. Chem Eng J 113(1):55–63CrossRef

73.

Guillard C, Pigeot-Rémy S, Simonet F, Atlan D, Lazzaroni JC (2012) Antimicrobial activity and mode of action of photochemistry and photocatalysis. Book of abstracts, 7th international conference on environmental catalysis. Lyon, France

74.

Malik DJ, Shaw CM, Rielly CD, Shama G (2013) The inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores at low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide vapour. J Food Eng 114(3):391–396CrossRef

75.

Rogers JV, Sabourin CL, Choi YW, Richter WR, Rudnicki DC, Riggs KB, Taylor ML, Chang J (2005) Decontamination assessment of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus subtilis, and Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores on indoor surfaces using a hydrogen peroxide gas generator. J Appl Microbiol 99(4):739–748CrossRef

76.

Hall L, Otter JA, Chewins J, Wengenack NL (2008) Deactivation of the dimorphic fungi Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis and Coccidioides immitis using hydrogen peroxide vapor. Med Mycol 46(2):189–191CrossRef

77.

Labas MD, Zalazar CS, Brandi RJ, Cassano AE (2008) Reaction kinetics of bacteria disinfection employing hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Eng J 38(1):78–87CrossRef

78.

Pottage T, Richardson C, Parks S, Walker JT, Bennett AM (2010) Evaluation of hydrogen peroxide gaseous disinfection systems to decontaminate viruses. J Hosp Infect 74(1):55–61CrossRef

79.

Fichet G, Antloga K, Comoy E, Deslys JP, McDonnell G (2007) Prion inactivation using a new gaseous hydrogen peroxide sterilisation process. J Hosp Infect 67(3):278–286CrossRef

80.

Sciacca F, Rengifo-Herrera JA, Wethe J, Pulgarin C (2010) Dramatic enhancement of solar disinfection (SODIS) of wild Salmonella sp. in PET bottles by H₂O₂ addition on natural water of Burkina Faso containing dissolved iron. Chemosphere 78(9):1186–1191CrossRef

81.

Block SS (2001) Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia

82.

Cords BR, Burnett SL, Hilgren J, Finley M, Magnuson J (2005) Sanitizers: halogens, surface-active agents, and peroxides. In: Davidson PM, Sofos JN, Branen AL (eds) Antimicrobials in food. Taylor & Francis, Boca Raton, FL

83.

Raffellini S, Guerrero S, Alzamora SM (2008) Effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration and pH on inactivation kinetics of Escherichia coli. J Food Saf 28(4):514–533CrossRef

84.

Flores MJ, Brandi RJ, Cassano AE, Labas MD (2012) Chemical disinfection with H₂O₂ − the proposal of a reaction kinetic model. Chem Eng J 198–199:388–396CrossRef

85.

Galeano LA, Bravo PF, Luna CD, Vicente MÁ, Gil A (2012) Removal of natural organic matter for drinking water production by Al/Fe-PILC-catalyzed wet peroxide oxidation: effect of the catalyst preparation from concentrated precursors. Appl Catal B-Environ 111–112:527–535CrossRef

86.

Lanao M, Ormad MP, Mosteo R, Ovelleiro JL (2012) Inactivation of Enterococcus sp. by photolysis and TiO₂ photocatalysis with H₂O₂ in natural water. Sol Energy 86(1):619–625CrossRef

87.

Lopez-Galvez F, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Selma MV, Perez-Rodriguez F, Gobet J, Gil MI, Allende A (2012) Electrochemical disinfection: an efficient treatment to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 in process wash water containing organic matter. Food Microbiol 30(1):146–156CrossRef

88.

Ndounla J, Spuhler D, Kenfack S, Wéthé J, Pulgarin C (2013) Inactivation by solar photo-Fenton in pet bottles of wild enteric bacteria of natural well water: absence of re-growth after one week of subsequent storage. Appl Catal B-Environ 129:309–317CrossRef

89.

Primo O, Rivero MJ, Ortiz I (2008) Photo-Fenton process as an efficient alternative to the treatment of landfill leachates. J Hazard Mater 153(1–2):834–842CrossRef

90.

Spuhler D, Andrés Rengifo-Herrera J, Pulgarin C (2010) The effect of Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, H₂O₂ and the photo-Fenton reagent at near neutral pH on the solar disinfection (SODIS) at low temperatures of water containing Escherichia coli K12. Appl Catal B-Environ 96(1):126–141CrossRef

91.

Galeano L-A, Vicente MÁ, Gil A (2014) Catalytic degradation of organic pollutants in aqueous streams by mixed Al/M-pillared clays (M = Fe, Cu, Mn). Catal Rev 56(3):239–287CrossRef

92.

Mohajerani M, Mehrvar M, Ein-Mozaffari F (2009) An overview of the integration of advanced oxidation technologies and other processes for water and wastewater treatment. Int J Eng 3(2):120–146

93.

Rincón A-G, Pulgarin C (2007) Absence of E. coli regrowth after Fe³⁺ and TiO₂ solar photoassisted disinfection of water in CPC solar photoreactor. Catal Today 124(3):204–214CrossRef

94.

Sokmen M, Degerli S, Aslan A (2008) Photocatalytic disinfection of Giardia intestinalis and Acanthamoeba castellani cysts in water. Exp Parasitol 119(1):44–48CrossRef

95.

García-Fernández I, Polo-López MI, Oller I, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2012) Bacteria and fungi inactivation using Fe³⁺/sunlight, H₂O₂/sunlight and near neutral photo-Fenton: a comparative study. Appl Catal B-Environ 121:20–29CrossRef

96.

Rubio D, Nebot E, Casanueva JF, Pulgarin C (2013) Comparative effect of simulated solar light, UV, UV/H₂O₂ and photo-Fenton treatment (UV-Vis/H₂O₂/Fe^2+,3+) in the Escherichia coli inactivation in artificial seawater. Water Res 47(16):6367–6379CrossRef

97.

Galeano LA, Gil A, Vicente MA (2010) Effect of the atomic active metal ratio in Al/Fe-, Al/Cu- and Al/(Fe–Cu)-intercalating solutions on the physicochemical properties and catalytic activity of pillared clays in the CWPO of methyl orange. Appl Catal B-Environ 100(1–2):271–281CrossRef

98.

Joseph CG, Li Puma G, Bono A, Krishnaiah D (2009) Sonophotocatalysis in advanced oxidation process: a short review. Ultrason Sonochem 16(5):583–589CrossRef

99.

Malato S, Blanco J, Alarcón DC, Maldonado MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, Gernjak W (2007) Photocatalytic decontamination and disinfection of water with solar collectors. Catal Today 122(1–2):137–149CrossRef

100.

Galeano LA, Gil A, Vicente MA (2011) Strategies for immobilization of manganese on expanded natural clays: catalytic activity in the CWPO of methyl orange. Appl Catal B-Environ 104(3–4):252–260CrossRef

101.

Li B, Xu X, Zhu L, Ding W, Mahmood Q (2010) Catalytic ozonation of industrial wastewater containing chloro and nitro aromatics using modified diatomaceous porous filling. Desalination 254(1–3):90–98CrossRef

102.

Flores MJ, Brandi RJ, Cassano AE, Labas MD (2012) Chemical disinfection with H₂O₂ − the proposal of a reaction kinetic model. Chem Eng J 198:388–396CrossRef

103.

Liu Y, Li J, Qiu X, Burda C (2007) Bactericidal activity of nitrogen-doped metal oxide nanocatalysts and the influence of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). J Photoch Photobio A 190(1):94–100CrossRef

104.

Storz G, Christman MF, Sies H, Ames BN (1987) Spontaneous mutagenesis and oxidative damage to DNA in Salmonella typhimurium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:8917–8921CrossRef

105.

Anzai K, Hamasuna M, Kadono H, Lee S, Aoyagi H, Kirino Y (1991) Formation of ion channels in planar lipid bilayer membranes by synthetic basic peptides. Biochim Biophys Acta-Biomembr 1064(2):256–266CrossRef

106.

Cho M, Chung H, Choi W, Yoon J (2005) Different inactivation behaviors of MS-2 phage and Escherichia coli in TiO₂ photocatalytic disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 71(1):270–275CrossRef

107.

Sichel C, de Cara M, Tello J, Blanco J, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2007) Solar photocatalytic disinfection of agricultural pathogenic fungi: Fusarium species. Appl Catal B-Environ 74(1):152–160CrossRef

108.

Sichel C, Tello J, de Cara M, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2007) Effect of UV solar intensity and dose on the photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria and fungi. Catal Today 129(1):152–160CrossRef

109.

Ubomba-Jaswa E, Navntoft C, Polo-López MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, McGuigan KG (2009) Solar disinfection of drinking water (SODIS): an investigation of the effect of UV-A dose on inactivation efficiency. Photochem Photobiol Sci 8(5):587–595CrossRef

110.

Kim JY, Lee C, Sedlak DL, Yoon J, Nelson KL (2010) Inactivation of MS2 coliphage by Fenton’s reagent. Water Res 44(8):2647–2653CrossRef

111.

Gosselin F, Madeira LM, Juhna T, Block JC (2013) Drinking water and biofilm disinfection by Fenton-like reaction. Water Res 47(15):5631–5638CrossRef

112.

Benatti CT, Tavares CR, Guedes TA (2006) Optimization of Fenton’s oxidation of chemical laboratory wastewaters using the response surface methodology. J Environ Manage 80(1):66–74CrossRef

113.

Rodríguez-Chueca J, Polo-López MI, Mosteo R, Ormad MP, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2014) Disinfection of real and simulated urban wastewater effluents using a mild solar photo-Fenton. Appl Catal B-Environ 150:619–629CrossRef

114.

Rodríguez-Chueca J, Ormad MP, Mosteo R, Ovelleiro JL (2015) Kinetic modeling of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus sp. inactivation in wastewater treatment by photo-Fenton and H₂O₂/UV–vis processes. Chem Eng Sci 138:730–740CrossRef

115.

Diao HF, Li XY, JD G, Shi HC, Xie ZM (2004) Electron microscopic investigation of the bactericidal action of electrochemical disinfection in comparison with chlorination, ozonation and Fenton reaction. Process Biochem 39(11):1421–1426CrossRef

116.

Mackulak T, Nagyova K, Faberova M, Grabic R, Koba O, Gal M, Birosova L (2015) Utilization of Fenton-like reaction for antibiotics and resistant bacteria elimination in different parts of WWTP. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 40(2):492–497CrossRef

117.

Park SC, Kim NH, Yang W, Nah JW, Jang MK, Lee D (2016) Polymeric micellar nanoplatforms for Fenton reaction as a new class of antibacterial agents. J Control Release 221:37–47CrossRef

118.

Rincón A-G, Pulgarin C (2006) Comparative evaluation of Fe³⁺ and TiO₂ photoassisted processes in solar photocatalytic disinfection of water. Appl Catal B-Environ 63(3):222–231CrossRef

119.

Rodriguez C, Di Cara A, Renaud FNR, Freney J, Horvais N, Borel R, Puzenat E, Guillard C (2014) Antibacterial effects of photocatalytic textiles for footwear application. Catal Today 230:41–46CrossRef

120.

Nieto-Juarez JI, Kohn T (2013) Virus removal and inactivation by iron (hydr)oxide-mediated Fenton-like processes under sunlight and in the dark. Photochem Photobiol Sci 12(9):1596–1605CrossRef

121.

Donlan RM (2002) Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces. Emerg Infect Dis 8(9):881–890CrossRef

122.

Bozzi A, Yuranova T, Mielczarski E, Mielczarski J, Buffat PA, Lais P, Kiwi J (2003) Superior biodegradability mediated by immobilized Fe-fabrics of waste waters compared to Fenton homogeneous reactions. Appl Catal B-Environ 42(3):289–303CrossRef

123.

Rodriguez ML, Timokhin VI, Contreras S, Chamarro E, Esplugas S (2003) Rate equation for the degradation of nitrobenzene by “Fenton-like” reagent. Adv Environ Res 7(2):583–595CrossRef

124.

Garrido-Ramírez EG, Theng BKG, Mora ML (2010) Clays and oxide minerals as catalysts and nanocatalysts in Fenton-like reactions – a review. Appl Clay Sci 47(3–4):182–192CrossRef

125.

Ruales-Lonfat C, Benítez N, Sienkiewicz A, Pulgarín C (2014) Deleterious effect of homogeneous and heterogeneous near-neutral photo-Fenton system on Escherichia coli. Comparison with photo-catalytic action of TiO₂ during cell envelope disruption. Appl Catal B-Environ 160:286–297CrossRef

126.

Rey A, Faraldos M, Casas JA, Zazo JA, Bahamonde A, Rodríguez JJ (2009) Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over Fe/AC catalysts: influence of iron precursor and activated carbon surface. Appl Catal B-Environ 86(1–2):69–77CrossRef

127.

Bautista P, Mohedano AF, Menéndez N, Casas JA, Rodriguez JJ (2010) Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of cosmetic wastewaters with Fe-bearing catalysts. Catal Today 151(1–2):148–152CrossRef

128.

Moncayo-Lasso A, Torres-Palma RA, Kiwi J, Benítez N, Pulgarin C (2008) Bacterial inactivation and organic oxidation via immobilized photo-Fenton reagent on structured silica surfaces. Appl Catal B-Environ 84(3–4):577–583CrossRef

129.

Tokumura M, Morito R, Hatayama R, Kawase Y (2011) Iron redox cycling in hydroxyl radical generation during the photo-Fenton oxidative degradation: dynamic change of hydroxyl radical concentration. Appl Catal B-Environ 106(3–4):565–576CrossRef

130.

Bandala ER, Corona-Vasquez B, Guisar R, Uscanga M (2009) Deactivation of highly resistant microorganisms in water using solar driven photocatalytic processes. Int J Chem React Eng 7:A7

131.

Bandala ER, Perez R, Velez-Lee AE, Sanchez-Salas JL, Quiroz MA, Méndez-Rojas MA (2011) Bacillus Subtilis spore inactivation in water using photo-assisted Fenton reaction. Sustain Environ Res 21(5):285–290

132.

Ortega-Gómez E, Martín MMB, García BE, Pérez JAS, Ibáñez PF (2016) Wastewater disinfection by neutral pH photo-Fenton: the role of solar radiation intensity. Appl Catal B-Environ 181:1–6CrossRef

133.

Ortega-Gómez E, Ballesteros Martín MM, Carratalà A, Fernández Ibañez P, Sánchez Pérez JA, Pulgarín C (2015) Principal parameters affecting virus inactivation by the solar photo-Fenton process at neutral pH and μM concentrations of H₂O₂ and Fe^2+/3+. Appl Catal B-Environ 174:395–402CrossRef

134.

Bandala ER, González L, de la Hoz F, Pelaez MA, Dionysiou DD, Dunlop PSM, Byrne JA, Sanchez JL (2011) Application of azo dyes as dosimetric indicators for enhanced photocatalytic solar disinfection (ENPHOSODIS). J Photoch Photobio A 218(2):185–191CrossRef

135.

Barreca S, Velez Colmenares JJ, Pace A, Orecchio S, Pulgarin C (2015) Escherichia coli inactivation by neutral solar heterogeneous photo-Fenton (HPF) over hybrid iron/montmorillonite/alginate beads. J Environ Chem Eng 3(1):317–324CrossRef

136.

Ndounla J, Pulgarin C (2014) Evaluation of the efficiency of the photo Fenton disinfection of natural drinking water source during the rainy season in the Sahelian region. Sci Total Environ 493:229–238CrossRef

137.

Ruales-Lonfat C, Barona JF, Sienkiewicz A, Bensimon M, Vélez-Colmenares J, Benítez N, Pulgarín C (2015) Iron oxides semiconductors are efficients for solar water disinfection: a comparison with photo-Fenton processes at neutral pH. Appl Catal B-Environ 166:497–508CrossRef

138.

Ruales-Lonfat C, Barona JF, Sienkiewicz A, Vélez J, Benítez LN, Pulgarín C (2016) Bacterial inactivation with iron citrate complex: a new source of dissolved iron in solar photo-Fenton process at near-neutral and alkaline pH. Appl Catal B-Environ 180:379–390CrossRef

139.

Aurioles-López V, Polo-López MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P, López-Malo A, Bandala ER (2016) Effect of iron salt counter ion in dose–response curves for inactivation of Fusarium solani in water through solar driven Fenton-like processes. Phys Chem Earth A/B/C 91:46–52CrossRef

140.

Dubey JP, Huong LT, Sundar N, Su C (2007) Genetic characterization of toxoplasma gondii isolates in dogs from Vietnam suggests their South American origin. Vet Parasitol 146(3–4):347–351CrossRef

141.

Polo-López MI, Castro-Alférez M, Oller I, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2014) Assessment of solar photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, and H₂O₂ for removal of phytopathogen fungi spores in synthetic and real effluents of urban wastewater. Chem Eng J 257:122–130CrossRef

142.

Polo-López MI, Oller I, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2013) Benefits of photo-Fenton at low concentrations for solar disinfection of distilled water. A case study: Phytophthora capsici. Catal Today 209:181–187CrossRef

143.

Polo-López MI, García-Fernández I, Velegraki T, Katsoni A, Oller I, Mantzavinos D, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2012) Mild solar photo-Fenton: an effective tool for the removal of Fusarium from simulated municipal effluents. Appl Catal B-Environ 111:545–554CrossRef

144.

Ramírez Zamora RM, Galván García M, Gallardo IR, Rigas F, Durán-Moreno A (2006) Viability reduction of parasites (Ascaris spp.) in water with photo-Fenton reaction via response surface methodology. Water Pract Technol 1(2):wpt2006043CrossRef

145.

Bandala ER, Gonzalez L, Sanchez-Salas JL, Castillo JH (2012) Inactivation of Ascaris eggs in water using sequential solar driven photo-Fenton and free chlorine. J Water Health 10(1):20–30CrossRef

146.

Paspaltsis I, Berberidou C, Poulios I, Sklaviadis T (2009) Photocatalytic degradation of prions using the photo-Fenton reagent. J Hosp Infect 71(2):149–156CrossRef

147.

Imlay JA (2003) Pathways of oxidative damage. Annu Rev Microbiol 57:395–418CrossRef

148.

Cartron ML, Maddocks S, Gillingham P, Craven CJ, Andrews SC (2006) Feo – transport of ferrous iron into bacteria. Biometals 19(2):143–157CrossRef

149.

Chitarra GS, Breeuwer P, Rombouts FM, Abee T, Dijksterhuis J (2005) Differentiation inside multicelled macroconidia of Fusarium culmorum during early germination. Fungal Genet Biol 42(8):694–703CrossRef

150.

Heaselgrave W, Kilvington S (2011) The efficacy of simulated solar disinfection (SODIS) against Ascaris, Giardia, Acanthamoeba, Naegleria, Entamoeba and Cryptosporidium. Acta Trop 119(2–3):138–143CrossRef

151.

Rubio D, Casanueva JF, Nebot E (2013) Improving UV seawater disinfection with immobilized TiO₂: study of the viability of photocatalysis (UV₂₅₄/TiO₂) as seawater disinfection technology. J Photoch Photobio A 271:16–23CrossRef

152.

Dunlop PSM, Byrne JA, Manga N, Eggins BR (2002) The photocatalytic removal of bacterial pollutants from drinking water. J Photoch Photobio A 148(1):355–363CrossRef

153.

Guillard C, Bui T-H, Felix C, Moules V, Lina B, Lejeune P (2008) Microbiological disinfection of water and air by photocatalysis. C R Chim 11(1–2):107–113CrossRef

154.

Rincón A-G, Pulgarin C (2004) Bactericidal action of illuminated TiO₂ on pure Escherichia coli and natural bacterial consortia: post-irradiation events in the dark and assessment of the effective disinfection time. Appl Catal B-Environ 49(2):99–112CrossRef

155.

Pigeot-Remy S, Simonet F, Atlan D, Lazzaroni JC, Guillard C (2012) Bactericidal efficiency and mode of action: a comparative study of photochemistry and photocatalysis. Water Res 46(10):3208–3218CrossRef

156.

Thabet S, Simonet F, Lemaire M, Guillard C, Cotton P (2014) Impact of photocatalysis on fungal cells: depiction of cellular and molecular effects on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 80(24):7527–7535CrossRef

157.

Dunlop PSM, McMurray TA, Hamilton JWJ, Byrne JA (2008) Photocatalytic inactivation of Clostridium perfringens spores on TiO₂ electrodes. J Photoch Photobio A 196(1):113–119CrossRef

158.

Cho M, Yoon J (2008) Measurement of OH radical CT for inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum using photo/ferrioxalate and photo/TiO₂ systems. J Appl Microbiol 104(3):759–766CrossRef

159.

Lonnen J, Kilvington S, Kehoe SC, Al-Touati F, McGuigan KG (2005) Solar and photocatalytic disinfection of protozoan, fungal and bacterial microbes in drinking water. Water Res 39(5):877–883CrossRef

160.

van Grieken R, Marugán J, Pablos C, Furones L, López A (2010) Comparison between the photocatalytic inactivation of Gram-positive E. faecalis and Gram-negative E. coli faecal contamination indicator microorganisms. Appl Catal B-Environ 100(1):212–220CrossRef

161.

Benabbou AK, Derriche Z, Felix C, Lejeune P, Guillard C (2007) Photocatalytic inactivation of Escherichia coli: effect of concentration of TiO₂ and microorganism, nature, and intensity of UV irradiation. Appl Catal B-Environ 76(3):257–263CrossRef

162.

Castillo-Ledezma JH, Sánchez Salas JL, López-Malo A, Bandala ER (2011) Effect of pH, solar irradiation, and semiconductor concentration on the photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli in water using nitrogen-doped TiO₂. Eur Food Res Technol 233(5):825–834CrossRef

163.

García-Fernández I, Fernández-Calderero I, Polo-López MI, Fernández-Ibáñez P (2015) Disinfection of urban effluents using solar TiO₂ photocatalysis: a study of significance of dissolved oxygen, temperature, type of microorganism and water matrix. Catal Today 240:30–38CrossRef

164.

Khraisheh M, Wu L, Al-Muhtaseb AH, Al-Ghouti MA (2015) Photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli using TiO₂ P25 and Cu-doped TiO₂. J Ind Eng Chem 28:369–376CrossRef

165.

Pratap Reddy M, Phil HH, Subrahmanyam M (2008) Photocatalytic disinfection of Escherichia coli over titanium (IV) oxide supported on Hβ zeolite. Catal Lett 123(1):56–64CrossRef

166.

Rincón AG, Pulgarin C, Adler N, Peringer P (2001) Interaction between E. coli inactivation and DBP-precursors – dihydroxybenzene isomers – in the photocatalytic process of drinking-water disinfection with TiO₂. J Photoch Photobio A 139(2):233–241CrossRef

167.

Rizzo L, Sannino D, Vaiano V, Sacco O, Scarpa A, Pietrogiacomi D (2014) Effect of solar simulated N-doped TiO₂ photocatalysis on the inactivation and antibiotic resistance of an E. coli strain in biologically treated urban wastewater. Appl Catal B-Environ 144:369–378CrossRef

168.

Fernández-Ibáñez P, Sichel C, Polo-López MI, de Cara-García M, Tello JC (2009) Photocatalytic disinfection of natural well water contaminated by Fusarium solani using TiO₂ slurry in solar CPC photo-reactors. Catal Today 144(1):62–68CrossRef

169.

Pigeot-Remy S, Real P, Simonet F, Hernandez C, Vallet C, Lazzaroni JC, Vacher S, Guillard C (2013) Inactivation of Aspergillus niger spores from indoor air by photocatalytic filters. Appl Catal B-Environ 134–135:167–173CrossRef

170.

Zan L, Fa W, Peng T, Gong ZK (2007) Photocatalysis effect of nanometer TiO₂ and TiO₂-coated ceramic plate on hepatitis B virus. J Photochem Photobiol B 86(2):165–169CrossRef

171.

Hajkova P, Spatenka P, Horsky J, Horska I, Kolouch A (2007) Photocatalytic effect of TiO₂ films on viruses and bacteria. Plasma Processes Polym 4(S1):S397–S401CrossRef

172.

Misstear DB, Gill LW (2012) The inactivation of phages MS2, PhiX174 and PR772 using UV and solar photocatalysis. J Photochem Photobiol B 107:1–8CrossRef

173.

Watts RJ, Kong S, Orr MP, Miller GC, Henry BE (1995) Photocatalytic inactivation of coliform bacteria and viruses in secondary wastewater effluent. Water Res 29(1):95–100CrossRef

174.

Abdulla-Al-Mamun M, Kusumoto Y, Zannat T, Islam MS (2011) Synergistic cell-killing by photocatalytic and plasmonic photothermal effects of Ag@TiO₂ core–shell composite nanoclusters against human epithelial carcinoma (HeLa) cells. Appl Catal A-Gen 398(1):134–142CrossRef

175.

Zhang A-P, Sun Y-P (2004) Photocatalytic killing effect of TiO₂ nanoparticles on Ls-174-t human colon carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 10(21):3191–3193CrossRef

176.

Kim TY, Lee Y-H, Park K-H, Kim SJ, Cho SY (2005) A study of photocatalysis of TiO₂ coated onto chitosan beads and activated carbon. Res Chem Intermediat 31(4):343–358CrossRef

177.

Bogdan J, Zarzyńska J, Pławińska-Czarnak J (2015) Comparison of infectious agents susceptibility to photocatalytic effects of nanosized titanium and zinc oxides: a practical approach. Nanoscale Res Lett 10(1):1023

178.

Cheng YW, Chan RC, Wong PK (2007) Disinfection of legionella pneumophila by photocatalytic oxidation. Water Res 41(4):842–852CrossRef

179.

Klis FM, Boorsma A, De Groot PW (2006) Cell wall construction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 23(3):185–202CrossRef

180.

Gogate PR, Pandit AB (2004) A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment I: oxidation technologies at ambient conditions. Adv Environ Res 8(3):501–551CrossRef

181.

Paleologou A, Marakas H, Xekoukoulotakis NP, Moya A, Vergara Y, Kalogerakis N, Gikas P, Mantzavinos D (2007) Disinfection of water and wastewater by TiO₂ photocatalysis, sonolysis and UV-C irradiation. Catal Today 129(1):136–142CrossRef

182.

Gumy D, Morais C, Bowen P, Pulgarin C, Giraldo S, Hajdu R, Kiwi J (2006) Catalytic activity of commercial of TiO₂ powders for the abatement of the bacteria (E. coli) under solar simulated light: influence of the isoelectric point. Appl Catal B-Environ 63(1):76–84CrossRef

183.

Mamane H, Shemer H, Linden KG (2007) Inactivation of E. coli, B. subtilis spores, and MS2, T4, and T7 phage using UV/H₂O₂ advanced oxidation. J Hazard Mater 146(3):479–486CrossRef

184.

Dunlop PSM, Sheeran CP, Byrne JA, McMahon MAS, Boyle MA, McGuigan KG (2010) Inactivation of clinically relevant pathogens by photocatalytic coatings. J Photochem Photobiol A 216(2):303–310CrossRef

185.

Ali MA, Al-Herrawy AZ, El-Hawaary SE (2004) Detection of enteric viruses, Giardia and Cryptosporidium in two different types of drinking water treatment facilities. Water Res 38(18):3931–3939CrossRef

186.

Castro-Hermida JA, Gonzalez-Warleta M, Mezo M (2015) Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis as pathogenic contaminants of water in Galicia, Spain: the need for safe drinking water. Int J Hyg Environ Health 218(1):132–138CrossRef

187.

Jenkins MB, Eaglesham BS, Anthony LC, Kachlany SC, Bowman DD, Ghiorse WC (2010) Significance of wall structure, macromolecular composition, and surface polymers to the survival and transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(6):1926–1934CrossRef

188.

Chen E, Su H, Tan T (2011) Antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized by bioaffinity adsorption coupled with TiO₂ photocatalysis. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 86(3):421–427CrossRef

189.

Zhang N, Hu K, Shan B (2014) Ballast water treatment using UV/TiO₂ advanced oxidation processes: an approach to invasive species prevention. Chem Eng J 243:7–13CrossRef

190.

Li Q, Xie R, Li YW, Mintz EA, Shang JK (2007) Enhanced visible-light-induced photocatalytic disinfection of E. coli by carbon-sensitized nitrogen-doped titanium oxide. Environ Sci Technol 41(14):5050–5056CrossRef

191.

Rengifo-Herrera JA, Pierzchała K, Sienkiewicz A, Forró L, Kiwi J, Pulgarin C (2009) Abatement of organics and Escherichia coli by N, S co-doped TiO₂ under UV and visible light. Implications of the formation of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) under visible light. Appl Catal B-Environ 88(3–4):398–406CrossRef

192.

Merwald H, Klosner G, Kokesch C, Der-Petrossian M, Honigsmann H, Trautinger F (2005) UVA-induced oxidative damage and cytotoxicity depend on the mode of exposure. J Photochem Photobiol B 79(3):197–207CrossRef

193.

Chen S, Hu W, Hong J, Sandoe S (2016) Electrochemical disinfection of simulated ballast water on PbO₂/graphite felt electrode. Mar Pollut Bull 105(1):319–323CrossRef

194.

Cui X, Quicksall AN, Blake AB, Talley JW (2013) Electrochemical disinfection of Escherichia coli in the presence and absence of primary sludge particulates. Water Res 47(13):4383–4390CrossRef

195.

Hong X, Wen J, Xiong X, Hu Y (2016) Silver nanowire-carbon fiber cloth nanocomposites synthesized by UV curing adhesive for electrochemical point-of-use water disinfection. Chemosphere 154:537–545CrossRef

196.

Huang X, Qu Y, Cid CA, Finke C, Hoffmann MR, Lim K, Jiang SC (2016) Electrochemical disinfection of toilet wastewater using wastewater electrolysis cell. Water Res 92:164–172CrossRef

197.

Jeong J, Kim C, Yoon J (2009) The effect of electrode material on the generation of oxidants and microbial inactivation in the electrochemical disinfection processes. Water Res 43(4):895–901CrossRef

198.

Lacasa E, Tsolaki E, Sbokou Z, Rodrigo MA, Mantzavinos D, Diamadopoulos E (2013) Electrochemical disinfection of simulated ballast water on conductive diamond electrodes. Chem Eng J 223:516–523CrossRef

199.

Rajab M, Heim C, Letzel T, Drewes JE, Helmreich B (2015) Electrochemical disinfection using boron-doped diamond electrode – the synergetic effects of in situ ozone and free chlorine generation. Chemosphere 121:47–53CrossRef

200.

Long Y, Ni J, Wang Z (2015) Subcellular mechanism of Escherichia coli inactivation during electrochemical disinfection with boron-doped diamond anode: a comparative study of three electrolytes. Water Res 84:198–206CrossRef

201.

Schaefer CE, Andaya C, Urtiaga A (2015) Assessment of disinfection and by-product formation during electrochemical treatment of surface water using a Ti/IrO₂ anode. Chem Eng J 264:411–416CrossRef

202.

Li H, Zhu X, Ni J (2011) Comparison of electrochemical method with ozonation, chlorination and monochloramination in drinking water disinfection. Electrochim Acta 56(27):9789–9796CrossRef

203.

Jeong J, Kim JY, Cho M, Choi W, Yoon J (2007) Inactivation of Escherichia coli in the electrochemical disinfection process using a Pt anode. Chemosphere 67(4):652–659CrossRef

204.

Polcaro AM, Vacca A, Mascia M, Palmas S, Pompei R, Laconi S (2007) Characterization of a stirred tank electrochemical cell for water disinfection processes. Electrochim Acta 52(7):2595–2602CrossRef

205.

Cano A, Cañizares P, Barrera-Díaz C, Sáez C, Rodrigo MA (2012) Use of conductive-diamond electrochemical-oxidation for the disinfection of several actual treated wastewaters. Chem Eng J 211:463–469CrossRef

206.

Hussain SN, de Las Heras N, Asghar HM, Brown NW, Roberts EP (2014) Disinfection of water by adsorption combined with electrochemical treatment. Water Res 54:170–178CrossRef

207.

Furuta T, Tanaka H, Nishiki Y, Pupunat L, Haenni W, Rychen P (2004) Legionella inactivation with diamond electrodes. Diamond Relat Mater 13(11):2016–2019CrossRef

208.

Feng C, Suzuki K, Zhao S, Sugiura N, Shimada S, Maekawa T (2004) Water disinfection by electrochemical treatment. Bioresour Technol 94(1):21–25CrossRef

209.

Schmalz V, Dittmar T, Haaken D, Worch E (2009) Electrochemical disinfection of biologically treated wastewater from small treatment systems by using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes – contribution for direct reuse of domestic wastewater. Water Res 43(20):5260–5266CrossRef

Titel: Disinfection by Chemical Oxidation Methods
verfasst von: Luis-Alejandro Galeano
Milena Guerrero-Flórez
Claudia-Andrea Sánchez
Antonio Gil
Miguel-Ángel Vicente
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Applications of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) in Drinking Water Treatment
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76881-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-76882-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_179