Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 2/2010

01.03.2010

Distortion Analysis of Axial Contraction of Carburized-Quenched Helical Gear

verfasst von: Arif Sugianto, Michiharu Narazaki, Minoru Kogawara, Soo Young Kim, Satoshi Kubota

Erschienen in: Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance | Ausgabe 2/2010

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

An automotive component (steering helical gear) made from low-alloy structural steel SCr420H was gas-carburized and oil-quenched. Axial contraction of total length was measured after such case-hardening process. Using DEFORM-HT Ver 6.1 simulation tool incorporating phase transformation kinetics, the causal factor of negative axial distortion is studied. Analysis of time-dependent displacement, temperature, phase transformation, and stress-strain generation is presented. Total strain and individual strain (e.g., thermal, elastic, plastic, phase transformation, and transformation plasticity strain) are included. Three simulations consisting of case hardening with transformation plasticity (TP), case hardening without TP, and through hardening with TP were conducted to asses the influence of transformation plasticity and martensite as well as retained austenite in contributing the axial contraction of total length. Finally, transformation plasticity has a greater influence than volume fraction of martensite and retained austenite in producing the negative axial distortion.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Sugianto, M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, S.Y. Kim, and S. Kubota, Distortion Mechanism During Carburising-Quenching of SCr420H Helical Gear, Proc. 16th IFHTSE Congress, Oct 30-Nov 1, 2007 (Brisbane), Materials Australia, 2007, IFHTSE07-257. A. Sugianto, M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, S.Y. Kim, and S. Kubota, Distortion Mechanism During Carburising-Quenching of SCr420H Helical Gear, Proc. 16th IFHTSE Congress, Oct 30-Nov 1, 2007 (Brisbane), Materials Australia, 2007, IFHTSE07-257.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat S.Y. Kim, S. Kubota, and M. Yamanaka, Application of CAE in Cold Forging and Heat Treatment Processes for Manufacturing of Precision Helical Gear Part, J. Mater. Process Technol., 201(1–3), 2008, p 25-31.CrossRef S.Y. Kim, S. Kubota, and M. Yamanaka, Application of CAE in Cold Forging and Heat Treatment Processes for Manufacturing of Precision Helical Gear Part, J. Mater. Process Technol., 201(1–3), 2008, p 25-31.CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Fujio, M. Takahashi, and H. Yushio, Influence of Hardenability on Helical Gear Distortions Caused by Hardening, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, C Hen, 1986, 52(480), p 2181–2186 (in Japanese). H. Fujio, M. Takahashi, and H. Yushio, Influence of Hardenability on Helical Gear Distortions Caused by Hardening, Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu, C Hen, 1986, 52(480), p 2181–2186 (in Japanese).
4.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Fluhrer, DEFORM-HT 2D & 3D Users Manual, Scientific Forming Technologies Co, Columbus, OH, 2008 J. Fluhrer, DEFORM-HT 2D & 3D Users Manual, Scientific Forming Technologies Co, Columbus, OH, 2008
5.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Arimoto, T. Horino, F. Ikuta, C. Jin, S. Tamura, and M. Narazaki, Explanation of the Origin of Distortion and Residual Stress in Water Quenched Cylinders Using Computer Simulation, J. ASTM Int., 2006, 3(5), JAI14204. K. Arimoto, T. Horino, F. Ikuta, C. Jin, S. Tamura, and M. Narazaki, Explanation of the Origin of Distortion and Residual Stress in Water Quenched Cylinders Using Computer Simulation, J. ASTM Int., 2006, 3(5), JAI14204.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Watanabe, D.Y. Ju, H. Shichino, K. Okamura, M. Narazaki, H. Kanamori, K. Ichitani, and T. Inoue, Cooperative research to optimize heat treating process condition by computer-based technology, Solid State Phenomena, 118, 2006, p 349-354.CrossRef Y. Watanabe, D.Y. Ju, H. Shichino, K. Okamura, M. Narazaki, H. Kanamori, K. Ichitani, and T. Inoue, Cooperative research to optimize heat treating process condition by computer-based technology, Solid State Phenomena, 118, 2006, p 349-354.CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Arimoto and S. Yamanaka, Explanation of the Origin of Distortion and Residual Stress in Carburized Ring Using Computer Simulation, Proc. 15th IFHTSE Congress, Sep 25-29, 2006 (Vienna), ASMET, 2006, MN-7. K. Arimoto and S. Yamanaka, Explanation of the Origin of Distortion and Residual Stress in Carburized Ring Using Computer Simulation, Proc. 15th IFHTSE Congress, Sep 25-29, 2006 (Vienna), ASMET, 2006, MN-7.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Mgbokwere and M. Callabresi, Numerical Simulation of a Heat Treated Ring Gear Blank, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 122(3), 2000, p 305-314.CrossRef C. Mgbokwere and M. Callabresi, Numerical Simulation of a Heat Treated Ring Gear Blank, J. Eng. Mater. Technol., 122(3), 2000, p 305-314.CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat D.Y. Ju, Y. Ito, and T. Inoue, Simulation and Verification of Residual Stress and Distortion in Carburizing-Quenching Process of a Gear Shaft, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, May 20-23, 2003 (Beijing), ASM International, 2003, p 291–296. D.Y. Ju, Y. Ito, and T. Inoue, Simulation and Verification of Residual Stress and Distortion in Carburizing-Quenching Process of a Gear Shaft, Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, May 20-23, 2003 (Beijing), ASM International, 2003, p 291–296.
10.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Mukai and D.Y. Ju, Simulation of carburizing-quenching of a gear, effect of carbon content on residual stress and distortion, J. Phys. IV Fr., 120, 2004, p 489-497. R. Mukai and D.Y. Ju, Simulation of carburizing-quenching of a gear, effect of carbon content on residual stress and distortion, J. Phys. IV Fr., 120, 2004, p 489-497.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat J.R. Cho, W.J. Kang, M.G. Kim, J.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, and W.B. Bae, Distortions induced by heat treatment of automotive bevel gears, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 153–154(1–3), 2004, p 476–481.CrossRef J.R. Cho, W.J. Kang, M.G. Kim, J.H. Lee, Y.S. Lee, and W.B. Bae, Distortions induced by heat treatment of automotive bevel gears, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 153–154(1–3), 2004, p 476–481.CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Sugimoto and Y. Watanabe, Evaluation of important factors affecting quench distortion of carburized hypoid gear with shaft by using computer simulation method, Trans. Mater. Heat Treat., 25(5), 2004, p 480-485. T. Sugimoto and Y. Watanabe, Evaluation of important factors affecting quench distortion of carburized hypoid gear with shaft by using computer simulation method, Trans. Mater. Heat Treat., 25(5), 2004, p 480-485.
13.
Zurück zum Zitat A.K. Rakhit, Heat Treatment of Gears, ASM Intl, 2000, p 91-100. A.K. Rakhit, Heat Treatment of Gears, ASM Intl, 2000, p 91-100.
14.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Sugianto, M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, S.Y. Kim, and S. Kubota, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Carburizing-Quenching Process of SCr420H Steel Helical Gear, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209(7), p 3597–3609CrossRef A. Sugianto, M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, S.Y. Kim, and S. Kubota, Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Carburizing-Quenching Process of SCr420H Steel Helical Gear, J. Mater. Process. Technol., 2009, 209(7), p 3597–3609CrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat R.M. Bowen, Theory of Mixtures, in Continuum Physics, Vol. 3, A.C. Eringen, Ed., Academic Press, 1976, p 2–129 R.M. Bowen, Theory of Mixtures, in Continuum Physics, Vol. 3, A.C. Eringen, Ed., Academic Press, 1976, p 2–129
16.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Inoue, D.Y. Ju, and K. Arimoto, Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Quenching Process, Theory and Implementation of Computer Code HEARTS, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, Sep 22–25, 1992 (Chicago), ASM International, 1992, p 205–212. T. Inoue, D.Y. Ju, and K. Arimoto, Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Quenching Process, Theory and Implementation of Computer Code HEARTS, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. on Quenching and Control of Distortion, Sep 22–25, 1992 (Chicago), ASM International, 1992, p 205–212.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat C.S. Roberts, Effects of Carbon on the Volume Fractions and Lattice Parameters of Retained Austenite and Martensite, Trans. AIME, 197, 1953, p. 203-204. C.S. Roberts, Effects of Carbon on the Volume Fractions and Lattice Parameters of Retained Austenite and Martensite, Trans. AIME, 197, 1953, p. 203-204.
18.
Zurück zum Zitat W.D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, 2000, p 98-100. W.D. Callister, Jr., Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, John Wiley and Sons, 2000, p 98-100.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat C.L. Magee, The Nucleation of Martensite in Phase Transformations, ASM Intl, 1970, p 115-156. C.L. Magee, The Nucleation of Martensite in Phase Transformations, ASM Intl, 1970, p 115-156.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat W.A. Johnson and R.F. Mehl, Reaction Kinetics in Processes of Nucleation and Growth, Trans AIME, 135, 1939, p 416-458. W.A. Johnson and R.F. Mehl, Reaction Kinetics in Processes of Nucleation and Growth, Trans AIME, 135, 1939, p 416-458.
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Desalos, J. Giusti, and F. Gunsberg, “Deformations et contraintes lors du traitement thermique de pieces en acier,” Report 902, IRSID, St-Germain-en-Laye, 1982 (in French). Y. Desalos, J. Giusti, and F. Gunsberg, “Deformations et contraintes lors du traitement thermique de pieces en acier,” Report 902, IRSID, St-Germain-en-Laye, 1982 (in French).
22.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Narazaki, T. Okamura, and H. Sichino, “Validation of Material Property Data by Comparison Between Simulation and Experimental Results of Jominy End Quenching,” Report B-1, JSHT & JSMS, Kyoto, 2004. M. Narazaki, T. Okamura, and H. Sichino, “Validation of Material Property Data by Comparison Between Simulation and Experimental Results of Jominy End Quenching,” Report B-1, JSHT & JSMS, Kyoto, 2004.
23.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Sugianto, M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, S.Y. Kim, and S. Kubota, The Effect of Transformation Plasticity on Prediction of Tooth Distortion of Heat-Treated Helical Gear, Mater. Sci. Forum, 561–565(Part 3), 2007, p 1853–1856.CrossRef A. Sugianto, M. Narazaki, M. Kogawara, S.Y. Kim, and S. Kubota, The Effect of Transformation Plasticity on Prediction of Tooth Distortion of Heat-Treated Helical Gear, Mater. Sci. Forum, 561–565(Part 3), 2007, p 1853–1856.CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat A.J. Fletcher, Thermal Stress and Strain Generation in Heat Treatment, Elsevier Sciences, 1989, p 118-138. A.J. Fletcher, Thermal Stress and Strain Generation in Heat Treatment, Elsevier Sciences, 1989, p 118-138.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat D.Y. Ju and M. Narazaki, Simulation and Experimental Verification of Residual Stress and Distortion During Quenching of Steel, Proc. 20th ASM Heat Treating Society Conf., Oct 9–12, 2000 (St. Louis), ASM International, 2000, p 441–447. D.Y. Ju and M. Narazaki, Simulation and Experimental Verification of Residual Stress and Distortion During Quenching of Steel, Proc. 20th ASM Heat Treating Society Conf., Oct 9–12, 2000 (St. Louis), ASM International, 2000, p 441–447.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat D.Y. Ju, W.M. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, Modeling and experimental verification of martensitic transformation plastic behavior in carbon steel for quenching process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 438–440(Spec. Iss.), 2006, p 246-250. D.Y. Ju, W.M. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, Modeling and experimental verification of martensitic transformation plastic behavior in carbon steel for quenching process, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 438–440(Spec. Iss.), 2006, p 246-250.
27.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Besserdich, B. Scholtes, H. Muller, and E. Macherauch, Consequence of Transformation Plasticity on the Development of Residual Stress and Distortion During Martensitic Hardening of ASE 4140 Steel Cylinder, Steel Res. Int., 65(1), 1994, p 41-46. G. Besserdich, B. Scholtes, H. Muller, and E. Macherauch, Consequence of Transformation Plasticity on the Development of Residual Stress and Distortion During Martensitic Hardening of ASE 4140 Steel Cylinder, Steel Res. Int., 65(1), 1994, p 41-46.
28.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Inoue, Z.G. Wang, and K. Miyao, Thermal and Phase Transformation Stresses in a Carburized-Quenched Gear Wheel, Proc. 32nd Japan Congress on Material Research (Kyoto), JSMS, 1989, p 21–26. T. Inoue, Z.G. Wang, and K. Miyao, Thermal and Phase Transformation Stresses in a Carburized-Quenched Gear Wheel, Proc. 32nd Japan Congress on Material Research (Kyoto), JSMS, 1989, p 21–26.
29.
Zurück zum Zitat B.L. Ferguson, Z. Li, and A.M. Freborg, Modeling heat treatment of steel parts, Comput. Mater. Sci., 34(3), 2005, p 274–281.CrossRef B.L. Ferguson, Z. Li, and A.M. Freborg, Modeling heat treatment of steel parts, Comput. Mater. Sci., 34(3), 2005, p 274–281.CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat A.K. Rakhit, Heat Treatment of Gears, ASM Intl, 2000, p 68-76. A.K. Rakhit, Heat Treatment of Gears, ASM Intl, 2000, p 68-76.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Luzginova, L. Zhao, and J. Sietsma, Evolution and Thermal Stability of Retained Austenite in SAE 52100 Bainitic Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 448(1–2), 2007, p 104-110. N. Luzginova, L. Zhao, and J. Sietsma, Evolution and Thermal Stability of Retained Austenite in SAE 52100 Bainitic Steel, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 448(1–2), 2007, p 104-110.
32.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Rojko and V. Gliha, Simulations of Transformation Kinetics in a Multi-Pass Weld, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 20(5), 2005, p 833-849.CrossRef D. Rojko and V. Gliha, Simulations of Transformation Kinetics in a Multi-Pass Weld, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 20(5), 2005, p 833-849.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Wang and S. Van der Zwaag, Stabilization Mechanisms of Retained Austenite in Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 32(6), 2001, p 1527-1539.CrossRef J. Wang and S. Van der Zwaag, Stabilization Mechanisms of Retained Austenite in Transformation-Induced Plasticity Steel, Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 32(6), 2001, p 1527-1539.CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Macherauch and O. Vohringer, Residual Stress After Quenching, in Theory and Technology of Quenching, B. Liscic, H.M. Tensi, and W. Luty, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 1992, p 155–161 E. Macherauch and O. Vohringer, Residual Stress After Quenching, in Theory and Technology of Quenching, B. Liscic, H.M. Tensi, and W. Luty, Ed., Springer-Verlag, 1992, p 155–161
35.
Zurück zum Zitat S.H. Kang and Y.T. Im, Three-Dimensional Thermo-Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Modeling of Quenching Process of Plain-Carbon Steel in Couple with Phase Transformation, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 49(4), 2007, p 423-439.CrossRef S.H. Kang and Y.T. Im, Three-Dimensional Thermo-Elastic-Plastic Finite Element Modeling of Quenching Process of Plain-Carbon Steel in Couple with Phase Transformation, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 49(4), 2007, p 423-439.CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Zwaag, L. Zhao, S. Kruijver, and J. Sietsma, Thermal and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Aluminum-Containing Multiphase TRIP Steels, ISIJ Int., 2002, 42(12), p 1565-1570.CrossRef S. Zwaag, L. Zhao, S. Kruijver, and J. Sietsma, Thermal and Mechanical Stability of Retained Austenite in Aluminum-Containing Multiphase TRIP Steels, ISIJ Int., 2002, 42(12), p 1565-1570.CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Chatterjee and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Transformation Induced Plasticity Assisted Steels: Stress or Strain Affected Martensitic Transformation?, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2007, 23(9), p 1101-1104.CrossRef S. Chatterjee and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia, Transformation Induced Plasticity Assisted Steels: Stress or Strain Affected Martensitic Transformation?, Mater. Sci. Technol., 2007, 23(9), p 1101-1104.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat G.W. Greenwood and R.H. Johnson, The Deformation of Metals Under Small Stresses During Phase Transformations, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 283, 1965, p 403-422.CrossRefADS G.W. Greenwood and R.H. Johnson, The Deformation of Metals Under Small Stresses During Phase Transformations, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 283, 1965, p 403-422.CrossRefADS
39.
Zurück zum Zitat D.Y. Ju, W.M. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, Modeling and experimental verification of plastic behavior of the martensitic transformation plastic behavior in a carbon steel, Solid State Phenomena, 118, 2006, p 369-374.CrossRef D.Y. Ju, W.M. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, Modeling and experimental verification of plastic behavior of the martensitic transformation plastic behavior in a carbon steel, Solid State Phenomena, 118, 2006, p 369-374.CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat N.E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1999, p 562-570. N.E. Dowling, Mechanical Behavior of Materials: Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, 1999, p 562-570.
Metadaten
Titel
Distortion Analysis of Axial Contraction of Carburized-Quenched Helical Gear
verfasst von
Arif Sugianto
Michiharu Narazaki
Minoru Kogawara
Soo Young Kim
Satoshi Kubota
Publikationsdatum
01.03.2010
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance / Ausgabe 2/2010
Print ISSN: 1059-9495
Elektronische ISSN: 1544-1024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-009-9476-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2010

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 2/2010 Zur Ausgabe

    Marktübersichten

    Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.