Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Pattern Analysis and Applications 1/2008

01.01.2008 | Theoretical Advances

Recognising facial expressions in video sequences

verfasst von: José M. Buenaposada, Enrique Muñoz, Luis Baumela

Erschienen in: Pattern Analysis and Applications | Ausgabe 1/2008

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

We introduce a system that processes a sequence of images of a front-facing human face and recognises a set of facial expressions. We use an efficient appearance-based face tracker to locate the face in the image sequence and estimate the deformation of its non-rigid components. The tracker works in real time. It is robust to strong illumination changes and factors out changes in appearance caused by illumination from changes due to face deformation. We adopt a model-based approach for facial expression recognition. In our model, an image of a face is represented by a point in a deformation space. The variability of the classes of images associated with facial expressions is represented by a set of samples which model a low-dimensional manifold in the space of deformations. We introduce a probabilistic procedure based on a nearest-neighbour approach to combine the information provided by the incoming image sequence with the prior information stored in the expression manifold to compute a posterior probability associated with a facial expression. In the experiments conducted we show that this system is able to work in an unconstrained environment with strong changes in illumination and face location. It achieves an 89% recognition rate in a set of 333 sequences from the Cohn–Kanade database.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Flanagan JL, Huang TS (2003) Special issue on human–computer multimodal interface. Proc IEEE, 91(9):1267–1468 Flanagan JL, Huang TS (2003) Special issue on human–computer multimodal interface. Proc IEEE, 91(9):1267–1468
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Baker S, Matthews I , Schneider J (2004) Automatic construction of active appearance models as an image coding problem. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(10):1380–1384CrossRef Baker S, Matthews I , Schneider J (2004) Automatic construction of active appearance models as an image coding problem. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 26(10):1380–1384CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Barlett MS, Littlewort G, Braathen B, Sejnowki T, Movellán J (2003) A prototype for automatic recognition of spontaneous facial actions. In: Becker S, Obermayer K (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 15. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 1271–1278 Barlett MS, Littlewort G, Braathen B, Sejnowki T, Movellán J (2003) A prototype for automatic recognition of spontaneous facial actions. In: Becker S, Obermayer K (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 15. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 1271–1278
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Barlett MS, Littlewort G, Frank M, Lainscsek C, Fasel IR, Movellán J (2005) Recognizing facial expression: machine learning and application to spontaneous behaviour. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, pp 568–573 Barlett MS, Littlewort G, Frank M, Lainscsek C, Fasel IR, Movellán J (2005) Recognizing facial expression: machine learning and application to spontaneous behaviour. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, pp 568–573
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Bascle B, Blake A (1998) Separability of pose and expression in facial tracing and animation. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision. IEEE, Washington, pp 323–328 Bascle B, Blake A (1998) Separability of pose and expression in facial tracing and animation. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision. IEEE, Washington, pp 323–328
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Basili JN (1979) Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower area of the face. J Pers Soc Psychol 37:2049–2059CrossRef Basili JN (1979) Emotion recognition: the role of facial movement and the relative importance of upper and lower area of the face. J Pers Soc Psychol 37:2049–2059CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Belhumeur PN, Hespanha JP, Kriegman DJ (1997) Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):711–720CrossRef Belhumeur PN, Hespanha JP, Kriegman DJ (1997) Eigenfaces vs. fisherfaces: recognition using class specific linear projection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):711–720CrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Belkin M, Niyogi P (2001) Laplacian eigenmaps and spectral techniques for embedding and clustering. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 585–591 Belkin M, Niyogi P (2001) Laplacian eigenmaps and spectral techniques for embedding and clustering. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 585–591
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Black MJ, Jepson AD (1998) Eigentracking: robust matching and tracking of articulated objects using a view-based representation. Int J Comput Vis 26(1):63–84CrossRef Black MJ, Jepson AD (1998) Eigentracking: robust matching and tracking of articulated objects using a view-based representation. Int J Comput Vis 26(1):63–84CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Black MJ, Yacoob Y (1997) Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion. Int J Comput Vis 25(1):23–48CrossRef Black MJ, Yacoob Y (1997) Recognizing facial expressions in image sequences using local parameterized models of image motion. Int J Comput Vis 25(1):23–48CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Blanz V, Vetter T (1999) A morphable model for the synthesis of 3d faces. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH. ACM Press, New York, pp 187–194 Blanz V, Vetter T (1999) A morphable model for the synthesis of 3d faces. In: Proceedings of SIGGRAPH. ACM Press, New York, pp 187–194
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Buenaposada JM (2001) Buenaposada and Luis Baumela: variations of grey world for face tracking. Image Process Commun 7(3, 4):51–61 Buenaposada JM (2001) Buenaposada and Luis Baumela: variations of grey world for face tracking. Image Process Commun 7(3, 4):51–61
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Buenaposada JM (2002) Buenaposada and Luis Baumela: real-time tracking and estimation of plane pose. In: Proceedings of international conference on pattern recognition, vol II, QC, Canada, August 2002. IEEE, Washington, pp 697–700 Buenaposada JM (2002) Buenaposada and Luis Baumela: real-time tracking and estimation of plane pose. In: Proceedings of international conference on pattern recognition, vol II, QC, Canada, August 2002. IEEE, Washington, pp 697–700
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Buenaposada JM, Muñoz E, Baumela L (2006) Efficiently estimating facial expression and illumination in appearance-based tracking. In: Proceedings British machine vision conference, vol I, pp 57–66 Buenaposada JM, Muñoz E, Baumela L (2006) Efficiently estimating facial expression and illumination in appearance-based tracking. In: Proceedings British machine vision conference, vol I, pp 57–66
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Chang Y, Hu C, Turk M (2004) Probabilistic expression analysis on manifolds. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, pp 520–527 Chang Y, Hu C, Turk M (2004) Probabilistic expression analysis on manifolds. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, pp 520–527
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen I, Sebe N, Garg A, Chen LS, Huang TS (2003) Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling. Comput Vis Image Underst 91:160–187CrossRef Cohen I, Sebe N, Garg A, Chen LS, Huang TS (2003) Facial expression recognition from video sequences: temporal and static modeling. Comput Vis Image Underst 91:160–187CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Cootes T, Edwards GJ, Taylor C (2001) Active appearance models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(6):681–685CrossRef Cootes T, Edwards GJ, Taylor C (2001) Active appearance models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(6):681–685CrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Tsapatsoulis N, Votsis G, Kollias S, Fellenz W, Taylor JG (2001) Emotion recognition in human–computer interaction. Signal Process Mag, 18(1):32–80CrossRef Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Tsapatsoulis N, Votsis G, Kollias S, Fellenz W, Taylor JG (2001) Emotion recognition in human–computer interaction. Signal Process Mag, 18(1):32–80CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCarlo D, Metaxas D (2000) Optical flow constraints on deformable models with applications to face tracking. Int J Comput Vis 38(2):99–127MATHCrossRef DeCarlo D, Metaxas D (2000) Optical flow constraints on deformable models with applications to face tracking. Int J Comput Vis 38(2):99–127MATHCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat DeCarlo D, Metaxas D(2000) Optical flow constraints on deformable models with applications to face tracking. Int J Comput Vis 38(2):99–127MATHCrossRef DeCarlo D, Metaxas D(2000) Optical flow constraints on deformable models with applications to face tracking. Int J Comput Vis 38(2):99–127MATHCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Duda RO, Hart PE, Stork DG (2000) Pattern classification. Wiley, New York Duda RO, Hart PE, Stork DG (2000) Pattern classification. Wiley, New York
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekman P (1993) Facial expression and emotion. Am Psychol 44:384–392CrossRef Ekman P (1993) Facial expression and emotion. Am Psychol 44:384–392CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Ekman P (1994) Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: a reply to Russell’s mistaken critique. Psychol Bull 115(2):268–287CrossRef Ekman P (1994) Strong evidence for universals in facial expressions: a reply to Russell’s mistaken critique. Psychol Bull 115(2):268–287CrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Essa I, Pentland A (1997) Coding, analysis, interpretation, recognition of facial expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):757–763CrossRef Essa I, Pentland A (1997) Coding, analysis, interpretation, recognition of facial expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):757–763CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Fasel B, Luettin J (2003) Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recognit 36:259–275MATHCrossRef Fasel B, Luettin J (2003) Automatic facial expression analysis: a survey. Pattern Recognit 36:259–275MATHCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Gao Y, Leung MKH, Hui SC, Tanada MW (2003) Facial expression recognition from line-based caricatures. Trans SMC A 33(3):407–412 Gao Y, Leung MKH, Hui SC, Tanada MW (2003) Facial expression recognition from line-based caricatures. Trans SMC A 33(3):407–412
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Gee A, Cipolla R (1996) Fast visual tracking by temporal consensus. Image Vis Comput 14(2):105–114CrossRef Gee A, Cipolla R (1996) Fast visual tracking by temporal consensus. Image Vis Comput 14(2):105–114CrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Hager G, Belhumeur P (1998) Efficient region tracking with parametric models of geometry and illumination. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(10):1025–1039CrossRef Hager G, Belhumeur P (1998) Efficient region tracking with parametric models of geometry and illumination. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(10):1025–1039CrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat He X, Niyogi P (2003) Locality preserving projections. In: Thrun S, Saul L, Schölkopf B (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 16. MIT Press, Cambridge He X, Niyogi P (2003) Locality preserving projections. In: Thrun S, Saul L, Schölkopf B (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 16. MIT Press, Cambridge
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu C, Ferris R, Turk M (2003) Active wavelet networks for face alignment. In: Proceedings of British machine vision conference Hu C, Ferris R, Turk M (2003) Active wavelet networks for face alignment. In: Proceedings of British machine vision conference
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Jongwoo L, Ross D, Ruei-Sung L, Ming-Hsuan Y (2004) Incremental learning for visual tracking. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 17. MIT Press, Cambridge, 793–800 Jongwoo L, Ross D, Ruei-Sung L, Ming-Hsuan Y (2004) Incremental learning for visual tracking. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, vol 17. MIT Press, Cambridge, 793–800
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanade T, Cohn J, Tian Y-L (2000) Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 46–53 Kanade T, Cohn J, Tian Y-L (2000) Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, pp 46–53
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Lanitis A, Taylor CJ, Cootes TF (1997) Automatic interpretation and coding of face images using flexible models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):743–756CrossRef Lanitis A, Taylor CJ, Cootes TF (1997) Automatic interpretation and coding of face images using flexible models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 19(7):743–756CrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Lien JJ, Kanade T, Cohn JF, Li C (1997) Detection, tracking and classification of action units in facial expression. J Rob Auton Syst 31:131–146CrossRef Lien JJ, Kanade T, Cohn JF, Li C (1997) Detection, tracking and classification of action units in facial expression. J Rob Auton Syst 31:131–146CrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Lyons MJ, Budynek L, Akamatsu S (1999) Automatic classification of single facial images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(12):1357–1362CrossRef Lyons MJ, Budynek L, Akamatsu S (1999) Automatic classification of single facial images. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 21(12):1357–1362CrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Mase K (1991) Recognition of facial expression from optical flow. IEICE Trans E 74(10):3474–3483 Mase K (1991) Recognition of facial expression from optical flow. IEICE Trans E 74(10):3474–3483
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Matthews I, Baker S (2004) Active appearance models revisited. Int J Comput Vis 60(2):135–164CrossRef Matthews I, Baker S (2004) Active appearance models revisited. Int J Comput Vis 60(2):135–164CrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat McTear MF (2002) Spoken dialogue technology: enabling the conversational user interface. ACM Comput Surv 34(1):90–169CrossRef McTear MF (2002) Spoken dialogue technology: enabling the conversational user interface. ACM Comput Surv 34(1):90–169CrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Michel P, El Kaliouby R (2003) Real time facial expression recognition in video using support vector machines. In: Proceedings of international conference on multimodal interfaces. ACM, New York, pp 258–264 Michel P, El Kaliouby R (2003) Real time facial expression recognition in video using support vector machines. In: Proceedings of international conference on multimodal interfaces. ACM, New York, pp 258–264
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Muñoz E, Buenaposada JM, Baumela L (2005) Efficient model-based 3d tracking of deformable objects. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, Beijing, China, vol I, pp 877–882, Muñoz E, Buenaposada JM, Baumela L (2005) Efficient model-based 3d tracking of deformable objects. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, Beijing, China, vol I, pp 877–882,
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ohya J, Kitamura Y, Takemura H, Ishi H, Kishino F, Terashima N (1996) Virtual space teleconferencing: real-time reproduction of 3d human images. J Vis Commun Image Represent 6(1):1–25CrossRef Ohya J, Kitamura Y, Takemura H, Ishi H, Kishino F, Terashima N (1996) Virtual space teleconferencing: real-time reproduction of 3d human images. J Vis Commun Image Represent 6(1):1–25CrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Ojala T, Pietikainen M, Menpp T (2002) Multirresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(7):971–987CrossRef Ojala T, Pietikainen M, Menpp T (2002) Multirresolution gray-scale and rotation invariant texture classification with local binary patterns. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 24(7):971–987CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Oliver N, Pentland A, Bérard F (2000) Lafter: a real-time face and lips tracker with facial expression recognition. Pattern Recognit 33:1369–1382CrossRef Oliver N, Pentland A, Bérard F (2000) Lafter: a real-time face and lips tracker with facial expression recognition. Pattern Recognit 33:1369–1382CrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Panti M, Rothkrantz LJM (2000) Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(12):1424–1445CrossRef Panti M, Rothkrantz LJM (2000) Automatic analysis of facial expressions: the state of the art. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 22(12):1424–1445CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Pantic M, Rothkrantz LJM (2000) Expert system for automatic analysis of facial expressions. Image Vis Comput 18(11):881–905CrossRef Pantic M, Rothkrantz LJM (2000) Expert system for automatic analysis of facial expressions. Image Vis Comput 18(11):881–905CrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Picard RW (1997) Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge Picard RW (1997) Affective computing. MIT Press, Cambridge
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Raducanu B, Graña M, Albizuri FX, d’Anjou A (2004) A probabilistic hit-and-miss transform for face localization. Pattern Anal Appl 7:117–127CrossRef Raducanu B, Graña M, Albizuri FX, d’Anjou A (2004) A probabilistic hit-and-miss transform for face localization. Pattern Anal Appl 7:117–127CrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Rani P, Liu C, Sarkar N (2006) An empirical study of machine learning techniques for affect recognition in human-robot interaction. Pattern Anal Appl 9:58–69CrossRef Rani P, Liu C, Sarkar N (2006) An empirical study of machine learning techniques for affect recognition in human-robot interaction. Pattern Anal Appl 9:58–69CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Romdhani S, Vetter T (2003) Efficient robust and accurate fitting of a 3rd morphable model. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, vol 1, pp 59–66 Romdhani S, Vetter T (2003) Efficient robust and accurate fitting of a 3rd morphable model. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, vol 1, pp 59–66
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Rose N (2006) Facial expression classification using gabor and log-gabor filters. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition Rose N (2006) Facial expression classification using gabor and log-gabor filters. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosenblum M, Yacoob Y, Davis LS (1996) Human expression recognition from motion using radial basis function network architecture. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 7(5):1121–1138CrossRef Rosenblum M, Yacoob Y, Davis LS (1996) Human expression recognition from motion using radial basis function network architecture. IEEE Trans Neural Netw 7(5):1121–1138CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Roweis S, Saul LK (2000) Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 290(5500):2323–2326CrossRef Roweis S, Saul LK (2000) Nonlinear dimensionality reduction by locally linear embedding. Science 290(5500):2323–2326CrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Rowley H, Baluja S, Kanade T (1998) Neural network-based face detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(1):23–28CrossRef Rowley H, Baluja S, Kanade T (1998) Neural network-based face detection. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 20(1):23–28CrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2005) Appearance manifold of facial expression. In: IEEE international workshop on human–computer interaction Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2005) Appearance manifold of facial expression. In: IEEE international workshop on human–computer interaction
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2006) Dynamic facial expression recognition using a bayesian temporal manifold model. In: Proceedings of British machine vision conference vol 1, pp, 297–306 Shan C, Gong S, McOwan PW (2006) Dynamic facial expression recognition using a bayesian temporal manifold model. In: Proceedings of British machine vision conference vol 1, pp, 297–306
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Tenenbaum JB, de Silva V, Langford JC (2000) A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 290(5500):2319–2323CrossRef Tenenbaum JB, de Silva V, Langford JC (2000) A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 290(5500):2319–2323CrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Terzopoulos D, Waters K (1993) Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 15(6):569–579CrossRef Terzopoulos D, Waters K (1993) Analysis and synthesis of facial image sequences using physical and anatomical models. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 15(6):569–579CrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian Y, Kanade T, Cohn J (2001) Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(2):97–115CrossRef Tian Y, Kanade T, Cohn J (2001) Recognizing action units for facial expression analysis. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 23(2):97–115CrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Tong Y, Liao W, Ji Q (2006). Inferring facial action units with causal relations. In: Proceedings of CVPR , vol 2, pp 1623–1630 Tong Y, Liao W, Ji Q (2006). Inferring facial action units with causal relations. In: Proceedings of CVPR , vol 2, pp 1623–1630
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Turk M, Pentland A (1991) Eigenfaces for recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 3(1):71–86CrossRef Turk M, Pentland A (1991) Eigenfaces for recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 3(1):71–86CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Viola P, Jones MJ (2004) Robust real-time face detection. Int J Comput Vis 57(2):137–154CrossRef Viola P, Jones MJ (2004) Robust real-time face detection. Int J Comput Vis 57(2):137–154CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang J, Yin L, Wei X, Sun Y (2006) 3d facial expression recognition based on primitive surface feature distribution. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, pp 1399–1406 Wang J, Yin L, Wei X, Sun Y (2006) 3d facial expression recognition based on primitive surface feature distribution. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, pp 1399–1406
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Xu Y, Roy-Chowdhury AK (2007) Integrating motion, illumination and structure in video sequences with applications in illumination-invariant tracking. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(5):793–806CrossRef Xu Y, Roy-Chowdhury AK (2007) Integrating motion, illumination and structure in video sequences with applications in illumination-invariant tracking. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(5):793–806CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Yacoob Y, Davis LS (1996) Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18(6):636–642CrossRef Yacoob Y, Davis LS (1996) Recognizing human facial expressions from long image sequences using optical flow. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 18(6):636–642CrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Yeasin M, Bullot B, Sharma R (2004) From facial expression to levels of interest: a spatio-temporal approach. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, 922–927 Yeasin M, Bullot B, Sharma R (2004) From facial expression to levels of interest: a spatio-temporal approach. In: Proceedings of CVPR, vol 2, 922–927
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, Ji Q (2003) Facial expression understanding in image sequences using dynamic and active information fusion. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, Nice, France Zhang Y, Ji Q (2003) Facial expression understanding in image sequences using dynamic and active information fusion. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer vision, Nice, France
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, Ji Q (2005) Active and dynamic information fusion for facial expression understanding from image sequences. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(5):1–16MATHCrossRefMathSciNet Zhang Y, Ji Q (2005) Active and dynamic information fusion for facial expression understanding from image sequences. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 27(5):1–16MATHCrossRefMathSciNet
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Z, Lyons M, Schuster M, Akamatsu S (1998) Comparison between geomtry-based and gabor wavelets-based facial expression recognition using multi-layer perceptron. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, Nara, Japan, pp 454–459 Zhang Z, Lyons M, Schuster M, Akamatsu S (1998) Comparison between geomtry-based and gabor wavelets-based facial expression recognition using multi-layer perceptron. In: Proceedings of international conference on automatic face and gesture recognition, Nara, Japan, pp 454–459
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao G, Piettikäinen M (2007) Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(6):915–928CrossRef Zhao G, Piettikäinen M (2007) Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 29(6):915–928CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Recognising facial expressions in video sequences
verfasst von
José M. Buenaposada
Enrique Muñoz
Luis Baumela
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2008
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Pattern Analysis and Applications / Ausgabe 1/2008
Print ISSN: 1433-7541
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-755X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-007-0084-8

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2008

Pattern Analysis and Applications 1/2008 Zur Ausgabe

Premium Partner