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Erschienen in:
2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel
Dosimetry
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Excerpt
Absorbed dose
The amount of energy deposited by ionizing radiation per unit mass of the material. Usually expressed in the special radiologic unit rad or in the SI unit the gray (Gy). One Gy equals 1 J/kg or 100 rad.
Dosimeter
Any device worn or carried by an individual to establish total exposure, absorbed dose, or equivalent (or the rates) in the area or to the individual worker while occupying the area.
Equivalent dose
(Formerly the dose equivalent) The product of the absorbed dose and the radiation-weighting factor (formerly the quality factor) for the type of radiation for which the absorbed dose is measured or calculated. The equivalent dose is used to express the effects of radiation-absorbed dose from many types of ionizing radiation on a common scale. The special radiologic unit is the rem or in the SI unit the sievert (Sv). One Sv is equal to 100 rem.
Exposure
A quantity defined as the charge produced in air by photons interacting in a volume of air of known mass. An old quantity that is generally no longer used. Also, a general term used to indicate any situation in which an individual is being irradiated.
Ionization
The process of removing one or more electrons from an atom or a molecule. The positively charged atom and the negatively charged electron are called an ion pair.
Isotope
One of two or more atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons in their nuclei. Isotopes of the same chemical element have the same chemical properties but have, usually, very different nuclear properties.
Nuclide
A general term to indicate an atomic nucleus characterized by its atomic number (number of protons), number of neutrons, atomic mass, and energy state.
Radiation
Used in this section to mean ionizing radiation. That is, particles or electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus with sufficient energy to cause ionization of atoms and molecules composing the material with which the radiation is interacting.
Radioisotope
An isotope of a chemical element that is unstable and transforms (decays) by emission of nuclear particles and electromagnetic radiation to reach a more stable state.
Radionuclide
Another name used for a radioisotope. A radioactive nuclide.