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2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Double Trouble: The ‘Cumulative Approach’ and the ‘Support-Based Approach’ in the Relationship Between Non-State Armed Groups

verfasst von : Marten Zwanenburg

Erschienen in: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 22 (2019)

Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press

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Abstract

This chapter analyzes two approaches to determining whether a non-international armed conflict exists and who are the parties to such a conflict. These approaches were put forward by the International Committee of the Red Cross in its 2019 Challenges Report. The first is referred to as the ‘cumulative approach’. It consists of aggregating the armed violence in which two or more armed groups that cooperate and coordinate as part of an alliance or coalition are involved for the purpose of assessing the level of intensity of armed violence that is required for the existence of a non-international armed conflict. The chapter submits that this approach deserves broad acceptance. Three adaptations to the approach are however proposed for reasons of logic and to avoid over-application of international humanitarian law. The other approach is referred to as the ‘support-based approach’. Under this approach, an armed group that provides certain support to another armed group that is party to a pre-existing non-international armed conflict becomes a party to that conflict as a consequence of that support. This chapter argues that the application of the support-based approach to armed groups inter se is problematic for a number of reasons and should be rejected.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Towards a Better Understanding of the Concept of ‘Indiscriminate Attack’—How International Criminal Law Can Be of Assistance

Nächstes Kapitel The Rebel with the Magnifying Glass: Armed Non-State Actors, the Right to Life and the Requirement to Investigate in Armed Conflict

International Committee of the Red Cross 2019.

Ibid., p 50.

Ibid.

Ibid., p 51.

Ibid.

Moir 2002, p 36.

Grignon 2014, p 155.

E.g. Geneva Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field, opened for signature 12 August 1949, 75 UNTS 31 (entered into force 21 October 1950).

Moir 2002, p 32.

ICTY, Prosecutor v Duško Tadić, Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, 2 October 1995, Case No. IT-94-1-AR72, para 70.

Cullen 2010, p 120.

See International Committee of the Red Cross 2017, p 162.

See below n 40–45 and accompanying text.

ICTY, Prosecutor v Ramush Haradinaj et al., Judgment, 3 April 2008, Case No. IT-04-84-T (Haradinaj), para 49.

Ibid.; ICTY, Prosecutor v Ljube Boškoski and Johan Tarčulovski, Judgment, 10 July 2008, Case No. IT-04-82-T (Boškoski and Tarčulovski), para 177.

International Committee of the Red Cross 2017, p 166.

Haradinaj, above n 14, para 60.

Rodenhäuser 2016, p 7.

See, inter alia, ICC, Prosecutor v Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, 21 March 2016, Case No. ICC-01/05-01/08 (Bemba), para 134; ICC, Prosecutor v Bosco Ntaganda, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, 8 July 2019, Case No. ICC-01/04-02/06, para 704.

Bradley 2017, p 29.

See in this sense Moir 2015, p 406.

International Committee of the Red Cross 2019, p 51.

Ibid.

Kleffner 2019, p 175.

He refers to “alliances” and “coalitions”.

Kleffner 2019, pp 175–176.

ICTY, Prosecutor v Duško Tadić, Judgment, 7 May 1997, Case No. IT-94-1-T, para 563.

Ibid.

Ibid., para 566.

Ibid., para 567.

UN Security Council (1991) Resolution 713 (1991), UN Doc. S/RES/713; UN Security Council (1992) Resolution 757 (1992), UN Doc. S/RES/757.

ICC, Prosecutor v Germain Katanga, Judgment Pursuant to Article 74 of the Statute, 7 March 2014, Case No. ICC-01/04-01/07, para 1196.

Ibid., para 1229.

Ibid., paras 1217–1218.

Bemba, above n 19, para 661.

Ibid., para 662.

Bradley discusses such an approach, but calls it speculative. Bradley 2017 p 33.

Kleffner 2019, pp 176–177.

Pictet 1960, p 36.

But see Grignon 2014, p 159 for a critical assessment of such a requirement.

See, e.g., Haradinaj, above n 14, para 392.

Sivakumaran 2014, p 167.

Haradinaj, above n 14, para 394.

Boškoski and Tarčulovski, above n 15, para 175.

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 90 (entered into force 1 July 2002), Article 8(2)(f).

Schabas 2007, p 116.

Dwyer and McCormack 2016, pp 60–61; Cullen 2010, pp 174–185.

Sivakumaran 2014, p 168.

On the criteria for two armed groups merging into one, see, e.g., Rodenhäuser 2016.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary ‘cooperate’ means “work together to achieve something”, and ‘coordinate’ means “bring together different elements of a complex activity or organization into an efficient relationship”. Waite 2012.

But see Tahzib-Lie and Swaak-Goldman 2004, p 252.

Bemba, above n 19, para 661.

International Committee of the Red Cross 2019, p 51.

International Committee of the Red Cross 2015, pp 22–23.

Ibid., p 23.

Ibid., pp 22–23.

Ferraro 2013, p 585.

Zwanenburg 2014; Khalil 2014.

Gill 2019.

Mathias 2017, p 7.

Gill et al. 2017, p 95.

International Committee of the Red Cross 2017, p 171.

See, e.g., Kleczkowska 2019. For a contrary view, see Fortin 2017, p 383.

See Conclusion 4(3) of the International Law Commission Conclusions on the Identification of Customary International Law (International Law Commission 2018).

Ferraro 2013, p 584.

Van Steenberghe and Lesaffre 2019.

Ibid.

See, e.g., Gill et al. 2017, pp 76–90.

ECtHR, Assanidze v Georgia, Grand Chamber Judgment, 8 April 2004, Application No. 71503/01, para 139.

ECtHR, Ilaşcu and Others v Moldova and Russia, Grand Chamber Judgment, 8 July 2004, Application No. 48787/99 (Ilaşcu), para 312.

See, inter alia, Yudkivska 2019; Milanovic and Papic 2019.

ECtHR, Sargsyan v Azerbaijan, Grand Chamber Judgment, 16 June 2015, Application No. 40167/06, para 130.

Ilaşcu, above n 71, para 313; ECtHR, Catan and Others v the Republic of Moldova and Russia, Grand Chamber Judgment, 19 October 2012, Application Nos. 43370/04, 8252/05, 18454/06, para 109.

Gill 2019.

Van Steenberghe and Lesaffre 2019.

Gill 2019.

For a discussion of the qualification of the armed conflict in Syria, see, e.g., Gill 2016.

International Conference of the Red Cross 2006, Articles 5(2)(c) and (g).

See, generally, Dörmann 2018, pp 717–724; Geiss and Zimmermann 2017.

On the updated commentary to the First Geneva Convention, see Cameron et al. 2015.

The skepticism that the reports lead to much substantive debate during the International Conferences is based on the author’s experience during several of the International Conferences.

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ECtHR, Catan and Others v the Republic of Moldova and Russia, Grand Chamber Judgment, 19 October 2012, Application Nos. 43370/04, 8252/05, 18454/06

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Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, opened for signature 17 July 1998, 2187 UNTS 90 (entered into force 1 July 2002)

Titel: Double Trouble: The ‘Cumulative Approach’ and the ‘Support-Based Approach’ in the Relationship Between Non-State Armed Groups
verfasst von: Marten Zwanenburg
Verlag: T.M.C. Asser Press
Buch: Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Volume 22 (2019)
Print ISBN: 978-94-6265-398-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-6265-399-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-399-3_3

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