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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

9. Egypt

verfasst von : François Molle

Erschienen in: Irrigation in the Mediterranean

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

In no other country, perhaps, is the identification between water, irrigation, and agriculture as strong as in Egypt. Several phases of agrarian and technical change throughout its long history have taken Egypt to a situation where farmers grow between one to three crops a year on 3.78 million ha after lifting water from canals and drains, and sometimes from aquifers. This chapter first reviews the extraordinary cost of maintaining the delta ‘irrigation machine’, the history of irrigated agriculture expansion, and the evolution of public policies. It then examines key issues and challenges, including irrigation modernization, the search for water savings, the multiple experiences with participatory management at various scales, inter-sectoral integration, the water-food-energy nexus, the recent masterplan, and finally transboundary threats.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Israel
Nächstes Kapitel Irrigation Policies in the Mediterranean: Trends and Challenges
Fußnoten
1
One feddan = 0.42 ha, roughly one acre.
 
2
The Sennar Dam is located in Sudan.
 
3
This canal drains the Sudd wetland in Sudan to reduce ‘losses’ from evaporation.
 
4
The 2005 NWRP had targeted an outflow to the sea of 9.5 Bm3 by 2017. The new 2017 NWRP expected a value of 9.9 Bm3 by 2037.
 
6
For example, the MALR/USAID Agricultural Policy Reform Program (APRP) issued a policy brief announcing, “MALR and MWRI work together to deliver water to farmers at the right time and in sufficient quantities.”
 
7
Other semi-autonomous authorities include, among others, the High Aswan Dam Authority, the Egyptian Shore Protection Authority, a holding company responsible for North Sinai and the South Valley, and another for the Western Delta.
 
8
The National Water Resources Plans (2005 and 2017) are not available on any official website; some theoretically public annual reports can only be accessed through personal relationships, even within the ministry; the ministry website is poor, out of date, etc.
 
9
Between 2003 and 2005, for example, Egypt was involved in the NWRP with the Dutch, the Water Policy Reform Program (WPRP) supported by USAID, the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Action Plan supported by the World Bank, the National Environment Action Plan (NEAP) supported by UNDP, the European Union Water Sector Reform Program (EUWSRP), the EU Water Initiative (EUWI), the EURO-MED Partnership in Egypt, and so on.
 
10
See, for example, a recent statement by the minister of water resources and irrigation (Egypt Today 2018).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Egypt
verfasst von
François Molle
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Buch
Irrigation in the Mediterranean

Print ISBN: 978-3-030-03696-6

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-030-03698-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03698-0_9