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Erschienen in:
Migration to the Middle East: Issues and Prospects Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Egyptian Labour Migration in the Arab Middle East

verfasst von : Ibrahim Awad, Lina Lotayef

Erschienen in: India’s Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East

Verlag: Springer Nature Singapore

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Abstract

The present chapter reviews Egyptian labour migration to the Arab Middle East in the last 40 years and its outcomes. It also signals the issues it has faced all along and which still call for solutions. Egyptian labour migration to countries in the Arab Middle East transformed into a mass movement in the mid-1970s. Two factors were behind this transformation. The first was the very high growth in demand for labour in oil-exporting countries in the Gulf after the historical oil price increase in 1973–1974. The second factor was Egypt’s drive to find external employment outlets to its fast growing labour force. In addition to the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, Egyptian migrant workers also headed to Iraq, until 1990, as well as to Libya, Jordan and Lebanon. Labour migration to the Arab Middle East has come to represent 75 per cent of total Egyptian migration. In the present chapter, the authors opined that migration has not been a solution to the employment question the country has and still is experiencing. Supply of labour is still in excess of demand. Further, the authors observed that the job quality has not improved. The overall skill quality of the labour force has not been upgraded either. However, individual workers and their families have benefitted from their migration experiences through remittances, which allow meeting their needs and alleviating their poverty.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Demographic Dividend in the Middle East Countries: An Empirical Assessment
Nächstes Kapitel Vagaries in the Management of Migrant Domestic Workers from the Philippines: A Case Study from Lebanon
Fußnoten
1
See Article 52 in Egyptian 1971 Constitution Arab Republic of Egypt Constitution can be found at http://​sis.​gov.​eg
 
2
Law 111/1983 “Emigration and Sponsoring Egyptians Abroad”.
 
3
Zohry and Debanath (2010).
 
4
Awad (2013).
 
5
World Bank Development Indicators (2015).
 
6
CIA World Factbook, Egypt.
 
7
Amer and Fargues (2014).
 
8
World Bank Development Indicators (2015).
 
9
World Bank Development Indicators (2017).
 
10
Haq and Zaki (2015).
 
11
World Bank Development Indicators (2015).
 
12
World Bank Development Indicators (2017).
 
13
Barsoum et al. (2014). While in most contexts, a youth is defined as a person aged between 15 and 24 years, for the purpose of the SWTS and related reports, the upper age limit was extended to 29 years of age.
 
14
Gatti et al. (2011).
 
15
Informal employment is measured according to the guidelines recommended by the 17th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS 2003). It includes the following subcategories of workers: (a) paid employees in “informal jobs”, that is, jobs without a social security entitlement, paid annual leave or paid sick leave, (b) paid employees in an unregistered enterprise with size classification below five employees, (c) own-account workers in an unregistered enterprise with size classification below five employees, (d) employers in an unregistered enterprise with size classification below five employees and (e) contributing family workers.
 
16
Barsoum et al. (2014).
 
17
At the time the survey was carried out, this was roughly equivalent to between US$70 and 140.
 
18
The total of 3000 Egyptian pounds were equivalent at the time to some US$420.
 
19
El Nozahy (2007), as quoted in Awad (2007).
 
20
Zohry, Ayman (2005).
 
21
Zohry, Ayman (2016).
 
22
Migration Policy Center (2014).
 
23
Wahba (2008). Based on the ELMPS 2006, gave another distribution of Egyptian migration by country of destination: Saudi Arabia, 37.43 per cent; Jordan, 16.11 per cent, Libya, 13.64 per cent; Kuwait, 12.27 per cent. UAE, 11.56 per cent; EU, 2.24 per cent and North America, 1.89 per cent. The generation of more reliable information will be discussed later, in Issues of Egyptian Labour Migration to the Middle East.
 
24
Author’s calculations based on IOM and ESCWA Arab Region Migration Report (2016).
 
25
Wahba (2014).
 
26
Wahba (2010).
 
27
CARIM Database (2005), available at http://​carim.​org/​index.​php?​areaid=​4, accessed on 3 March 2018; see Table 3.5 in the annex.
 
28
Wahba (2010).
 
29
Most of the information in this section is based on interviews carried out by one of the authors with Egyptian government officials and representatives in countries of destination.
 
30
This chapter does not address the changes introduced in the kafala system in Qatar in 2017–18.
 
31
Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2015).
 
32
See, for example, “Rescue of 48 Egyptian migrants in the Libyan Desert and the deportation of another 37”, Al Ahram, 03.11.2013, page 1. The smuggler and informal broker charged each worker EGP 7000, equivalent to a little under US$1000 at that time.
 
33
Chimhowu et al. (2005).
 
34
See Chimhowu et al. (2005).
 
35
Wahba (2014).
 
36
Wahba (2008).
 
37
Wahba (2014).
 
38
Wahba (2015).
 
39
Wahba (2015).
 
40
Wahba (2014).
 
41
World Bank Migration and Remittances Factbook (2016).
 
42
Wahba (2014).
 
43
World Bank Remittances Database (2010–2014).
 
44
World Bank Development Indicators (2017).
 
45
Wahba (2014).
 
46
El-Sakka (2010).
 
47
Author’s calculations based on World Bank Remittances Database.
 
48
World Bank Bilateral Remittances Database (2017).
 
49
World Bank Remittances Database (2010–2014).
 
50
World Bank Development Indicators (2017).
 
51
See annex G.
 
52
Chimhowu et al. (2005).
 
53
Wahba (2014).
 
54
Wahba (2010).
 
55
IOM (2010).
 
56
Chimhowu et al. (2005).
 
57
IOM (2010).
 
58
CAPMAS (2016).
 
Literatur
Awad, I. (2007). Migration and Human Security in the Arab Region. Input Paper to the Arab Human Development Report, 2008–2009 (Unpublished).
Awad, I. (2013). Labour Migration and Its Institutional Setup in Egypt: A Review and Policy Recommendations. Report Submitted to the ILO (Unpublished).
Barsoum, G., Ramadan, M., & Mostafa, M. (2014). Labour Market Transitions of Young Women and Men in Egypt. Work4Youth Publication Series, No. 16, International Labour Office, Youth Employment Programme, Employment Policy Department, Geneva.
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). (2016). Egypt Household International Migration Survey: Primary Report. Cairo: CAPMAS.
Chimhowu, A., Piesse, J., & Pinder, C. (2005). Chapter 3: The Socioeconomic Impact of Remittances on Poverty Reduction. In S. Munzele & D. Ratha (Eds.), Remittances: Development Impact and Future Prospects. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
Egypt-HIMS. (2013). Egypt Household International Migration Survey 2013: Main Findings and Key Indicators. Cairo: Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics.
ESCWA and Arab Region Migration Report. (2016). 2015 Situation Report on International Migration: Migration, Displacement and Development in a Changing Arab Region. Beirut.
Haq, T., & Zaki, C. (2015). Macroeconomic Policy for Employment Creation in Egypt: Past Experience and Future Prospects. International Labour Organization.
The International Organization for Migration (IOM). (2010). Intra-Regional Labour Mobility in the Arab World. Geneva: The International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Wahba, J. (2008). Return Migration in Egypt. Migration, Return and Development. In International Conference Jointly Organized by the OECD, the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Institute for International Policy Studies (ISPI) DELSA/ELSA/MI/RD(2008)9.
Wahba, J. (2010). Chapter I: National Background Paper: Labour Markets Performance and Migration Flows in Egypt. In European Economy – Labour Markets Performance and Migration Flows in Arab Mediterranean Countries: Determinants and Effects. 1: National Background Papers Mashreq. Vol. 3.
Wahba, J. (2014). Through the Keyhole: International Migration in Egypt. 830, Working Paper Series, Economic Research Forum.
Wahba, J. (2015). Selection, Selection, Selection: The Impact of Return Migration. Journal of Population Economics, 28(3), 535–563. doi:10.1007/s00148-015-0541-4.CrossRef
World Bank. (2015). World Development Indicators (English). Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. (2016). Migration and Remittances Factbook 2016 (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: World Bank.
Zachariah, K. C., Mathew, E. T., & Rajan, S. I. (2003). Dynamics of Migration in Kerala: Determinants, Differentials and Consequences. Hyderabad: Orient Longman Private Limited.
Zohry, A. (2016). Migration and Development. In M. Bommes, H. Fassmann, & W. Sievers (Eds.), MENA and Migration: Real and Potential Migration in the Middle East and North Africa. Amsterdam: IMISCOE.
Zohry, A., & Debnath, P. (2010). A Study on the Dynamics of the Egyptian Diaspora: Strengthening Development Linkages. Cairo: International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Metadaten
Titel
Egyptian Labour Migration in the Arab Middle East
verfasst von
Ibrahim Awad
Lina Lotayef
Copyright-Jahr
2019
Verlag
Springer Nature Singapore
Buch
India’s Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East

Print ISBN: 978-981-13-9223-8

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-13-9224-5

Copyright-Jahr: 2019

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9224-5_3

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